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Geng J, Zhao G, Gu Y. Feasibility of spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion stages as an indicator for the assessment of maxillomandibular growth: A mixed longitudinal study. Orthod Craniofac Res 2024; 27:589-597. [PMID: 38409951 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the relative growth rates (RGRs) of the maxilla and mandible at varying fusion stages of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS), thereby elucidating the potential of SOS stages in predicting maxillomandibular growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 320 subjects (171 boys and 149 girls), aged 6 to 18 years, were retrospectively included. Each subject had a minimum of two longitudinal cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, with no more than one interval of SOS fusion stage change between the two scans. Subjects were categorized based on their SOS fusion stages and genders. The RGRs of the maxilla and mandible at various SOS fusion stages were measured and compared using longitudinal CBCT images. RESULTS Significant statistical differences were observed in maxillomandibular RGRs across various SOS fusion stages. In girls, the sagittal growth of the maxilla remained stable and active until SOS 3, subsequently exhibited deceleration in SOS 4-5 (compared to SOS 3-4, P < .05) and continued to decrease in SOS 5-6. Whereas in boys, the sagittal growth of the maxilla remained stable until SOS 4, and a deceleration trend emerged starting from SOS 5 to 6 (P < .01 compared to SOS 4-5). Mandibular growth patterns in both genders exhibited a progression of increasing-accelerating-decelerating rates from SOS 2 to 6. The highest RGRs for total mandibular length were observed in SOS 3-4 and SOS 4-5. CONCLUSION Spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion stages can serve as a valid indicator of maxillomandibular growth maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Geng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Guangpu Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing, China
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Swift L, Obertova Z, Franklin D. Demonstrating the empirical effect of population specificity of anthropological standards in a contemporary Australian population. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:537-545. [PMID: 37269396 PMCID: PMC10861720 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to differentiate individuals based on their biological sex is essential for the creation of an accurate anthropological assessment; it is therefore crucial that the standards that facilitate this are likewise accurate. Given the relative paucity of population-specific anthropological standards formulated specifically for application in the contemporary Australian population, forensic anthropological assessments have historically relied on the application of established methods developed using population geographically and/or temporally disparate. The aim of the present paper is, therefore, to assess the accuracy and reliability of established cranial sex estimation methods, developed from geographically distinct populations, as applied to the contemporary Australian population. Comparison between the original stated accuracy and sex bias values (where applicable) and those achieved after application to the Australian population provides insight into the importance of having anthropological standards optimised for application in specific jurisdictions. The sample analysed comprised computed tomographic (CT) cranial scans of 771 (385 female and 386 male) individuals collected from five Australian states/territories. Cranial CT scans were visualised as three-dimensional volume-rendered reconstructions using OsiriX®. On each cranium, 76 cranial landmarks were acquired, and 36 linear inter-landmark measurements were calculated using MorphDB. A total of 35 predictive models taken from Giles and Elliot (1963), Iscan et al. (1995), Ogawa et al. (2013), Steyn and İşcan (1998) and Kranioti et al. (2008) were tested. Application to the Australian population resulted in an average decrease in accuracy of 21.2%, with an associated sex bias range between - 64.0 and 99.7% (average sex bias value of 29.6%), relative to the original studies. The present investigation has highlighted the inherent inaccuracies of applying models derived from geographically and/or temporally disparate populations. It is, therefore, imperative that statistical models developed from a population consistent with the decedent be used for the estimation of sex in forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Swift
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Zuzana Obertova
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Anthropology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Kim SM, Jeon S, Hong H, Choi JH, Kim JW, Chung JH, Yang IH, Kim BJ, Baek SH. Characterization of Spheno-occipital Synchondrosis Fusion From Preadolescents to Young Adults Using Age and Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index. J Craniofac Surg 2023:00001665-990000000-01163. [PMID: 37938056 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion (SOSF) from preadolescents to young adults. A total of 630 Korean subjects (308 men, 322 women; age range, 6-18 y) were divided into 26 groups according to sex and age. After 3-dimensional computed tomography (CT) images were reoriented using the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane, mid-sagittal plane, and frontal plane via ON3D software (3DONS), the cervical vertebrae maturation index (CVMI) and SOSF stages were identified using 6-stage and 5-stage scoring systems, respectively. The distributions of stage in each group were statistically investigated. Women showed early appearance and a short range of onset (CVMI stage 2, SOSF stage 2), middle (CVMI stage 4, SOSF stage 3 and stage 4), and completion (CVMI stage 6, SOSF stage 5), indicating rapid skeletal maturation compared with men. In both males and females, there were strong positive correlations between age and CVMI stage (rs=0.902, rs=0.890), between age and SOSF stage (rs=0.887, rs=0.885), and between CVMI and SOSF stages (rs=0.955, rs=0.964) (all P<0.001). The mean ages at SOSF stage 3 and stage 4 (12.7~13.9 y in males and 11.0~12.5 y in females) could be used as indicators of the pubertal growth peak. Regression equations for SOSF stage (y), age (a), and CVMI stage (b) were as follows: y=1.355-(0.133×a)+(0.29007×b)+(0.041×a×b) for males (r2=0.9496); y=1.305-(0.158×a)+(0.455×b)+(0.036×a×b) for females (r2=0.9606). Ordinal logistic regression analyses with the proportional odds model showed that females had more advanced SOSF stages than males (odds ratio: 1.972; 95% CI: 1.063-3.658, P<0.05). Our findings may provide basic references for CVMI and SOSF from preadolescents to young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Min Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul
| | - Sungmi Jeon
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul
| | - Hyunseung Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul
| | - Jeong-Ho Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Private Clinic, Smile Future Orthodontics, Seoul
| | - Jong-Wan Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Private Clinic, Good Face Dental Clinic, Sungnamsi, Gyungido
| | - Jee Hyeok Chung
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Children Hospital, Seoul
| | - Il-Hyung Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University
| | - Byung Jun Kim
- Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul
| | - Seung-Hak Baek
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Düzkalır HG, Söbü E, Adıgüzel Karaoysal Ö, Günbey HP, Caliskan E. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements and morphometric evaluation of the cranium in age-matched children with central precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:740-748. [PMID: 37272067 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Central precocious puberty (CPP) is one of the common reasons for referral to pediatric endocrinology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to rule out intracranial pathologies. However, there is insufficient information in the literature about bone marrow abnormalities on MRI in CPP cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values obtained from bone marrow diffusion weight images (DWI) of cranial bone structures and the status of sphenooccipital synchondrosis (SOS) in CPP. METHODS MRI data from 6-to 9-year-old girls with CPP and a healthy control group were evaluated. Anthropometric data, FSH, LH, and oestradiol tests were recorded, and the relationship between SOS status, DWI-ADC values of the clivus, parietal bone, and occipital protuberance were compared. RESULTS The study included 146 girls, 79 CPP, and 67 healthy aged 6-9 years (median: 8 (2)). The diagnosis age was 8.30 ± 0.8 years. The ADC values were significantly lower on CPP than normal controls (p=<0.05). In the CPP group, pattern 1 was found at 2 % (n=2), pattern 2 at 3.5 % (n=3), and pattern 3 at 3.5 % (n=3) in clivus sphenooccipital synchondrosis. There was no correlation between the mean parietal, occipital, and clivus ADC values and any variable (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS DWI-MRI ADC analysis can be used as a quantitative radiological marker for early detection of CPP, even before changes in sphenooccipital synchondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Söbü
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Hediye Pınar Günbey
- Department of Radiology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emine Caliskan
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Stull KE, Chu EY, Corron LK, Price MH. Mixed cumulative probit: a multivariate generalization of transition analysis that accommodates variation in the shape, spread and structure of data. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220963. [PMID: 36866077 PMCID: PMC9974299 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological data are frequently nonlinear, heteroscedastic and conditionally dependent, and often researchers deal with missing data. To account for characteristics common in biological data in one algorithm, we developed the mixed cumulative probit (MCP), a novel latent trait model that is a formal generalization of the cumulative probit model usually used in transition analysis. Specifically, the MCP accommodates heteroscedasticity, mixtures of ordinal and continuous variables, missing values, conditional dependence and alternative specifications of the mean response and noise response. Cross-validation selects the best model parameters (mean response and the noise response for simple models, as well as conditional dependence for multivariate models), and the Kullback-Leibler divergence evaluates information gain during posterior inference to quantify mis-specified models (conditionally dependent versus conditionally independent). Two continuous and four ordinal skeletal and dental variables collected from 1296 individuals (aged birth to 22 years) from the Subadult Virtual Anthropology Database are used to introduce and demonstrate the algorithm. In addition to describing the features of the MCP, we provide material to help fit novel datasets using the MCP. The flexible, general formulation with model selection provides a process to robustly identify the modelling assumptions that are best suited for the data at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra E. Stull
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Stop 0096, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Forensic Anthropology Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, 0007 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Elaine Y. Chu
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Stop 0096, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Louise K. Corron
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, 1664 North Virginia Street, Stop 0096, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Al-Gumaei WS, Long H, Al-Attab R, Elayah SA, Alhammadi MS, Almagrami I, Al-Rokhami RK, Lai W, Zheng Y. Comparison of three-dimensional maxillary growth across spheno-occipital synchondrosis maturation stages. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:100. [PMID: 36788563 PMCID: PMC9930258 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to three-dimensionally compare the maxillary growth among the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) maturation stages in both genders. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of a retrospective type in which cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 500 patients aged 6 to 25 years (226 males and 274 females) were analyzed. The SOS was evaluated using the four-stage scoring system; completely open, partially fused, semi-fused, or completely fused. The SOS scoring and three-dimensional cephalometric measurements were analyzed by Invivo 6.0.3 software. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in maxillary measurements among SOS maturation stages in both genders (P < 0.05). The mean differences in the maxillary growth among the SOS maturation stages between SOS stages 2 and 3 were higher than those between stages 1and 2 and stages 3 and 4 for maxillary length and height in both genders. However, the mean difference in the maxillary width was higher between SOS stages 1 and 2 than those stages 2 and 3 and stages 3 and 4. On other hand, there may be lesser maxillary growth between SOS stages 3 and 4 for maxillary width, length (in males), and height. The growth curves showed high active growth of the maxilla as the SOS was still fusing (especially stage 2 and 3) than those of the fused (stage 4). Moreover, the acceleration of growth occurred earlier in females than males regarding chronological age but not for SOS maturation stages. CONCLUSIONS The SOS maturation stages are valid and reliable maxillary skeletal maturation indicators for three-dimensional maxillary growth in both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem S. Al-Gumaei
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Reem Al-Attab
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of Dental Implant, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sadam A. Elayah
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Maged S. Alhammadi
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibtehal Almagrami
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Remsh K. Al-Rokhami
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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Al-Gumaei WS, Al-Attab R, Al-Tayar B, Al-hadad SA, Alyafrusee ES, Al-mashraqi AA, Alhashimi N, Zheng Y, Alhammadi MS. Comparison of spheno-occipital synchondrosis maturation stages with three-dimensional assessment of mandibular growth. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:654. [PMID: 36585639 PMCID: PMC9801555 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) maturation stages with a three-dimensional assessment of mandibular growth. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of a retrospective type, in which cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 500 patients aged 6 to 25 years (226 males and 274 females) were analyzed. The SOS was evaluated using the four-stage scoring system; completely open, partially fused, semi-fused, or completely fused. The SOS scoring and three-dimensional cephalometric measurements were analyzed by Invivo 6.0.3 software. Descriptive and analytical statistics were performed, and a P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in mandibular measurements among SOS maturation stages in both sexes (P < 0.05). The skeletal growth increments of mandibular variables across the SOS stages had higher mean differences between SOS stages 2 and 3 than those between stages 1 and 2 and stages 3 and 4 in both sexes. The mandibular growth curves increased with chronological age (earlier in females) and SOS maturation stages (mostly in stages 1, 2, and 3 than stage 4). CONCLUSIONS The SOS maturation stages are valid and reliable mandibular skeletal indicators as evaluated with three-dimensional cephalometric mandibular measurements. The findings of growth increments and constructed growth curves of mandibular growth might be helpful in diagnosis and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem S. Al-Gumaei
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Reem Al-Attab
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of the Dental Implant, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Barakat Al-Tayar
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Saba A. Al-hadad
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Enas S. Alyafrusee
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Abeer A. Al-mashraqi
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Department of Pre-Clinical Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Najah Alhashimi
- grid.412603.20000 0004 0634 1084Unit and Divisional Chief Orthodontics at Hamad Medical Corporation, College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yan Zheng
- grid.32566.340000 0000 8571 0482Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Maged S. Alhammadi
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Age-Dependent Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Circummaxillary Sutures Maturation in Normal Population Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. J Craniofac Surg 2022; 33:e733-e735. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
SUMMARY Facial sutures contribute significantly to postnatal facial development, but their potential role in craniofacial disease is understudied. Since interest in their development and physiology peaked in the mid-twentieth century, facial sutures have not garnered nearly the same clinical research interest as calvarial sutures or cranial base endochondral articulations. In addition to reinforcing the complex structure of the facial skeleton, facial sutures absorb mechanical stress and generally remain patent into and beyond adolescence, as they mediate growth and refine the shape of facial bones. However, premature closure of these sites of postnatal osteogenesis leads to disrupted growth vectors and consequent dysmorphologies. Although abnormality in individual sutures results in isolated facial deformities, we posit that generalized abnormality across multiple sutures may be involved in complex craniofacial conditions such as syndromic craniosynostosis. In this work, the authors comprehensively review 27 key facial sutures, including physiologic maturation and closure, contributions to postnatal facial development, and clinical consequences of premature closure.
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Mcdonald SW, Miller J. When does the spheno-occipital synchondrosis close? Clin Anat 2022; 35:512-525. [PMID: 35141949 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In forensic work, the spheno-occipital synchondrosis helps identify the deceased as a child or young adult. In the past, it was generally held that the synchondrosis closed between the late teens and 25 years, but recent studies have suggested closure in adolescence. There are also suggestions that the age at closure recorded might be influenced by ancestry and the technique used to study the joint. This comprehensive review of the literature of the past 60 years concludes that the age of closure of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis is very variable, from childhood to the mid-twenties, with no obvious association with the geographical location of the study population. We note that some studies on bony specimens indicated later closure than others using clinical images and draw attention to a possible misinterpretation of the so-called "fusion scar" which might explain this incongruity. Despite an increasing acceptance that the synchondrosis usually closes in adolescence, we are concerned that insufficient heed is being paid to reports of closure in childhood and in the early to mid-twenties. We conclude that, for forensic purposes, it is unwise to declare that the synchondrosis closes in adolescence. It would be safer to state that a closed synchondrosis indicates a person 6 years or over and that an open synchondrosis may be seen up to the mid-twenties. Clearly, for younger individuals, the dentition and, for all individuals in this age range, documentation of unfused postcranial epiphyses would be important in attempting to narrow this very broad estimation of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Mcdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Sobh ZK, Mohamed AS. A Computed Tomographic Analysis of Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Ossification for Age Estimation in a Sample of Egyptians. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2021; 42:235-242. [PMID: 33346977 DOI: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of the present work was to create statistically quantified age estimation standards based on spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) fusion state as visualized in computed tomography in Egyptians. The study included 208 Egyptians between the ages of 5 and 30 years (117 male and 90 female participants). Spheno-occipital synchondrosis was visualized in a midsagittal view in a neutral head position. Degree of ossification of SOS was assessed using a 4-stage system. Interobserver agreement and intraobserver agreement were almost perfect with Cohen κ values of 0.863 and 0.983, respectively. The mean ages of complete fusion (stage 3) were 20.36 ± 3.11 and 20.94 ± 4.06 years in male and female participants, respectively. Nonfusion (stage 0) was observed up to 15 and 13 years in male and female participants, respectively. Complete fusion occurred as early as 15 and 13 years in male and female participants, respectively. All subjects with nonfused SOS were minors (<18 years). A total of 87.9% of male participants and 85.3% of female participants with completely fused SOS were legally adults (≥18 years). Significant regression models were formulated to predict age from SOS fusion stage (adjusted R2 = 0.779 for male participants and 0.780 for female participants). Regression models predicted that male and female participants 18 years or older with 96.30% and 95.59% accuracy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Samir Mohamed
- Department of Radio-diagnosis and Intervention, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Blau S, Kang D, Markowsky G, Rowbotham S. The examination of human skeletal remains: findings from a quality assurance programme as part of professional development in Australia and New Zealand. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.1921268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soren Blau
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine / Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Kang
- Department of Statistics & Data Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Samantha Rowbotham
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine / Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Sharma A, Kumbhare SP, Kalaskar AR, Motghare P, Gondivkar S, Upmanyu A. Age estimation in an Indian subpopulation by cone-beam computed tomographic analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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McIntosh K, Williams N, Anderson P, Lottering N. A semi-automated protocol for craniometric analysis on the subadult cranial isosurface models. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Vale F, Francisco I, Lucas A, Roseiro A, Caramelo F, Sobral A. Timing of Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Ossification in Children and Adolescents with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17238889. [PMID: 33260492 PMCID: PMC7731241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17238889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) can affect the development of the maxilla; which may create a midfacial deficiency as well as an interference of the facial growth pattern and dentofacial esthetics. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the chronological age of complete fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) in cleft lip and palate patients and a control group; using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Methods: In this retrospective study; 125 patients were enrolled (cleft lip and palate group (n = 91); control group (n = 34)). Age comparison was made with a chi-square test; and a Kaplan–Meier analysis determined the median time to reach complete fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (p < 0.05). Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant differences in the median time for complete ossification between males and females (p = 0.019). The median time for complete ossification of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was; for males; 15.0 years in both groups; for females; it was 14.0 years and 13.0 years in the experimental group and in the control group; respectively. Both for males and females; there were no statistically significant differences between experimental and control groups (p = 0.104). Conclusions: The present study showed no differences in the ossification of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis between individuals with and without cleft lip and/or palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vale
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Orthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.F.); (A.L.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Inês Francisco
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Orthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.F.); (A.L.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - António Lucas
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Orthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.F.); (A.L.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Ana Roseiro
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Orthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.F.); (A.L.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Research of Coimbra (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Adriana Sobral
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Orthodontics, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.F.); (A.L.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
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Transposition of the Suchey–Brooks and spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion methods onto computed tomographic images: review and future prospects. FORENSIC IMAGING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gregory LS, Jones LV, Amorosi NM. Assessing the fusion of the ischiopubic synchondrosis using predictive modeling. Clin Anat 2019; 32:851-859. [PMID: 30701593 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Flaring of the ischiopubic synchondrosis at the time of fusion is a common clinical observation in pediatrics and represents a normal physiological process in skeletal maturation. When presenting unilaterally, this flaring can mimic a range of serious pathological conditions such as osteomyelitis, osteal tumors, and traumatic injury. An improved understanding of ischiopubic synchondrosis fusion is therefore critical to avoid potential misdiagnosis. Retrospective multi-slice computed tomography pelvic scans of Australian individuals aged neonate to 24 years (n = 184) were assessed using a novel five stage morphological classification system of the maturation and fusion of the ischiopubic synchondrosis. Maturation scoring was conducted using both multiplanar formatting views and volume-rendered reconstructions in OsiriX™. Maturational stage was strongly related to age (P < 0.001) with fusion of the ischiopubic synchondrosis observed between the ages of 4 and 9 years in females and 7 and 13 years for males. The highest probability of fusion in our Queensland Australian population based on multinomial regression predictive modeling was between 7 and 10 years of age. We documented three variants of fusion: pubic and ischial outgrowths, appearance of a secondary ossification center, and a fusiform-shaped enlargement. This study provides the first predictive modeling of the timing of fusion of the ischiopubic synchondrosis using a reliable morphological classification system. The significant variation in timing and progression of fusion of the ischiopubic synchondrosis reported in this study, will aid in minimizing misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment in children presenting with asymmetrical or delayed ischiopubic synchondrosis anomalies. Clin. Anat. 32:851-859, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Gregory
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lee V Jones
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natasha M Amorosi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Yang JH, Cha BK, Choi DS, Park JH, Jang I. Time and pattern of the fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in patients with skeletal Class I and Class III malocclusion. Angle Orthod 2018; 89:470-479. [PMID: 30516418 DOI: 10.2319/052218-386.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the time and pattern of fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in patients with skeletal Class I and Class III malocclusion using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 262 CBCT images were collected: 140 skeletal Class I (0° < ANB < 4°; 71 males, 69 females) and 122 skeletal Class III (ANB ≤ 0°; 61 males and 61 females). The fusion stages were identified using CBCT images of a six-stage system defined by the appearance of osseous cores and ossifying vestige in the synchondrosis. The age distributions of each stage and the pattern of fusion were evaluated. RESULTS The stages of fusion progressed with increasing age (P < .05, r = .824), and the age distributions in the female groups were generally 1 to 3 years younger than those in the male groups. However, no significant differences were observed between the skeletal Class I and Class III groups regarding the time of ossification of the synchondrosis. The osseous cores appeared most frequently in the supero-center part, followed by the mid-center part of the synchondrosis. CONCLUSIONS The time and pattern of fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis are not apparently different between patients with Class I malocclusion and those with Class III malocclusion. The osseous cores appear frequently in the supero-center and mid-center of the synchondrosis with various patterns before the end of the pubertal growth spurt period.
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Rosas A, Ríos L, Estalrrich A, Liversidge H, García-Tabernero A, Huguet R, Cardoso H, Bastir M, Lalueza-Fox C, de la Rasilla M, Dean C. The growth pattern of Neandertals, reconstructed from a juvenile skeleton from El Sidrón (Spain). Science 2018; 357:1282-1287. [PMID: 28935804 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan6463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic studies help us understand the processes of evolutionary change. Previous studies on Neandertals have focused mainly on dental development and inferred an accelerated pace of general growth. We report on a juvenile partial skeleton (El Sidrón J1) preserving cranio-dental and postcranial remains. We used dental histology to estimate the age at death to be 7.7 years. Maturation of most elements fell within the expected range of modern humans at this age. The exceptions were the atlas and mid-thoracic vertebrae, which remained at the 5- to 6-year stage of development. Furthermore, endocranial features suggest that brain growth was not yet completed. The vertebral maturation pattern and extended brain growth most likely reflect Neandertal physiology and ontogenetic energy constraints rather than any fundamental difference in the overall pace of growth in this extinct human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rosas
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Ríos
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physical Anthropology, Aranzadi Society of Sciences, Zorroagagaina 11, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Almudena Estalrrich
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Franckfurta, Germany
| | - Helen Liversidge
- Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Dentistry, Turner Street, London E1 2AD, UK
| | - Antonio García-Tabernero
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Huguet
- Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social-Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Campus Sescelades (Edifici W3), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Carrer Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Hugo Cardoso
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A1S6, Canada
| | - Markus Bastir
- Paleoanthropology Group, Department of Paleobiology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Lalueza-Fox
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco de la Rasilla
- Área de Prehistoria Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Oviedo, Calle Teniente Alfonso Martínez s/n, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Christopher Dean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Hisham S, Flavel A, Abdullah N, Noor MHM, Franklin D. Quantification of spheno-occipital synchondrosis fusion in a contemporary Malaysian population. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 284:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coll G, Lemaire JJ, Di Rocco F, Barthélémy I, Garcier JM, De Schlichting E, Sakka L. Human Foramen Magnum Area and Posterior Cranial Fossa Volume Growth in Relation to Cranial Base Synchondrosis Closure in the Course of Child Development. Neurosurgery 2017; 79:722-735. [PMID: 27341342 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, no study has compared the evolution of the foramen magnum area (FMA) and the posterior cranial fossa volume (PCFV) with the degree of cranial base synchondrosis ossification. OBJECTIVE To illustrate these features in healthy children. METHODS The FMA, the PCFV, and the ossification of 12 synchondroses according to the Madeline and Elster scale were retrospectively analyzed in 235 healthy children using millimeter slices on a computed tomography scan. RESULTS The mean FMA of 6.49 cm in girls was significantly inferior to the FMA of 7.67 cm in boys (P < .001). In both sexes, the growth evolved in a 2-phase process, with a phase of rapid growth from birth to 3.75 years old (yo) followed by a phase of stabilization. In girls, the first phase was shorter (ending at 2.6 yo) than in boys (ending at 4.33 yo) and proceeded at a higher rate. PCFV was smaller in girls (P < .001) and displayed a biphasic pattern in the whole population, with a phase of rapid growth from birth to 3.58 yo followed by a phase of slow growth until 16 yo. In girls, the first phase was more active and shorter (ending at 2.67 yo) than in boys (ending at 4.5 yo). The posterior interoccipital synchondroses close first, followed by the anterior interoccipital and occipitomastoidal synchondroses, the lambdoid sutures simultaneously, then the petro-occipital and spheno-occipital synchondroses simultaneously. CONCLUSION The data provide a chronology of synchondrosis closure. We showed that FMA and PCFV are constitutionally smaller in girls at birth (P ≤ .02) and suggest that a sex-related difference in the FMA is related to earlier closure of anterior interoccipital synchondroses in girls (P = .01). ABBREVIATIONS AIOS, anterior interoccipital synchondrosesFMA, foramen magnum areaLS, lambdoid suturesOMS, occipitomastoidal synchondrosesPCFV, posterior cranial fossa volumePIOS, posterior interoccipital synchondrosesPOS, petro-occipital synchondrosesSOS, spheno-occipital synchondrosisyo, years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Coll
- *Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France;‡Laboratoire d'anatomie, Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France;§Université Clermont Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne, EA 7282, Image Guided Clinical Neurosciences and Connectomics, Clermont-Ferrand, France;¶Unité de Chirurgie Craniofaciale, Service de Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Centre de Référence National des Dysostoses Crâniofaciales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France;‖Service de Chirurgie Maxillo-Faciale, Hôpital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France;#Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Reynolds MS, MacGregor DM, Barry MD, Lottering N, Schmutz B, Wilson LJ, Meredith M, Gregory LS. Standardized anthropological measurement of postcranial bones using three-dimensional models in CAD software. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:381-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alhazmi A, Vargas E, Palomo JM, Hans M, Latimer B, Simpson S. Timing and rate of spheno-occipital synchondrosis closure and its relationship to puberty. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183305. [PMID: 28827837 PMCID: PMC5565182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the relationship between spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) closure and puberty onset in a modern American population. It also investigates the timing and the rate of SOS closure in males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample includes cross-sectional and longitudinal 3D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of 741 individuals (361 males and 380 females) aged 6-20 years. Each CBCT scan is visualized in the mid-sagittal plane, and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is scored as completely open, partially fused, mostly fused, and completely fused. The Menarche commencement is used as an indicator of puberty onset in females. RESULTS Mean ages of open, partially-fused, mostly-fused, and completely fused SOS were 11.07, 12.95, 14.44, and 16.41 years in males, and 9.75, 11.67, 13.25, and 15.25 in females, respectively. The results show there is a significant association between the SOS closure stage and the commencement of menarche (Fisher's Exact Test p < 0.001). It was found that females had a higher SOS closure rate (38.60%) per year than males at the age of 10 years. The closure rate in males appears slower than females at age 10, but it lasts a longer time, ranging between 22 and 26% per year from age 11 to 14 years. CONCLUSION There is a significant relationship between puberty onset and SOS closure, suggesting its closure is at least partially affected by systemic, hormonal changes in the growing adolescent. Also, SOS closure occurs at a faster rate and at an earlier age in females compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Alhazmi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biology, School of Art and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo Vargas
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Martin Palomo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Hans
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bruce Latimer
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott Simpson
- Department of Biology, School of Art and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Mahon TJ, Friedling LJ, Gordon GM. Spheno-occipital synchondrosis: Examining the degree of fusion in a South African Black skeletal sample. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:408.e1-408.e5. [PMID: 28693912 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Estimating age-at-death is one of the many biological demographics that a forensic anthropologist needs to determine for a set of unknown skeletal remains. A useful skeletal developmental marker, which can aid in estimating age in sub-adult remains, is the state of fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis. This study aimed to determine the repeatability of a three-stage scoring method and the age at which the spheno-occipital synchondrosis begins and completes fusion in a Black South African sample. A total of 147 male and female skeletal individuals aged between 12-30 years from the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons were included. The mean age-at-death noted for the commencement of fusion at the spheno-occipital synchondrosis was 16.2 (±2.9) years in females and 16.7 (±1.2) years in males, with females displaying signs of fusion taking place approximately three years before their male counterparts. Complete fusion of this skeletal developmental marker was observed in 100% of the sample over the age of 20 years, regardless of sex. A Kappa value of 1.0 was achieved when the repeatability and reproducibility of the three-stage scoring method was tested. Complete fusion of this synchondrosis occurred slightly later in this South African sample than that noted in previous literature. This finding may be attributed to the differences in health and socio-economic statuses between these different population groups, reiterating the need for population-specific data to be developed. The importance of noting the state of fusion of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis during the examination of relevant forensic cases may aid in the formation of a narrower age-at-death range for sub-adult and young adult skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha-Jean Mahon
- The Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, 25 A Hospital Street, Braamfontein, 2195, South Africa.
| | - Louise Jacqui Friedling
- The Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, South Africa.
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Lottering N, Alston-Knox CL, MacGregor DM, Izatt MT, Grant CA, Adam CJ, Gregory LS. Apophyseal Ossification of the Iliac Crest in Forensic Age Estimation: Computed Tomography Standards for Modern Australian Subadults. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:292-307. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolene Lottering
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; Adelaide Medical School; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Clair L. Alston-Knox
- Social and Behavioural Research College; Griffith University; Mt Gravatt QLD 4122 Australia
| | - Donna M. MacGregor
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory; Faculty of Health; School of Biomedical Sciences; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Maree T. Izatt
- Paediatric Spine Research Group; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology, and Mater Health Services; Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Caroline A. Grant
- Paediatric Spine Research Group; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology, and Mater Health Services; Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Clayton J. Adam
- Paediatric Spine Research Group; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation; Queensland University of Technology, and Mater Health Services; Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
| | - Laura S. Gregory
- Skeletal Biology and Forensic Anthropology Research Laboratory; Faculty of Health; School of Biomedical Sciences; Queensland University of Technology; Brisbane QLD 4001 Australia
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Fernández-Pérez MJ, Alarcón JA, McNamara JA, Velasco-Torres M, Benavides E, Galindo-Moreno P, Catena A. Spheno-Occipital Synchondrosis Fusion Correlates with Cervical Vertebrae Maturation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161104. [PMID: 27513752 PMCID: PMC4981417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the closure stage of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the maturational stage of the cervical vertebrae (CVM) in growing and young adult subjects using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images with an extended field of view obtained from 315 participants (148 females and 167 males; mean age 15.6 ±7.3 years; range 6 to 23 years) were analyzed. The fusion status of the synchondrosis was determined using a five-stage scoring system; the vertebral maturational status was evaluated using a six-stage stratification (CVM method). Ordinal regression was used to study the ability of the synchondrosis stage to predict the vertebral maturation stage. Vertebrae and synchondrosis had a strong significant correlation (r = 0.89) that essential was similar for females (r = 0.88) and males (r = 0.89). CVM stage could be accurately predicted from synchondrosis stage by ordinal regression models. Prediction equations of the vertebral stage using synchondrosis stage, sex and biological age as predictors were developed. Thus this investigation demonstrated that the stage of spheno-occipital synchondrosis, as determined in CBCT images, is a reasonable indicator of growth maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Antonio Alarcón
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - James A. McNamara
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Miguel Velasco-Torres
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Erika Benavides
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pablo Galindo-Moreno
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Andrés Catena
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Márquez-Grant N. An overview of age estimation in forensic anthropology: perspectives and practical considerations. Ann Hum Biol 2015; 42:308-22. [PMID: 26366990 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1048288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Information on methods of age estimation in physical anthropology, in particular with regard to age-at-death from human skeletal remains, is widely available in the literature. However, the practicalities and real challenges faced in forensic casework are not always highlighted. OBJECTIVES To provide a practitioner's perspective, regarding age estimation in forensic anthropology (both in the living as well as the dead), with an emphasis on the types of cases, the value of such work and its challenges and limitations. METHODS The paper reviews the current literature on age estimation with a focus on forensic anthropology, but it also brings the author's personal perspective derived from a number of forensic cases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although much is known about what methods to use, but not always how to apply them, little attention has been given in the literature to the real practicalities faced by forensic anthropologists, for example: the challenges in different types of scenarios; how to report age estimations; responsibilities; and ethical concerns. This paper gathers some of these aspects into one overview which includes the value of such work and the practical challenges, not necessarily with the methods themselves, but also with regard to how these are applied in the different cases where age estimation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Márquez-Grant
- a Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom , Shrivenham , UK , and.,b School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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The lateral clavicular epiphysis: fusion timing and age estimation. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:511-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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