Pregnancy parturition scars in the preauricular area and the association with the total number of pregnancies and parturitions

Indicators of motherhood? Sacral preauricular extensions and notches in identified skeletal collections

The sacral preauricular extension (SPE) and sacral preauricular notch (SPN) are morphological changes at the ventral apex of the sacrum. We recently specified their shapes and appearances and suggested a scoring system based on prehistoric Austrian skeletal assemblages. We hypothesized that these specific pelvic changes relate to past pregnancies and parturitions, a hypothesis that we now tested on a subsample of individuals from the Simon Identified Skeletal collection in Geneva (n = 62) and the Christ Church, Spitalfields collection in London (n = 27) linked to historical information on deliveries. We found SPE and SPN in low frequencies and only in female individuals with at least two children in both collections, and a significant association between the emergence of SPE and first births by 25 years. SPN was found only in two females in the Simon collection, but both with a very high number of recorded parturitions including twin births. Based on these results, we are confident in our assumption that at least SPE, and possibly also SPN, result from increased compression forces at the sacroiliac joint, and especially at the ventrosuperior margin, in recurring (complicated) birth events, the interaction of enhanced pelvic joint mobility that is highest up to age 25, and postural changes related to weight gain during pregnancy. Pelvic shape, dimensions, body proportions, biomechanical issues and hormonal levels may also play a role in their emergence.

Approaches to osteoporosis in paleopathology: How did methodology shape bone loss research?

OBJECTIVE

This paper will review how different methods employed to study bone loss in the past were used to explore different questions and aspects of bone loss, how methodology has changed over time, and how these different approaches have informed our understanding of bone loss in the past.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A review and discussion is conducted on research protocols and results of 84 paleopathology publications on bone loss in archaeological skeletal collections published between 1969 and 2021.

CONCLUSIONS

The variety in research protocols confounds accurate meta-analysis of previously published research; however, more recent publications incorporate a combination of bone mass and bone quality based methods. Biased sample selection has resulted in a predominance of European and Medieval publications, limiting more general observations on bone loss in the past. Collection of dietary or paleopathological covariables is underemployed in the effort to interpret bone loss patterns.

SIGNIFICANCE

Paleopathology publications have demonstrated differences in bone loss between distinct archaeological populations, between sex and age groups, and have suggested factors underlying observed differences. However, a lack of a gold standard has encouraged the use of a wide range of methods. Understanding how this array of methods effects results is crucial in contextualizing our knowledge of bone loss in the past.

LIMITATIONS

The development of a research protocol is also influenced by available expertise, available equipment, restrictions imposed by the curator, and site-specific taphonomic aspects. These factors will likely continue to cause (minor) biases even if a best practice can be established.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Greater effort to develop uniform terminology and operational definitions of osteoporosis in skeletal remains, as well as the expansion of time scale and geographical areas studied. The Next-Generation Sequencing revolution has also opened up the possibility of ancient DNA analyses to study genetic predisposition to bone loss in the past.

Pregnancy parturition scars in the preauricular area and the association with the total number of pregnancies and parturitions

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to clarify the association between the degree of development of pregnancy parturition scars (PPSs) and the total number of pregnancies and parturitions (TNPPs) on the basis of new identification standards for PPS in the preauricular area.

Materials and Methods

Preauricular grooves were macroscopically observed on the pelves of 103 early modern males and 295 females (62 early modern females; 233 present‐day females). Three categories of PPS in the preauricular area were defined. The association between the degree of development of PPS in the preauricular area and the TNPP was analyzed in 90 present‐day females with detailed lifetime data.

Results

PPS could not estimate the exact TNPP. However, it was shown that no PPS indicated no TNPP, weak PPS indicated a lower TNPP, and developed PPS indicated a higher TNPP.

Discussion

Even though the possibility remains that some PPS indicate no TNPP, the results showed that the percentage of each PPS category indicated fertility in the population, suggesting that the strength of the association between the degree of development of PPS and the TNPP was affected by the classification system, the reliability of lifetime data, and the statistical methods used for analysis.