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Sandoval JR, Revollo S, Cuellar C, Lacerda DR, Jota MS, Fujita R, Santos FR. Genetic portrait of the Amazonian communities of Peru and Bolivia: The legacy of the Takanan-speaking people. Ann Hum Genet 2023; 87:210-221. [PMID: 37161738 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the colonial period in South America, many autochthonous populations were affected by relocation by European missionary reductions and other factors that impacted and reconfigured their genetic makeup. Presently, the descendants of some "reduced" and other isolated groups are distributed in the Amazonian areas of Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil, and among them, speakers of Takanan and Panoan languages. Based on linguistics, these peoples should be closely related, but so far no DNA comparison studies have been conducted to corroborate a genetic relationship. To clarify these questions, we used a set of 15 short tandem repeats of the non-recombining part of the Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence data. Paternal line comparisons showed the Takanan-speaking peoples from Peru and Bolivia descended from recent common ancestors; one group was related to Arawakan, Jivaroan, and Cocama and the other to Panoan speakers, consistent with linguistics. Also, a genetic affinity for maternal lines was observed between some Takanan speakers and individuals who spoke different Amazonian languages. Our results supported a shared ancestry of Takanan, Panoan, Cocama, and Jivaroan-speaking communities who appeared to be related to each other and came likely from an early Arawak expansion in the western Amazonia of South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Sandoval
- Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular (CGBM), Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela R Lacerda
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marilza S Jota
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fujita
- Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular (CGBM), Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | - Fabricio R Santos
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade e Evolução Molecular (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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2
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Pichkar Y, Creanza N. Fine-scale cultural variation reinforces genetic structure in England. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37377289 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genes and languages both contain signatures of human evolution, population movement, and demographic history. Cultural traits like language are transmitted by interactions between people, and these traits influence how people interact. In particular, if groups of people differentiate each other based on some qualities of their cultures, and if these qualities are passed to the next generation, then this differentiation can result in barriers to gene flow. Previous work finds such barriers to gene flow between groups that speak different languages, and we explore this phenomenon further: can more subtle cultural differences also produce genetic structure in a population? We focus on whether subtle, dialect-level linguistic differences in England have influenced genetic population structure, likely by affecting mating preferences. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyze spatially dense linguistic and genetic data-both of which independently contain spatially structured variation in England-to examine whether the cultural differences represented by variation in English phonology colocalize with higher genetic rates of change. RESULTS We find that genetic variation and dialect markers have similar spatial distributions on a country-wide scale, and that throughout England, linguistic boundaries colocalize with the boundaries of genetic clusters found using fineSTRUCTURE. DISCUSSION This gene-language covariation, in the absence of geographic barriers that could coordinate cultural and genetic differentiation, suggests that similar social forces influenced both dialect boundaries and the genetic population structure of England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Pichkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nicole Creanza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Di Corcia T, Scano G, Martínez-Labarga C, Sarno S, De Fanti S, Luiselli D, Rickards O. Uniparental Lineages from the Oldest Indigenous Population of Ecuador: The Tsachilas. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081273. [PMID: 34440446 PMCID: PMC8391833 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with Cayapas, the Tsachilas constitute the oldest population in the country of Ecuador and, according to some historians, they are the last descendants of the ancient Yumbos. Several anthropological issues underlie the interest towards this peculiar population: the uncertainty of their origin, their belonging to the Barbacoan linguistic family, which is still at the center of an intense linguistic debate, and the relations of their Yumbo ancestors with the Inca invaders who occupied their ancient territory. Our contribution to the knowledge of their complex past was the reconstruction of their genetic maternal and paternal inheritance through the sequencing of 70 entire mitochondrial genomes and the characterization of the non-recombinant region of the Y chromosome in 26 males. For both markers, we built comprehensive datasets of various populations from the surrounding geographical area, northwestern South America, NW, with a known linguistic affiliation, and we could then compare our sample against the overall variability to infer relationships with other Barbacoan people and with other NW natives. We found contrasting patterns of genetic diversity for the two markers, but generally, our results indicated a possible common origin between the Tsachilas, the Chachi, and other Ecuadorian and Colombian Barbacoans and are suggestive of an interesting ancient linkage to the Inca invaders in Yumbo country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Di Corcia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.D.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppina Scano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.D.C.); (G.S.)
| | - Cristina Martínez-Labarga
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (S.D.F.)
| | - Sara De Fanti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (S.S.); (S.D.F.)
- Interdepartmental Centre Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage (DBC), University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani, 1, 40121 Ravenna, Italy;
| | - Olga Rickards
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica n. 1, 00173 Rome, Italy; (C.M.-L.); (O.R.)
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Guevara EK, Palo JU, Översti S, King JL, Seidel M, Stoljarova M, Wendt FR, Bus MM, Guengerich A, Church WB, Guillén S, Roewer L, Budowle B, Sajantila A. Genetic assessment reveals no population substructure and divergent regional and sex-specific histories in the Chachapoyas from northeast Peru. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244497. [PMID: 33382772 PMCID: PMC7774974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many native populations in South America have been severely impacted by two relatively recent historical events, the Inca and the Spanish conquest. However decisive these disruptive events may have been, the populations and their gene pools have been shaped markedly also by the history prior to the conquests. This study focuses mainly on the Chachapoya peoples that inhabit the montane forests on the eastern slopes of the northern Peruvian Andes, but also includes three distinct neighboring populations (the Jívaro, the Huancas and the Cajamarca). By assessing mitochondrial, Y-chromosomal and autosomal diversity in the region, we explore questions that have emerged from archaeological and historical studies of the regional culture (s). These studies have shown, among others, that Chachapoyas was a crossroads for Coast-Andes-Amazon interactions since very early times. In this study, we examine the following questions: 1) was there pre-Hispanic genetic population substructure in the Chachapoyas sample? 2) did the Spanish conquest cause a more severe population decline on Chachapoyan males than on females? 3) can we detect different patterns of European gene flow in the Chachapoyas region? and, 4) did the demographic history in the Chachapoyas resemble the one from the Andean area? Despite cultural differences within the Chachapoyas region as shown by archaeological and ethnohistorical research, genetic markers show no significant evidence for past or current population substructure, although an Amazonian gene flow dynamic in the northern part of this territory is suggested. The data also indicates a bottleneck c. 25 generations ago that was more severe among males than females, as well as divergent population histories for populations in the Andean and Amazonian regions. In line with previous studies, we observe high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas, despite the documented dramatic population declines. The diverse topography and great biodiversity of the northeastern Peruvian montane forests are potential contributing agents in shaping and maintaining the high genetic diversity in the Chachapoyas region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn K. Guevara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (EKG); (AS)
| | - Jukka U. Palo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Genetics Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanni Översti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan L. King
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria Seidel
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Stoljarova
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Frank R. Wendt
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine and VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Magdalena M. Bus
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anna Guengerich
- Eckerd College, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Warren B. Church
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Columbus State University, Columbus, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Lutz Roewer
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruce Budowle
- Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail: (EKG); (AS)
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5
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Nakatsuka N, Lazaridis I, Barbieri C, Skoglund P, Rohland N, Mallick S, Posth C, Harkins-Kinkaid K, Ferry M, Harney É, Michel M, Stewardson K, Novak-Forst J, Capriles JM, Durruty MA, Álvarez KA, Beresford-Jones D, Burger R, Cadwallader L, Fujita R, Isla J, Lau G, Aguirre CL, LeBlanc S, Maldonado SC, Meddens F, Messineo PG, Culleton BJ, Harper TK, Quilter J, Politis G, Rademaker K, Reindel M, Rivera M, Salazar L, Sandoval JR, Santoro CM, Scheifler N, Standen V, Barreto MI, Espinoza IF, Tomasto-Cagigao E, Valverde G, Kennett DJ, Cooper A, Krause J, Haak W, Llamas B, Reich D, Fehren-Schmitz L. A Paleogenomic Reconstruction of the Deep Population History of the Andes. Cell 2020; 181:1131-1145.e21. [PMID: 32386546 PMCID: PMC7304944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca. We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the rise and fall of state societies. Today's genetic structure began to develop by 5,800 BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and between the Highlands and Coast. We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups between ∼2,000-500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest Andes to the Amazon Basin. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Nakatsuka
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chiara Barbieri
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadin Rohland
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | | | - Matthew Ferry
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA
| | - Éadaoin Harney
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA
| | - Kristin Stewardson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA
| | - Jannine Novak-Forst
- UCSC Paleogenomics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - José M Capriles
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Marta Alfonso Durruty
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - David Beresford-Jones
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Richard Burger
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lauren Cadwallader
- Office of Scholarly Communication, Cambridge University Library, Cambridge CB3 9DR, UK
| | - Ricardo Fujita
- Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultdad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima 15011, Peru
| | - Johny Isla
- Peruvian Ministry of Culture, DDC Ica, Directos of the Nasca-Palpa Management Plan, Calle Juan Matta 880, Nasca 11401, Peru
| | - George Lau
- Sainsbury Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Carlos Lémuz Aguirre
- Carrera de Arqueología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Edificio Facultad de Ciencias Sociales 3er Piso, La Paz 1995, Bolivia
| | - Steven LeBlanc
- Harvard Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sergio Calla Maldonado
- Carrera de Arqueología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Edificio Facultad de Ciencias Sociales 3er Piso, La Paz 1995, Bolivia
| | - Frank Meddens
- School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AH, UK
| | - Pablo G Messineo
- INCUAPA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría 7400, Argentina
| | - Brendan J Culleton
- Institutes for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas K Harper
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jeffrey Quilter
- Harvard Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Gustavo Politis
- INCUAPA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría 7400, Argentina
| | - Kurt Rademaker
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Markus Reindel
- Commission for Archaeology of Non-European Cultures, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Mario Rivera
- Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6210427, Chile; Field Museum Natural History 1400 S Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Lucy Salazar
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - José R Sandoval
- Centro de Genética y Biología Molecular, Facultdad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima 15011, Peru
| | - Calogero M Santoro
- Instituto de Alta Investigation, Universidad de Tarapaca, Antafogasta 1520, Arica, 1000000, Chile
| | - Nahuel Scheifler
- INCUAPA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Olavarría 7400, Argentina
| | - Vivien Standen
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Tarapacá, Antafogasta 1520, Arica, 1000000, Chile
| | - Maria Ines Barreto
- Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana, Calle General Borgoño, Cuadra 8, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru
| | - Isabel Flores Espinoza
- Museo de Sitio Huaca Pucllana, Calle General Borgoño, Cuadra 8, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru
| | - Elsa Tomasto-Cagigao
- Department of Humanities, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, San Miguel 15088, Peru
| | - Guido Valverde
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Douglas J Kennett
- Institutes for Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02446, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Lars Fehren-Schmitz
- UCSC Paleogenomics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA; UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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6
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The maternal inheritance of the Ashaninka native group from Peru. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Sarno S, De Fanti S, Gianvincenzo L, Giuliani C, Boattini A, Bortolini E, Di Corcia T, Sanchez Mellado C, Dàvila Francia TJ, Gentilini D, Di Blasio AM, Di Cosimo P, Cilli E, Gonzalez-Martin A, Franceschi C, Franceschi ZA, Rickards O, Sazzini M, Luiselli D, Pettener D. Dissecting the Pre-Columbian Genomic Ancestry of Native Americans along the Andes-Amazonia Divide. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1254-1269. [PMID: 30895292 PMCID: PMC6526910 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive European and African admixture coupled with loss of Amerindian lineages makes the reconstruction of pre-Columbian history of Native Americans based on present-day genomes extremely challenging. Still open questions remain about the dispersals that occurred throughout the continent after the initial peopling from the Beringia, especially concerning the number and dynamics of diffusions into South America. Indeed, if environmental and historical factors contributed to shape distinct gene pools in the Andes and Amazonia, the origins of this East-West genetic structure and the extension of further interactions between populations residing along this divide are still not well understood. To this end, we generated new high-resolution genome-wide data for 229 individuals representative of one Central and ten South Amerindian ethnic groups from Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina. Low levels of European and African admixture in the sampled individuals allowed the application of fine-scale haplotype-based methods and demographic modeling approaches. These analyses revealed highly specific Native American genetic ancestries and great intragroup homogeneity, along with limited traces of gene flow mainly from the Andes into Peruvian Amazonians. Substantial amount of genetic drift differentially experienced by the considered populations underlined distinct patterns of recent inbreeding or prolonged isolation. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that all non-Andean South Americans are compatible with descending from a common lineage, while we found low support for common Mesoamerican ancestors of both Andeans and other South American groups. These findings suggest extensive back-migrations into Central America from non-Andean sources or conceal distinct peopling events into the Southern Continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefania Sarno
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara De Fanti
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Gianvincenzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Giuliani
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Boattini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bortolini
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Tullia Di Corcia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesar Sanchez Mellado
- Faculty of Intercultural Education and Humanity, National Intercultural University of Amazon, Ucayali, Peru
| | | | - Davide Gentilini
- Center for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Italian Auxologic Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Blasio
- Center for Biomedical Research and Technologies, Italian Auxologic Institute IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Cilli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Antonio Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Olga Rickards
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sazzini
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Davide Pettener
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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8
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Signs of continental ancestry in urban populations of Peru through autosomal STR loci and mitochondrial DNA typing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200796. [PMID: 30020992 PMCID: PMC6051651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genetic diversity around the world was studied through several high variable genetic markers. In South America the demic consequences of admixture events between Native people, European colonists and African slaves have been displayed by uniparental markers variability. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been the most widely used genetic marker for studying American mixed populations, although nuclear markers, such as microsatellite loci (STRs) commonly used in forensic science, showed to be genetically and geographically structured. In this work, we analyzed DNA from buccal swab samples of 296 individuals across Peru: 156 Native Amazons (Ashaninka, Cashibo and Shipibo from Ucayali, Huambiza from Loreto and Moche from Lambayeque) and 140 urban Peruvians from Lima and other 33 urban areas. The aim was to evaluate, through STRs and mtDNA variability, recent migrations in urban Peruvian populations and to gain more information about their continental ancestry. STR data highlighted that most individuals (67%) of the urban Peruvian sample have a strong similarity to the Amazon Native population, whereas 22% have similarity to African populations and only ~1% to European populations. Also the maternally-transmitted mtDNA confirmed the strong Native contribution (~90% of Native American haplogroups) and the lower frequencies of African (~6%) and European (~3%) haplogroups. This study provides a detailed description of the urban Peruvian genetic structure and proposes forensic STRs as a useful tool for studying recent migrations, especially when coupled with mtDNA.
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Enclaves of genetic diversity resisted Inca impacts on population history. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17411. [PMID: 29234095 PMCID: PMC5727115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Inca Empire is claimed to have driven massive population movements in western South America, and to have spread Quechua, the most widely-spoken language family of the indigenous Americas. A test-case is the Chachapoyas region of northern Peru, reported as a focal point of Inca population displacements. Chachapoyas also spans the environmental, cultural and demographic divides between Amazonia and the Andes, and stands along the lowest-altitude corridor from the rainforest to the Pacific coast. Following a sampling strategy informed by linguistic data, we collected 119 samples, analysed for full mtDNA genomes and Y-chromosome STRs. We report a high indigenous component, which stands apart from the network of intense genetic exchange in the core central zone of Andean civilization, and is also distinct from neighbouring populations. This unique genetic profile challenges the routine assumption of large-scale population relocations by the Incas. Furthermore, speakers of Chachapoyas Quechua are found to share no particular genetic similarity or gene-flow with Quechua speakers elsewhere, suggesting that here the language spread primarily by cultural diffusion, not migration. Our results demonstrate how population genetics, when fully guided by the archaeological, historical and linguistic records, can inform multiple disciplines within anthropology.
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