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de Vries D, Winchester JM, Fulwood EL, St Clair EM, Boyer DM. Dental topography of prosimian premolars predicts diet: A comparison in premolar and molar dietary classification accuracies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 185:e24995. [PMID: 38965918 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tests whether (1) premolar topography of extant "prosimians" (strepsirrhines and tarsiers) successfully predicts diet and (2) whether the combination of molar and premolar topography yields higher classification accuracy than using either tooth position in isolation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dental topographic metrics (ariaDNE, relief index, and orientation patch count rotated) were calculated for 118 individual matched-pairs of mandibular fourth premolars (P4) and second molars (M2). The sample represents 7 families and 22 genera. Tooth variables were analyzed in isolation (P4 only; M2 only), together (P4 and M2), and combined (PC1 scores of bivariate principal component analyses of P4 and M2 for each metric). Discriminant function analyses were conducted with and without a measure of size (two-dimensional surface area). RESULTS When using topography only, "prosimian" P4 shape predicts diet with a success rate that is slightly higher than that of M2 shape. When absolute size is included, premolars and molars perform comparably well. Including both premolar and molar topography (separately or combined) improves classification accuracy for every analysis beyond considering either in isolation. Classification accuracy is highest when premolar and molar topography and size are included. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that molar teeth incompletely summarize the functional requirements of oral food breakdown for a given diet, and that the mechanism selecting for premolar form is more varied than what is expressed by molar teeth. Finally, our findings suggest that fossil P4s (in isolation or with the M2) can be used for meaningful dietary reconstruction of extinct primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien de Vries
- School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Julie M Winchester
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ethan L Fulwood
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Doug M Boyer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Selig KR, López-Torres S, Burrows AM, Silcox MT, Meng J. Dental caries in living and extinct strepsirrhines with insights into diet. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:1995-2006. [PMID: 38465830 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common diseases afflicting modern humans and occurs in both living and extinct non-human primates, as well as other mammalian species. Compared to other primates, less is known about the etiology or frequency of caries among the Strepsirrhini. Given the link between caries and diet, caries frequency may be informative about the dietary ecology of a given animal. Understanding rates of caries in wild populations is also critical to assessing dental health in captive populations. Here, we examine caries frequency in a sample of 36 extant strepsirrhine species (n = 316 individuals) using odontological collections of wild-, non-captive animals housed at the American Museum of Natural History by counting the number of specimens characterized by the disease. Additionally, in the context of studying caries lesions in strepsirrhines, case studies were also conducted to test if similar lesions were found in their fossil relatives. In particular, two fossil strepsirrhine species were analyzed: the earliest Late Eocene Karanisia clarki, and the subfossil lemur Megaladapis madagascariensis. Our results suggest that caries affects 13.92% of the extant individuals we examined. The frugivorous and folivorous taxa were characterized by the highest overall frequency of caries, whereas the insectivores, gummivores, and omnivores had much lower caries frequencies. Our results suggest that caries may be common among wild populations of strepsirrhines, and in fact is more prevalent than in many catarrhines and platyrrhines. These findings have important implications for understanding caries, diet, and health in living and fossil taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keegan R Selig
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sergi López-Torres
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anne M Burrows
- Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary T Silcox
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jin Meng
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Fuller G, Wirdateti, Nekaris KAI. Evaluating the Use of Chemical Weapons for Capturing Prey by a Venomous Mammal, the Greater Slow Loris ( Nycticebus coucang). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1438. [PMID: 38791656 PMCID: PMC11117385 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Few mammals are venomous, including one group of primates-slow (Nycticebus spp.) and pygmy (Xanthonycticebus spp.) lorises. Hypotheses for the evolutionary function of venom in these primates include defense from predators or ectoparasites, communication or competition with conspecifics, and the capture of prey. We tested the prey capture hypothesis in 75 trials with 22 wild-caught greater slow lorises (N. coucang) housed in a rescue center in Java, Indonesia. We experimentally offered the slow lorises arthropod prey items varying in size, escape potential, and toxicity and recorded venom-related and predatory behaviors using live and video observations. The slow lorises visually targeted arthropod prey, approached it quickly and efficiently, and captured it with a manual grasping motion. They rarely performed venom-related behaviors and seemed to do so in a defensive context. The slow lorises exhibited little variation in pre-capture behavior as a function of prey size or escape potential. In response to noxious prey, the slow lorises performed tongue-flicking and other investigative behaviors that indicate they are using chemosensory input to assess prey characteristics. These data suggest it is unlikely that slow lorises use chemical weapons to subdue arthropod prey and may support, instead, a defensive function for slow loris venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Fuller
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
- Detroit Zoological Society, Royal Oak, MI 48067, USA
| | - Wirdateti
- Division Zoology, Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi (KST), Soekarno, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia;
| | - K. A. I. Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences and Law, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK;
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Mihaminekena TH, Rakotonanahary AN, Frasier CL, Randriahaingo HNT, Sefczek TM, Tinsman J, Randrianarimanana HL, Ravaloharimanitra M, Rakotoarinivo TH, Ratsimbazafy J, King T, Louis EE. Dietary flexibility of the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus), a specialized feeder, in eastern Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23609. [PMID: 38409820 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The degree of dietary flexibility in primates is species specific; some incorporate a wider array of resources than others. Extreme interannual weather variability in Madagascar results in seasonal resource scarcity which has been linked to specialized behaviors in lemurs. Prolemur simus, for example, has been considered an obligate specialist on large culm bamboo with >60% of its diet composed of woody bamboos requiring morphological and physiological adaptations to process. Recent studies reported an ever-expanding list of dietary items, suggesting that this species may not be an obligate specialist. However, long-term quantitative feeding data are unavailable across this species' range. To explore the dietary flexibility of P. simus, we collected data at two northern sites, Ambalafary and Sahavola, and one southern site, Vatovavy, from September 2010 to January 2016 and May 2017 to September 2018, respectively. In total, we recorded 4022 h of behavioral data using instantaneous sampling of adult males and females from one group in Ambalafary, and two groups each in Sahavola and Vatovavy. We recorded 45 plant species eaten by P. simus over 7 years. We also observed significant differences in seasonal dietary composition between study sites. In Ambalafary, bamboo was the most frequently observed resource consumed (92.2%); however, non-bamboo resources comprised nearly one-third of the diet of P. simus in Sahavola and over 60% in Vatovavy. Consumption of all bamboo resources increased during the dry season at Ambalafary and during the wet season at Vatovavy, but never exceeded non-bamboo feeding at the latter. Culm pith feeding was only observed at Ambalafary, where it was more common during the dry season. We identify P. simus as a bamboo facultative specialist capable of adjusting its feeding behavior to its environment, indicating greater dietary flexibility than previously documented, which may enable the species to survive in increasingly degraded habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasimija Mihaminekena
- The Aspinall Foundation Madagascar Programme, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Zoologie et Anthropologie Biologique, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ando N Rakotonanahary
- Mention Science de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de Technologie et de l'Environnement (FSTE), Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
- Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership NGO (MBP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cynthia L Frasier
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Timothy M Sefczek
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- School of Global Integrative Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jen Tinsman
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Tony King
- The Aspinall Foundation Madagascar Programme, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- The Aspinall Foundation, Port Lympne Reserve, Kent, UK
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Edward E Louis
- Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership NGO (MBP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Kruse TN, Seeley KE, Bapodra-Villaverde P, Less EH, Junge RE. CLINICAL FINDINGS OF DENTAL DISEASE AND POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTING FACTORS IN PYGMY SLOW LORISES ( NYCTICEBUS PYGMAEUS) UNDER HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:757-765. [PMID: 38251999 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental disease is a common finding in pygmy slow lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus) under human care, but the etiology is not fully understood. The small oral cavity in this species can make diagnosis of dental disease difficult. This retrospective study evaluated medical records and diet and husbandry protocols from 18 participating institutions with the objective of describing the signalment, clinical signs, physical exam findings, tooth type, tooth location, diagnostics used, and treatments performed to help guide care for dental disease. In addition, the study aimed to identify potential contributing factors to dental disease in this species. Of 59 animals with medical records evaluated, 42 (71.2%) had dental disease: 19 (44.2%) males, 20 (46.5%) females, and 3 (9.3%) without gender documented. Average age at onset of dental disease was 7.6 yr in males and 9 yr in females. Multiple lorises with dental disease (n = 12; 28.6%) had no premonitory clinical signs, and dental disease was found incidentally on examination. On dental examination, 30 lorises (71.4%) had evidence of gingivitis. In 13 cases skull radiographs were taken, but the majority of images (n = 8; 61.5%) were nondiagnostic for pathologic dental changes. A small proportion of cases with dental abnormalities (n = 4; 9.5%) were diagnosed using computed tomography. In total, 175 teeth were extracted from 31 patients; molars were the most frequently extracted tooth (n = 55; 31.4%). No substantial differences in diets were noted among many of the participating institutions, and not all slow lorises evaluated developed dental disease (n = 17; 28.8%). This retrospective study provides clinical findings on slow loris dental disease and guidance for the veterinary care and management of slow lorises under human care.
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6
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Loudon JE, Smith BK, Bianchi S, Howells ME, Krowka MA, Gomez AM, Davison S, Paine OCC, Sponheimer M. Variable digestibility of captive northern greater galagos (Otolemur garnettii) fed experimental "frugivorous" and "invertebrate" diets. Zoo Biol 2023; 42:644-650. [PMID: 37218303 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have addressed the nutritional ecology of galagos. Observations of galagos in the wild reveal that they rely on fruits and invertebrates to varying degrees depending on their availability. We conducted a 6-week comparative dietary analysis of a colony of captive-housed northern greater galagos (Otolemur garnettii), which included five females and six males with known life histories. We compared two experimental diets. The first was fruit dominated and the second was invertebrate dominated. For each diet, we examined dietary intake and apparent dry matter digestibility over the course of 6 weeks. We found significant differences between the apparent digestibility of the diets, with the "invertebrate" diet being more digestible than the "frugivorous" diet. The lower apparent digestibility of the "frugivorous" diet was driven by the higher fiber contents of the fruits provided to the colony. However, variation in apparent digestibility of both diets was found among individual galagos. The experimental design used in this study may provide useful dietary data for the management of captive colonies of galagos and other strepsirrhine primates. This study may also be helpful for understanding the nutritional challenges faced by free-ranging galagos through time and across geographic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Loudon
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - B Katherine Smith
- School of Social Science and Global Studies, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sydnie Bianchi
- School of Social Science and Global Studies, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - Michaela E Howells
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mead A Krowka
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andres M Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Davison
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Oliver C C Paine
- Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Matt Sponheimer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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7
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Beeby N, Rothman JM, Baden AL. Nutrient balancing in a fruit-specialist primate, the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23484. [PMID: 36891766 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Animals' foraging behavior and dietary choices are, in part, driven by their ultimate function: to meet nutritional demands. However, depending on their degree of dietary specialization and the availability and distribution of food resources in their environment, species may utilize different nutritional strategies. With shifting plant phenology, increasing unpredictability of fruiting, and declining food quality in response to anthropogenic climate change, existing nutritional constraints may become exacerbated. Such changes are especially concerning for Madagascar's endemic fruit specialists given the nutrient-limitation of the island's landscapes. In this study, we examined the nutritional strategy of one such fruit-specialist primate, the black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata), over a 12-month period (January to December 2018) in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. We hypothesized that Varecia would balance nonprotein energy (NPE) to protein (AP) at a high ratio similar to other frugivorous primates, and that they would prioritize protein intake given their high degree of frugivory. We found that Varecia balance NPE:AP at a ratio of 11:1, higher than in any other primate studied to date; however, diets shifted such that nutrient balancing varied seasonally (12.6:1 abundant-9.6:1 lean). Varecia meet NRC suggested recommendations of 5-8% of calories from protein, despite having a diet mostly comprising fruits. However, seasonal shifts in NPE intakes result in significant energy shortfalls during fruit-lean seasons. Flowers provide an important source of NPE during these periods, with flower consumption best predicting lipid intake, suggesting this species' ability to shift resource use. Nevertheless, achieving adequate and balanced nutrient intakes may become precarious in the face of increasing unpredictability in plant phenology and other environmental stochasticities resulting from climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Beeby
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, USA.,The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, USA
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Ni Q, Dong S, Xing B, Zeng B, Kong F, Xu H, Yao Y, Li D, Zhang M, Fan X, Yang D, Yang M, Xie M. Oral and fecal microbiome of confiscated Bengal slow lorises in response to confinement duration. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:941261. [PMID: 36238588 PMCID: PMC9553000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.941261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow lorises are small arboreal and nocturnal primates. Due to the illegal trade, a large number of slow lorises were confiscated into wildlife sanctuaries or rescue centers. The re-release has been considered a preferable approach for alleviating the captive pressure, but inappropriate and long-term confinement make it difficult to achieve this goal. In this study, we investigated and compared the fecal and oral microbiome of Bengal slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) under long-term captivity (LC) and short-term captivity (SC) groups based on 16s rRNA high-throughput gene sequencing. The oral microbiome displayed higher Chao1 richness but lower Shannon and Simpson indices than the fecal microbiome. The Bengal slow lorises under long-term captivity had abundant pathogenic genera in both gut and oral microbiomes, such as Desulfovibrio, Actinomyces, Capnocytophaga, Neisseria, and Fusobacterium, while some specific bacterial taxa associated with intestinal balance were more enriched in the SC group. Due to the plant gum scarcity in the diet, both groups had a low abundance of Bifidobacterium. Function profile prediction indicated that the LC group was enriched with genetic information processing and metabolism pathways due to the stable food intake. The increased membrane transport and xenobiotic metabolism and degradation functions in the SC group could be explained by the function of the host microbiome in facilitating adaptation to changing environments and diets. The results demonstrated that the oral microbiome had the potential to be used as a regular surveillance tool. Also, current captive management should be improved to ensure reintroduction success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Ni
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qingyong Ni,
| | - Shasha Dong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bolin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
- Meng Xie,
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Dewi T, Imron MA, Lukmandaru G, Hedger K, Campera M, Nekaris KAI. The sticky tasty: the nutritional content of the exudativorous diet of the Javan slow loris in a lowland forest. Primates 2021; 63:93-102. [PMID: 34853929 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant exudates are an important food source for many primates. The Critically Endangered Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) was previously found to prefer Acacia decurrens exudate in an anthropogenically disturbed site, while its feeding habits in secondary natural forest remain unknown. Knowledge of the chemical characteristics of the plant exudates that Javan slow lorises consume is limited, especially with respect to those that they feed on in natural forests. As plant exudates may contain plant secondary metabolites (PSM), which are considered unpalatable in high concentrations, differences in PSM composition may drive feeding preferences. This research aims firstly to confirm exudate consumption by the Javan slow loris in a lowland tropical forest in Central Java, and secondly to identify the chemical characteristics of the exudates consumed. We followed wild slow lorises in Kemuning Forest, Central Java and observed their behaviour. We investigated the gum-producing trees that were utilized by the slow lorises by tapping the exudates and examining their nutritional and PSM contents. We found that exudates are the predominant food source for the Javan slow loris in this lowland forest, and that their nutritional contents are similar to those of exudates consumed by lorises in anthropogenically disturbed areas. Significant differences in polysaccharide and flavonoid contents were found between consumed and unconsumed exudates. Knowledge of the diet of the Javan slow loris is crucial to its conservation, and our findings confirm the importance of exudates in its diet. We also highlight the need to preserve natural slow loris habitat, and to manage the diets of these species in captivity. The results of this study indicate that plant exudates should constitute a significant portion of the diet of captive slow lorises, and that the presence of exudate-producing trees is vital in areas into which slow lorises are to be translocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tungga Dewi
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komplek Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Ganis Lukmandaru
- Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Komplek Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, 55281, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Marco Campera
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia.,Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - K A I Nekaris
- Little Fireface Project, Cipaganti, 44163, West Java, Indonesia.,Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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10
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Nekaris KA, Campera M, Watkins AR, Weldon AV, Hedger K, Morcatty TQ. Aposematic signaling and seasonal variation in dorsal pelage in a venomous mammal. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11387-11397. [PMID: 34429927 PMCID: PMC8366853 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, colouration patterns are often related to concealment, intraspecific communication, including aposematic signals, and physiological adaptations. Slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) are arboreal primates native to Southeast Asia that display stark colour contrast, are highly territorial, regularly enter torpor, and are notably one of only seven mammal taxa that possess venom. All slow loris species display a contrasting stripe that runs cranial-caudally along the median sagittal plane of the dorsum. We examine whether these dorsal markings facilitate background matching, seasonal adaptations, and intraspecific signaling. We analyzed 195 images of the dorsal region of 60 Javan slow loris individuals (Nycticebus javanicus) from Java, Indonesia. We extracted greyscale RGB values from dorsal pelage using ImageJ software and calculated contrast ratios between dorsal stripe and adjacent pelage in eight regions. We assessed through generalized linear mixed models if the contrast ratio varied with sex, age, and seasonality. We also examined whether higher contrast was related to more aggressive behavior or increased terrestrial movement. We found that the dorsal stripe of N. javanicus changed seasonally, being longer and more contrasting in the wet season, during which time lorises significantly increased their ground use. Stripes were most contrasting in younger individuals of dispersal age that were also the most aggressive during capture. The dorsal stripe became less contrasting as a loris aged. A longer stripe when ground use is more frequent can be related to disruptive colouration. A darker anterior region by younger lorises with less fighting experience may allow them to appear larger and fiercer. We provide evidence that the dorsum of a cryptic species can have multimodal signals related to concealment, intraspecific communication, and physiological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Anne‐Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupFaculty of Humanities and Social SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
- Little Fireface ProjectCipagantiJavaIndonesia
| | - Marco Campera
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupFaculty of Humanities and Social SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
- Little Fireface ProjectCipagantiJavaIndonesia
| | - Anna R. Watkins
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupFaculty of Humanities and Social SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | - Ariana V. Weldon
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupFaculty of Humanities and Social SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
| | | | - Thais Q. Morcatty
- Nocturnal Primate Research GroupFaculty of Humanities and Social SciencesOxford Brookes UniversityOxfordUK
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11
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Ni Q, Zhang C, Li D, Xu H, Yao Y, Zhang M, Fan X, Zeng B, Yang D, Xie M. Effects of Dietary Alteration on the Gut Microbiome and Metabolome of the Rescued Bengal Slow Loris. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:650991. [PMID: 33841376 PMCID: PMC8024692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.650991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bengal slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) are threatened by illegal trade. Subsequently, numerous wild-born individuals are rescued and transferred to rescue centers. Metabonomic analysis of intestinal microbiomes has increasingly played a vital role in evaluating the effects of dietary alteration on the captive status of endangered non-human primates. A synthetic analysis was done to test the differences in gut microbes and fecal metabolites between two dietary groups of Bengal slow lorises across 8 weeks. Dietary interventions led to intra-group convergence and inter-group variation in the composition of intestinal flora, metabolites, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The control diet, consisting of gums and honey, significantly increased the abundance of some potential probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Roseburia, and the concentration of some anti-disease related metabolites. The decrease in some amino acid metabolites in the original group fed without gums was attributed to poor body condition. Some distinct SCFAs found in the control group indicated the dietary alteration herein was fat-restricted but fiber deficient. Cognizant of this, plant exudates and fiber-enriched food supplies should be considered an optimal approach for dietary improvement of the confiscated and captive Bengal slow lorises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Ni
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
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12
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Takahashi MQ, Rothman JM, Raubenheimer D, Cords M. Daily protein prioritization and long-term nutrient balancing in a dietary generalist, the blue monkey. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animals make dietary choices to achieve adequate nutrient intake; however, it is challenging to study such nutritional strategies in wild populations. We explored the nutritional strategy of a generalist social primate, the blue monkey (Cercopithecus mitis). We hypothesized that females balance intake of nutrients, specifically non-protein energy and protein, both on a daily and long-term basis. When balancing was not possible, we expected subjects to prioritize constant protein intake, allowing non-protein energy to vary more. To understand the ecology of nutrient balancing, we examined how habitat use, food availability, diet composition, social dominance rank, and reproductive demand influenced nutrient intake. Over 9 months, we conducted 371 all-day focal follows on 24 subjects in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Females exhibited short- and long-term nutritional strategies. Daily, they balanced non-protein energy to protein intake but when balancing was impossible, monkeys prioritized protein intake. Longer term, they balanced non-protein energy:protein intake in a 3.8:1 ratio. The ratio related positively to fruit in the diet and negatively to time in near-natural forest, but we found no evidence that it related to food availability, reproductive demand, or dominance rank. Lower-ranked females had broader daily diets, however, which may reflect behavioral feeding strategies to cope with social constraints. Overall, females prioritized daily protein, allowing less variation in protein intake than other aspects such as non-protein energy:protein ratio and non-protein energy intake. The emerging pattern in primates suggests that diverse dietary strategies evolved to allow adherence to a nutrient balance of non-protein energy:protein despite various social and environmental constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maressa Q Takahashi
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- PhD Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Johns Hopkins Drive, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina Cords
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Chaney ME, Romine MG, Piontkivska H, Tosi AJ. Diversifying selection detected in only a minority of xenobiotic-metabolizing CYP1-3 genes among primate species. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:1406-1412. [PMID: 32558606 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1785580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Primates exhibit a high degree of among-species dietary diversity, which likely exposes them to varying levels of xenobiotic compounds. Here, we examined the evolution of primate CYP1-3 gene families, and we classified the 15 CYP1-3 gene subfamilies as either xenobiotic-metabolizing (XM) or endogenous-metabolizing (EM) based on sources in the P450 literature. 2. We predicted that XM P450s would show (1) greater variability in gene-copy number and (2) more evidence of diversifying selection and, especially on codons that encode the substrate-recognition sites (SRSs) for the final enzymes. 3. Counter to our first prediction, EM and XM P450s showed similar levels of variation in gene-copy number. We did find, however, that four XM P450 subfamilies (CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2E, and CYP3A) showed evidence of diversifying selection while no EM subfamilies demonstrated any consistent signal of diversifying selection. Of these four, CYP2C, CYP2D, and CYP3A showed significant links between SRSs and diversifying selection. 4. These results reveal an amount of evolutionary dynamism that would not be expected when viewing P450 subfamilies along a simple binary EM/XM spectrum. We recommend that comparative studies of cytochrome P450 evolution should focus on the CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2E, and CYP3A subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Chaney
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Melia G Romine
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Anthony J Tosi
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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14
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Ni Q, He X, Zeng B, Meng X, Xu H, Li Y, Yang M, Li D, Yao Y, Zhang M, Li Y, Fan X, Yang D, Xie M. Variation in Gut Microbiota of Captive Bengal Slow Lorises. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2623-2632. [PMID: 32440808 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in animal metabolism, immune system and pathology associated with health and disease. Many wild slow lorises were confiscated from illegal trade into captivities and experienced a range of changes in living environment and diet. Microbiome analysis contributes to improving captive management by identifying the alteration in their gastrointestinal microbial communities and aiding in determining the factors affecting the health of captive slow lorises. The fecal samples of eighteen Bengal slow lorises (Nycticebus bengalensis) were used to compare gut microbiota from four rescue centers located in Dehong, Gejiu, Nanning and Puer cities of China. The results showed a significant site-dependent difference in microbial community diversity. Similar to other Lorisinae species, the Phyla including Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominated their gut microbiome composition. The Gejiu group exhibited a higher overall diversity and the unique OTUs, which is resulted from long-term isolated husbandry and heavy human disturbances. The scarcity of gums in the captive diet was likely to cause a lower abundance of Prevotella associated with soluble fiber degradation. The variation of intestinal microbiota in different environments highlights the necessity to improve feed preparation and husbandry management for the captive Bengal slow lorises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyong Ni
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xin He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiangyun Meng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46 Xinkang Road, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Ying Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46 Xinkang Road, Yaan, 625014, China
| | - Mingwang Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaolan Fan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Deying Yang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Meng Xie
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46 Xinkang Road, Yaan, 625014, China.
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15
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Reinhardt KD, Vyazovskiy VV, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. Environment shapes sleep patterns in a wild nocturnal primate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9939. [PMID: 31289296 PMCID: PMC6616475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Among primates, the suborder Haplorhini is considered to have evolved a consolidated monophasic sleep pattern, with diurnal species requiring a shorter sleep duration than nocturnal species. Only a few primate species have been systematically studied in their natural habitat where environmental variables, including temperature and light, have a major influence on sleep and activity patterns. Here we report the first sleep study on a nocturnal primate performed in the wild. We fitted seven wild Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) in West Java, Indonesia with accelerometers that collected activity data, and installed climate loggers in each individual’s home range to collect ambient temperature readings (over 321 days in total). All individuals showed a strictly nocturnal pattern of activity and displayed a striking synchronisation of onset and cessation of activity in relation to sunset and sunrise. The longest consolidated rest episodes were typically clustered near the beginning and towards the end of the light period, and this pattern was inversely related to daily fluctuations of the ambient temperature. The striking relationship between daily activity patterns, light levels and temperature suggests a major role of the environment in shaping the daily architecture of waking and sleep. We concluded that well-known phenotypic variability in daily sleep amount and architecture across species may represent an adaptation to changes in the environment. Our data suggest that the consolidated monophasic sleep patterns shaped by environmental pressures observed in slow lorises represent phylogenetic inertia in the evolution of sleep patterns in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Reinhardt
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom. .,Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - R Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar
- Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Social Psychologyand Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - K Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Chimpanzee feeding ecology and fallback food use in the montane forest of Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22971. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Nutrient-based diet modifications impact on the gut microbiome of the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). Sci Rep 2019; 9:4078. [PMID: 30858577 PMCID: PMC6411731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Environment and diet are key factors which shape the microbiome of organisms. There is also a disparity between captive and wild animals of the same species, presumably because of the change in diet. Being able to reverse the microbiome to the wild type is thus particularly important for the reintroduction efforts of Critically Endangered animals. The Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) is a suitable model, being kept in the thousands within rescue centres throughout Southeast Asia. With next-generation sequencing, we show how a naturalistic diet impacts the gut microbiome of captive slow lorises (Primates: Nycticebus). A comparison of the microbiome of wild animals with captive animals that had been fed a standard captive or improved diet reveals strong microbiome differences between wild and captive animals; however, diet changes failed to alter the microbiome of captive populations significantly. Bifidobacterium was the most abundant genus in wild animals (46.7%) while Bacteroides (11.6%) and Prevotella (18.9%) were the most abundant in captive animals fed the captive and improved diets, respectively. Correlation analyses of nutrients with microbial taxa suggest important implications in using nutrition to suppress potential pathogens, with soluble fibre and water-soluble carbohydrates both being associated with opposing microbiome profiles. The improved diet significantly increased microbe diversity, which exemplifies the importance of high fibre diets; however, wild individuals had lower diversity, which contradicts recent studies. Detection of methanogens appeared to be dependent on diet and whether the animals were living in captivity or in the wild. This study highlights the potential of nutrition in modulating the microbiome of animals prior to release. Unexpectedly, the results were not as significant as has been suggested in recent studies.
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18
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Burrows AM, Nash LT, Hartstone‐Rose A, Silcox MT, López‐Torres S, Selig KR. Dental Signatures for Exudativory in Living Primates, with Comparisons to Other Gouging Mammals. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:265-281. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical TherapyDuquesne University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Leanne T. Nash
- School of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | | | - Mary T. Silcox
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
| | - Sergi López‐Torres
- Department of Evolutionary PaleobiologyRoman Kozłowski Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland
| | - Keegan R. Selig
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada
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19
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Cabana F, Jasmi R, Maguire R. Great ape nutrition: low-sugar and high-fibre diets can lead to increased natural behaviours, decreased regurgitation and reingestion, and reversal of prediabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cabana
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826
| | - R. Jasmi
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826
| | - R. Maguire
- Veterinary Services; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore 729826
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20
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Poindexter SA, Nekaris K. Vertical clingers and gougers: Rapid acquisition of adult limb proportions facilitates feeding behaviours in young Javan slow lorises ( Nycticebus javanicus ). Mamm Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Cabana F, Dierenfeld E, Wirdateti W, Donati G, Nekaris KAI. Slow Lorises (Nycticebus spp.) Really Are Slow: a Study of Food Passage Rates. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Cabana F, Dierenfeld E, Wirdateti W, Donati G, Nekaris KAI. Trialling nutrient recommendations for slow lorises (Nycticebusspp.) based on wild feeding ecology. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e1-e10. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cabana
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
- Wildlife Nutrition Centre; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - E. Dierenfeld
- Ellen Dierenfeld Consultancy LLC; Saint Louis MO USA
| | - W. Wirdateti
- Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia; Bogor Indonesia
| | - G. Donati
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
| | - K. A. I. Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford UK
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