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Middle Holocene Siberian genomes reveal highly connected gene pools throughout North Asia. Curr Biol 2023; 33:423-433.e5. [PMID: 36638796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The peopling history of North Asia remains largely unexplored due to the limited number of ancient genomes analyzed from this region. Here, we report genome-wide data of ten individuals dated to as early as 7,500 years before present from three regions in North Asia, namely Altai-Sayan, Russian Far East, and the Kamchatka Peninsula. Our analysis reveals a previously undescribed Middle Holocene Siberian gene pool in Neolithic Altai-Sayan hunter-gatherers as a genetic mixture between paleo-Siberian and ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestries. This distinctive gene pool represents an optimal source for the inferred ANE-related population that contributed to Bronze Age groups from North and Inner Asia, such as Lake Baikal hunter-gatherers, Okunevo-associated pastoralists, and possibly Tarim Basin populations. We find the presence of ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) ancestry-initially described in Neolithic groups from the Russian Far East-in another Neolithic Altai-Sayan individual associated with different cultural features, revealing the spread of ANA ancestry ∼1,500 km further to the west than previously observed. In the Russian Far East, we identify 7,000-year-old individuals that carry Jomon-associated ancestry indicating genetic links with hunter-gatherers in the Japanese archipelago. We also report multiple phases of Native American-related gene flow into northeastern Asia over the past 5,000 years, reaching the Kamchatka Peninsula and central Siberia. Our findings highlight largely interconnected population dynamics throughout North Asia from the Early Holocene onward.
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Kozintsev AG. Aborigines or Migrants? A New Stage in the Okunev Origin Debate. ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA 2023. [DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.4.129-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Kozintsev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences
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3
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The spread of herds and horses into the Altai: How livestock and dairying drove social complexity in Mongolia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265775. [PMID: 35544454 PMCID: PMC9094512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial movement of herders and livestock into the eastern steppe is of great interest, as this region has long been home to pastoralist groups. Due to a paucity of faunal remains, however, it has been difficult to discern the timing of the adoption of domesticated ruminants and horses into the region, though recent research on ancient dairying has started to shed new light on this history. Here we present proteomic evidence for shifts in dairy consumption in the Altai Mountains, drawing on evidence from sites dating from the Early Bronze to the Late Iron Age. We compare these finds with evidence for the rise of social complexity in western Mongolia, as reflected in material remains signaling population growth, the establishment of structured cemeteries, and the erection of large monuments. Our results suggest that the subsistence basis for the development of complex societies began at the dawn of the Bronze Age, with the adoption of ruminant livestock. Investments in pastoralism intensified over time, enabling a food production system that sustained growing populations. While pronounced social changes and monumental constructions occurred in tandem with the first evidence for horse dairying, ~1350 cal BCE, these shifts were fueled by a long-term economic dependence on ruminant livestock. Therefore, the spread into the Mongolian Altai of herds, and then horses, resulted in immediate dietary changes, with subsequent social and demographic transformations occurring later.
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Zhang F, Ning C, Scott A, Fu Q, Bjørn R, Li W, Wei D, Wang W, Fan L, Abuduresule I, Hu X, Ruan Q, Niyazi A, Dong G, Cao P, Liu F, Dai Q, Feng X, Yang R, Tang Z, Ma P, Li C, Gao S, Xu Y, Wu S, Wen S, Zhu H, Zhou H, Robbeets M, Kumar V, Krause J, Warinner C, Jeong C, Cui Y. The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies. Nature 2021; 599:256-261. [PMID: 34707286 PMCID: PMC8580821 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identity of the earliest inhabitants of Xinjiang, in the heart of Inner Asia, and the languages that they spoke have long been debated and remain contentious1. Here we present genomic data from 5 individuals dating to around 3000-2800 BC from the Dzungarian Basin and 13 individuals dating to around 2100-1700 BC from the Tarim Basin, representing the earliest yet discovered human remains from North and South Xinjiang, respectively. We find that the Early Bronze Age Dzungarian individuals exhibit a predominantly Afanasievo ancestry with an additional local contribution, and the Early-Middle Bronze Age Tarim individuals contain only a local ancestry. The Tarim individuals from the site of Xiaohe further exhibit strong evidence of milk proteins in their dental calculus, indicating a reliance on dairy pastoralism at the site since its founding. Our results do not support previous hypotheses for the origin of the Tarim mummies, who were argued to be Proto-Tocharian-speaking pastoralists descended from the Afanasievo1,2 or to have originated among the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex3 or Inner Asian Mountain Corridor cultures4. Instead, although Tocharian may have been plausibly introduced to the Dzungarian Basin by Afanasievo migrants during the Early Bronze Age, we find that the earliest Tarim Basin cultures appear to have arisen from a genetically isolated local population that adopted neighbouring pastoralist and agriculturalist practices, which allowed them to settle and thrive along the shifting riverine oases of the Taklamakan Desert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Ning
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ashley Scott
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Qiaomei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rasmus Bjørn
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Li
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Dong Wei
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linyuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Xingjun Hu
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Qiurong Ruan
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Alipujiang Niyazi
- Xinjiang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Ürümqi, China
| | - Guanghui Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, College of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shizhu Gao
- College of Pharmacia Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sihao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoqing Wen
- Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- School of Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Martine Robbeets
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christina Warinner
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. .,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Choongwon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yinqiu Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China. .,Key Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China. .,Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Kharkov VN. Y-Chromosome Markers in Population Genetics: Fundamental and Applied Results of Ethnogenomic Research. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421090040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Yu X, Li H. Origin of ethnic groups, linguistic families, and civilizations in China viewed from the Y chromosome. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:783-797. [PMID: 34037863 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
East Asia, geographically extending to the Pamir Plateau in the west, to the Himalayan Mountains in the southwest, to Lake Baikal in the north and to the South China Sea in the south, harbors a variety of people, cultures, and languages. To reconstruct the natural history of East Asians is a mission of multiple disciplines, including genetics, archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology. Geneticists confirm the recent African origin of modern East Asians. Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa and immigrated into East Asia via a southern route approximately 50,000 years ago. Following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 12,000 years ago, rice and millet were domesticated in the south and north of East Asia, respectively, which allowed human populations to expand and linguistic families and ethnic groups to develop. These Neolithic populations produced a strong relation between the present genetic structures and linguistic families. The expansion of the Hongshan people from northeastern China relocated most of the ethnic populations on a large scale approximately 5300 years ago. Most of the ethnic groups migrated to remote regions, producing genetic structure differences between the edge and center of East Asia. In central China, pronounced population admixture occurred and accelerated over time, which subsequently formed the Han Chinese population and eventually the Chinese civilization. Population migration between the north and the south throughout history has left a smooth gradient in north-south changes in genetic structure. Observation of the process of shaping the genetic structure of East Asians may help in understanding the global natural history of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Datong, 037006, China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Datong, 037006, China.
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7
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Wang W, Ding M, Gardner JD, Wang Y, Miao B, Guo W, Wu X, Ruan Q, Yu J, Hu X, Wang B, Wu X, Tang Z, Niyazi A, Zhang J, Chang X, Tang Y, Ren M, Cao P, Liu F, Dai Q, Feng X, Yang R, Zhang M, Wang T, Ping W, Hou W, Li W, Ma J, Kumar V, Fu Q. Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/14/eabd6690. [PMID: 33789892 PMCID: PMC8011967 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xinjiang is a key region in northwestern China, connecting East and West Eurasian populations and cultures for thousands of years. To understand the genetic history of Xinjiang, we sequenced 237 complete ancient human mitochondrial genomes from the Bronze Age through Historical Era (41 archaeological sites). Overall, the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations show high diversity and regional genetic affinities with Steppe and northeastern Asian populations along with a deep ancient Siberian connection for the Tarim Basin Xiaohe individuals. In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Manyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jacob D Gardner
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Bo Miao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wu Guo
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Xinhua Wu
- Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China
| | - Qiurong Ruan
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xingjun Hu
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Museum, Urumqi 830002, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zihua Tang
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Alipujiang Niyazi
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xien Chang
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yunpeng Tang
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Meng Ren
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qingyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wanjing Ping
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Weihong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wenying Li
- Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology in Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jian Ma
- School of Cultural Heritage, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qiaomei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China.
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Genetic evidence suggests a sense of family, parity and conquest in the Xiongnu Iron Age nomads of Mongolia. Hum Genet 2020; 140:349-359. [PMID: 32734383 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to characterize the people who composed the groups known as the Xiongnu, nuclear and whole mitochondrial DNA data were generated from the skeletal remains of 52 individuals excavated from the Tamir Ulaan Khoshuu (TUK) cemetery in Central Mongolia. This burial site, attributed to the Xiongnu period, was used from the first century BC to the first century AD. Kinship analyses were conducted using autosomal and Y-chromosomal DNA markers along with complete sequences of the mitochondrial genome. These analyses suggested close kin relationships between many individuals. Nineteen such individuals composed a large family spanning five generations. Within this family, we determined that a woman was of especially high status; this is a novel insight into the structure and hierarchy of societies from the Xiongnu period. Moreover, our findings confirmed that the Xiongnu had a strongly admixed mitochondrial and Y-chromosome gene pools and revealed a significant western component in the Xiongnu group studied. Using a fine-scale approach (haplotype instead of haplogroup-level information), we propose Scytho-Siberians as ancestors of the Xiongnu and Huns as their descendants.
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9
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Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians. Hum Genet 2019; 138:411-423. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Pilipenko AS, Trapezov RO, Cherdantsev SV, Babenko VN, Nesterova MS, Pozdnyakov DV, Molodin VI, Polosmak NV. Maternal genetic features of the Iron Age Tagar population from Southern Siberia (1st millennium BC). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204062. [PMID: 30235269 PMCID: PMC6147448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early nomads in the Eurasian steppes since the beginning of the 1st millennium BC played a key role in the formation of the cultural and genetic landscape of populations of a significant part of Eurasia, from Eastern Europe to Eastern Central Asia. Numerous archaeological cultures associated with early nomads have been discovered throughout the Eurasian steppe belt. The Tagar archaeological culture existed in the Minusinsk basin (Sayan Mountains, Southern Siberia, Russia) in the northeastern periphery of the Eurasian steppe belt from the 8th to 1st century BC during the pre-Scythian, Scythian, and Early Xiongnu-Sarmatian periods. In this study, we evaluated mtDNA diversity in the Tagar population based on representative series (N = 79) belonging to all chronological stages of the culture. The Tagar population had a mixed mtDNA pool dominated by Western Eurasian haplogroups and subgroups (H, HV6, HV*, I, K, T, U2e, U4, U5a, and U*) and, to a lesser degree, Eastern Eurasian haplogroups (A*, A8, C*, C5, D, G2a, and F1b). The Tagar population showed a similar mtDNA pool structure to those of other Iron Age populations representing the "Scythian World." We observed particularly high similarity between the Tagar and Classic Scythians from the North Pontic region. Our results support the assumption that genetic components introduced by Bronze Age migrants from Western Eurasia contributed to the formation of the genetic composition of Scythian period populations in Southern Siberia. Another important component of the Tagar mtDNA pool was autochthonous East Eurasian lineages, some of which (A8 and C4a2a) are potential markers of the westward genetic influence of the eastern populations of the Scythian period. Our results suggest a genetic continuity (at least partial) between the Early, Middle, and Late Tagar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S. Pilipenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rostislav O. Trapezov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stepan V. Cherdantsev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Babenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina S. Nesterova
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav I. Molodin
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Polosmak
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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