1
|
Gurr A, Henneberg M, Kumaratilake J, Lerche D, Richards L, Brook AH. The Oral Health of a Group of 19th Century South Australian Settlers in Relation to Their General Health and Compared with That of Contemporaneous Samples. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11040099. [PMID: 37185476 PMCID: PMC10136771 DOI: 10.3390/dj11040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study are to determine the oral health status of a rare sample of 19th-century migrant settlers to South Australia, how oral conditions may have influenced their general health, and how the oral health of this group compares with contemporaneous samples in Australia, New Zealand, and Britain. Dentitions of 18 adults and 22 subadults were investigated using non-destructive methods (micro-CT, macroscopic, radiographic). Extensive carious lesions were identified in seventeen adults and four subadults, and from this group one subadult and sixteen adults had antemortem tooth loss. Sixteen adults showed evidence of periodontal disease. Enamel hypoplastic (EH) defects were identified in fourteen adults and nine subadults. Many individuals with dental defects also had skeletal signs of comorbidities. South Australian individuals had the same percentage of carious lesions as the British sample (53%), more than other historic Australian samples, but less than a contemporary New Zealand sample. Over 50% of individuals from all the historic cemeteries had EH defects, suggesting systemic health insults during dental development were common during the 19th century. The overall oral health of the South Australian settlers was poor but, in some categories, (tooth wear, periapical abscess, periodontal disease), better than the other historic samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gurr
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Derek Lerche
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lindsay Richards
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Alan Henry Brook
- School of Dentistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Smith-Guzmán NE. A paleoepidemiological approach to the challenging differential diagnosis of an isolated 1500-year-old anomalous molar from Panamá. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2022; 39:1-13. [PMID: 36029689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study seeks to quantify the presence and prevalence of specific genetic and infectious diseases in the pre-Colombian Panamanian population and uses these data to consider the plausibility of these diseases as causative factors in the development of an abnormal supernumerary cusp morphology in a 1500-year-old isolated molar recovered from Cerro Juan Díaz (Los Santos, Panama). MATERIALS 267 individuals from pre-Columbian sites throughout Panama. METHODS The anomalous tooth was analyzed through macroscopic, odontometric, and radiographic means. Tentative differential diagnosis was performed using inferences from paleopathological features of the broader regional population. RESULTS The regional sample showed evidence of treponemal infection and developmental anomalies in 10.1% and 10.9% of individuals, respectively. CONCLUSIONS While not able to rule out three potential genetic conditions, more evidence was found to support the differential diagnosis of congenital syphilis as the causative agent leading to the development of abnormal supernumerary cusps in the isolated molar. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates how characterizing disease experience in the population can assist in differential diagnoses at the individual level and cautions against the assumption that any one lesion in isolation is unique to only one specific pathological condition. LIMITATIONS The timing discrepancy between clinical descriptions of congenital syphilis and genetic disorders, lack of knowledge on pathophysiological mechanisms of the former, poor preservation of Treponema pathogen ancient DNA, and deficiencies in modern public health data from Panama limit the differential diagnosis. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Inclusion and serious contemplation of genetic diseases in paleopathological differential diagnoses is necessary.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gurr A, Brook AH, Kumaratilake J, Anson T, Pate FD, Henneberg M. Was it worth migrating to the new British industrial colony of South Australia? Evidence from skeletal pathologies and historic records of a sample of 19th-century settlers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2022; 37:41-52. [PMID: 35489278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine pathological evidence present in a sample of 19th -century settlers to South Australia in the context of an early industrial society. MATERIALS Skeletal remains of 20 adults and 45 nonadults from the government funded burial site (free ground) of St Mary's Anglican Church Cemetery, gravestones of privately funded burials and local parish records. METHODS Investigation of pathological manifestations of skeletal remains, church records and historic literature. Comparison with similar samples from Britain and from New South Wales. RESULTS Joint disease seen in 35% of adults. Porosity in bone cortices indicative of vitamin C deficiency seen in 32% of the total sample and porous lesions in the orbit (cribra orbitalia) in 7% of nonadults. Traumatic fractures identified in two adult males. Gastrointestinal conditions were the leading cause of death for nonadults, most adults died of pulmonary conditions. Life expectancy of people buried at the expense of the government was 23.8-42.6 years, those in private burials 57.1 years. CONCLUSION Health of migrant settlers from the St Mary's free ground did not differ much from that of a similar population in Britain nor of settlers in New South Wales. Thus, it is characteristic for lower socioeconomic groups in early industrialised societies. SIGNIFICANCE St Mary's sample is a rarity due scarcity of similar Australian skeletal samples. LIMITATIONS Small sample size and lack of similar samples for comparison. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Comprehensive investigation of dentitions in St Mary's sample and studies of more skeletal samples of early settlers in other Australian locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gurr
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Alan Henry Brook
- School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, UK
| | - Jaliya Kumaratilake
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Archaeology, Flinders University, Australia; Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Collignon AM, Vergnes JN, Germa A, Azogui S, Breinig S, Hollande C, Bonnet AL, Nabet C. Factors and Mechanisms Involved in Acquired Developmental Defects of Enamel: A Scoping Review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:836708. [PMID: 35281236 PMCID: PMC8907975 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.836708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) is a pathology of the teeth that can greatly alter the quality of life of patients (hypersensitivity, esthetic issues, loss of function, etc.). The acquired DDE may occur as a result of a wide range of acquired etiological factors and his prevalence of this pathology may reach up to 89.9%. The main objective of this research was to identify and analyze, in current literature, the factors related to acquired DDE, in order to propose a general theory about the mechanisms involved. METHODS The search of the primary literature was conducted until [December 31, 2021]. Our search strategy uses the Pubmed/MEDLINE database and was structured around 3 terms ["Development," "Defect," and "Enamel"]. To be included, references had to be primary studies, written in English. Exclusion criteria were reviews, in vitro, animal, genetic or archeology studies, and studies focused on clinical management of DDE. One hundred and twenty three articles were included in this scoping review: 4 Randomized clinical trials, 1 letter, 5 cases reports, 2 fundamentals studies, and 111 observational studies (33 Cross-sectional studies, 68 Cohort study and 10 Case-control study). The quality of evidence was assessed using the PEDro scale for clinical trials, the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies, and a published tool to assess the quality of case reports and case series. RESULTS A scoping review of the literature identified 114 factors potentially involved in acquired DDE. The most frequently encountered pathologies are those causing a disorder of calcium homeostasis or a perturbation of the ARNT pathway in mother or child. The link between the ARNT pathway and metabolism deficiency in uncertain and needs to be defined. Also, the implication of this mechanism in tissue impairment is still unclear and needs to be explored. CONCLUSIONS By identifying and grouping the risk factors cited in the literature, this taxonomy and the hypotheses related to the mechanism allow health practitioners to adopt behaviors that limit the risk of developing aDDE and to set up a prevention of dental pathology. In addition, by reviewing the current literature, this work provides guidance for basic research, clinical studies, and literature searches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Margaux Collignon
- URP 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging, and Biotherapies and Life Imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France.,Department of Odontology, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Dental School Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France.,Department of Epidemiology, Public Health, Prevention and Legislation, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vergnes
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health, Prevention and Legislation, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Inserm UMR 1295 CERPOP, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Germa
- Department of Odontology, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Dental School Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France.,CRESS, EPOPE Team, INSERM, INRA, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Azogui
- Department of Odontology, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Dental School Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France.,Education and Health Practices Laboratory (LEPS) (EA 3412), UFR SMBH, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bobigny, France
| | - Sophie Breinig
- Inserm UMR 1295 CERPOP, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France.,Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Clémence Hollande
- Department of Hepatology, Université de Paris Centre, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bonnet
- URP 2496 Laboratory Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging, and Biotherapies and Life Imaging Platform (PIV), Montrouge, France.,Department of Odontology, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Dental School Faculty, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Cathy Nabet
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health, Prevention and Legislation, Dental Faculty, Toulouse University Hospital, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Inserm UMR 1295 CERPOP, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Micro-CT evaluation of historical human skulls presenting signs of syphilitic infection. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 133:602-609. [PMID: 33791870 PMCID: PMC8195897 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background In tertiary syphilis, Treponema pallidum triggers the formation of granulomatous nodules in various organs of the human body. Within the skeleton, predominantly in the skull and long bones, these characteristic syphilitic lesions cause typical patterns of bone damage. In this study, micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) was used to assess the microarchitecture of these osseous defects in untreated syphilitic skull bones. Material and methods Bone structure of 30 macerated human skulls was noninvasively examined by means of µ-CT images (Viscom X8060 NDT). A total of 20 specimens showing typical morphological signs of syphilis were provided by the Collection of Anatomical Pathology of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna. They were compared to 10 macerated control skulls provided by the Division of Anatomy of the Medical University of Vienna. Results All samples affected by syphilis showed perforating defects and increased porosity. Furthermore, we observed sclerotic reorganization and complete loss of the cortical bone in 80% of infected cases. Cortical thinning occurred in 75%. Conclusion Our findings revealed extensive micromorphological bone destruction and a broad variability of osseous manifestations of (tertiary) syphilis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Aybar MJ. The role of teratogens in neural crest development. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:584-632. [PMID: 31926062 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC), discovered by Wilhelm His 150 years ago, gives rise to a multipotent migratory embryonic cell population that generates a remarkably diverse and important array of cell types during the development of the vertebrate embryo. These cells originate in the neural plate border (NPB), which is the ectoderm between the neural plate and the epidermis. They give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies are a class of congenital diseases resulting from the abnormal induction, specification, migration, differentiation or death of NC cells (NCCs) during embryonic development and have an important medical and societal impact. In general, congenital defects affect an appreciable percentage of newborns worldwide. Some of these defects are caused by teratogens, which are agents that negatively impact the formation of tissues and organs during development. In this review, we will discuss the teratogens linked to the development of many birth defects, with a strong focus on those that specifically affect the development of the NC, thereby producing neurocristopathies. Although increasing attention is being paid to the effect of teratogens on embryonic development in general, there is a strong need to critically evaluate the specific role of these agents in NC development. Therefore, increased understanding of the role of these factors in NC development will contribute to the planning of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of human neurocristopathies, whose etiology was previously not considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Área Biología Experimental, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ioannou S, Henneberg M. Dental signs attributed to congenital syphilis and its treatments in the Hamann-Todd Skeletal Collection. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/anre-2017-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Syphilis in the United States during the 1800s and 1900s had a high prevalence rate causing great concern to health officials. Various measures were taken to control its spread. Mercuric treatments were used up until the introduction of penicillin. The aim of this paper is to determine whether dental abnormalities related to congenital syphilis in individuals who died of syphilis or syphilis-related causes, in the Hamman Todd Osteological Collection, occur and whether mercurial treatment was effective. Hutchinson, Moon and Fournier’s works were analyzed to determine dental abnormalities associated with congenital syphilis and its treatments and used as criteria. Hillson et al. (AJPA,107:25-40) standardized method of description of dental changes was used. In the Hamman Todd Osteological Collection in Cleveland, Ohio, 102 individuals had cause of death recorded in the catalogue as syphilis or lues, and 69 had causes of death relating to syphilis which included paresis (53), aortic insufficiency (15) and pericarditis (1). Thus altogether 171 individuals were studied. Dentition was examined to determine if dental abnormalities associated with congenital syphilis and its treatments were present in individuals not recorded as having congenital syphilis. Crania were examined for any osteological changes. One individual (2266) demonstrated dental malformations possibly related to the congenital disease itself, while three demonstrated dental abnormalities associated with mercuric treatments in childhood (2118, 2263 and 3097). No remarkable bone pathologies were evident on any skull. The use of pre-penicillin treatment of congenital syphilis may have been effective to maintain health into adulthood but not always in eradicating the infection. Effects of mercury on enamel formation and bone changes, need to be considered when making a differential diagnosis of syphilis/congenital syphilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Ioannou
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Henneberg Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide , South Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ioannou S, Henneberg RJ, Henneberg M. Presence of dental signs of congenital syphilis in pre-modern specimens. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 85:192-200. [PMID: 29102860 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tooth morphology can vary due to genetic factors, infectious diseases and other environmental stresses. Congenital syphilis is known to interrupt tooth formation i.e. odontogenesis and amelogenesis, producing specific dental characteristics. Variation of those characteristics can occur, resulting in dental signs "not typical" of the disease, however, they are described in the 19th century literature. Past treatments of congenital syphilis with mercury also interrupted dental processes resulting in significantly different dental signs. The aim of this study is to examine the dentition of the oldest (pre 15th century) cases attributed to congenital syphilis to determine whether their dental processes have been affected by either congenital syphilis itself, its treatments (mercury) or a combination of both (syphilitic-mercurial). DESIGN Comparisons of dental signs of congenital syphilis and its mercuric treatments as described by Hutchinson, Moon and Fournier in the 1800s and in standardised methods as established by modern studies, are made with the dentition of specimens found in archaeological sites in Mexico, Italy, Turkey and Austria dating back to the Terminal Formative Period, Classical Antiquity, Byzantine times and Middle Ages. RESULTS The dentitions of a child from Oaxaca, Mexico, St. Pölten, Austria, and two juveniles from Classical Antiquity site Metaponto, Italy, show signs attributed to syphilis only. One adolescent from Byzantine site Nicaea, Turkey, shows dental signs characterised as syphilitic-mercurial. CONCLUSIONS Dental abnormalities observed in Mediterranean individuals match a range of signs attributable to congenital syphilis and its treatments, more so than the New World case. Therefore, it is likely that these individuals suffered from congenital syphilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stella Ioannou
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School,Frome Road, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Renata J Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School,Frome Road, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maciej Henneberg
- Biological Anthropology and Comparative Anatomy Research Unit, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Medical School,Frome Road, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia; Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|