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McCrary T, Hughes T, Brook AH, Paul KS. Mirror, mirror? An evaluation of identical twin mirroring in tooth crown morphology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:3102-3119. [PMID: 38372073 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
It has been estimated that 25% of monozygotic ("identical") twin pairs exhibit reverse asymmetry (RA) or "mirroring" of minor anatomical features as a result of delayed zygote division. Here, we examine whether identical twin mirroring accounts for patterns of dental asymmetry in a sample of monozygotic and dizygotic ("fraternal") twins. We focus on crown morphology to approach the following question: is there an association between dental RA frequency and twin type suggestive of the presence of mirror image twins in our sample? Data were collected from 208 deciduous and 196 permanent dentitions of participants of the University of Adelaide Twin Study using Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System standards. RA frequencies were compared across morphological complexes (deciduous, permanent), twin types (monozygotic, dizygotic), and traits. Fisher's exact tests were performed to formally evaluate the association between twin type and dental RA. Across the entire dataset, RA rates failed to exceed 8% for any twin type. In monozygotic twins, deciduous mirroring totaled 5.3% of observed cases, while permanent mirroring totaled 7.8% of observed cases. We found no statistically significant association between RA and twin type for any morphological character (p-value range: 0.07-1.00). Our results suggest the timing of monozygotic twin division does not explain the structure of asymmetry for our morphology dataset and that published estimates of identical twin mirroring rates may be inflated or contingent upon phenotype. Instead, rates reported for this sample more closely align with the proposed etiology of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess McCrary
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Dentistry, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Toby Hughes
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan H Brook
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen S Paul
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Harripershad M, Theye CEG, Ridel AF, Liebenberg L. Cranial fluctuating asymmetry and its relationship with non-specific physiological stress indicators in a contemporary South African cadaveric skeletal sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2024; 46:50-61. [PMID: 39079279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Biological anthropologists frequently explore skeletal asymmetry, together with population health and disease. Given the conflicting findings in existing literature, this study aimed to clarify whether an association exists in a South African sample. MATERIALS Dry bone and cranial micro-focus X-ray Computed Tomography (micro-XCT) scans of 115 South African individuals were assessed. METHODS Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) indices were calculated from interlandmark distances, and the frequency of four types of non-specific signs of physiological stress were documented to explore the relationship between FA and disease. RESULTS Black South Africans did not exhibit a high FA index; however, they had the highest prevalence of non-specific signs of physiological stress. However, no significant correlations were detected between FA indices and pathological lesions. CONCLUSION No correlation was observed between FA and populations from different socio-economic backgrounds. However, individuals of lower socio-economic status (SES) demonstrated a greater prevalence of non-specific signs of physiological stress. SIGNIFICANCE This research suggests that skeletal indicators of stress may be a suitable biological marker for assessing differences in SES among population groups, while indicating that levels of cranial FA is an inadequate biological marker. LIMITATIONS Possible limitations may include measurement error, and the lack of information on the life history and medical records of individuals in this sample. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Future research should include a larger sample with more South African groups, and should evaluate the potential association among age, FA, and expression of skeletal markers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harripershad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
| | - C E G Theye
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
| | - A F Ridel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
| | - L Liebenberg
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag x323, Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
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Moes E, Kuzawa CW, Edgar HJH. Sex-specific effects of environmental temperature during gestation on fluctuating asymmetry in deciduous teeth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24944. [PMID: 38623790 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES External environmental heat exposure during gestation impacts the physiology of human development in utero, but evidence for these impacts has not yet been explored in dentition. We examined deciduous teeth for fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability, together with gestational environmental temperature data drawn from historical weather statistics. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured dental casts from the longitudinal Burlington Growth Study, representing 172 participants (ages 3-6 years) with health records. FA was calculated from crown dimensions and intercuspal distances that develop during gestation. Multiple regression separated by sex (nfemale = 81) examined the effects of mean temperatures in each trimester, controlling for birth year. RESULTS In females, increased temperatures during the first trimester are significantly associated with an increase in FA (p = 0.03), specifically during the second and third prenatal months (p = 0.03). There is no relationship between temperature and FA for either sex in the second or third trimesters, when enamel is formed. DISCUSSION Dental instability may be sensitive to temperature in the first trimester in females during the scaffolding of crown shape and size in the earliest stages of tooth formation. Sexual dimorphism in growth investment strategies may explain the differences in results between males and females. Using enduring dental characteristics, these results advance our understanding of the effects of temperature on fetal physiology within a discrete period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Moes
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of St. Francis, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Christopher W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Heather J H Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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McPherson CB, O'Donnell L, Moes E, Edgar H. No relationship found between dental fluctuating asymmetry, birthweight, and birth term in two modern North American samples. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24114. [PMID: 38842218 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deciduous dental crowns primarily develop during gestation and early infancy and embody early life stress exposures. Composite measures of dental fluctuating asymmetry (DFA) generated from the deciduous teeth may therefore indicate cumulative gestational stress in developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) studies. This study examines whether higher composite measures of deciduous DFA are associated with low birthweight and prematurity, two aspects of birth phenotype consistently associated with increased morbidity and mortality risks in adulthood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We evaluated associations between composite deciduous DFA, birthweight, and birth term in two contemporary North American samples: an autopsy sample from New Mexico (n = 94), and sample from a growth cohort study in Burlington, Ontario (n = 304). Dental metric data for each sample was collected from postmortem CT scans and dental casts, respectively. Composite DFA was estimated using buccolingual (BL) and mesiodistal (MD) crown diameters from paired deciduous teeth. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, the results of linear regression indicated no significant relationship between birthweight and DFA, or birth term and DFA, in either sample. CONCLUSIONS Deciduous DFA does not predict aspects of birth phenotype associated with gestational stress. Birthweight and birth term are plastic relative to the more developmentally stable deciduous dentition, which may only subtly embody early life stress. We suggest that deciduous DFA should be utilized with caution in DOHaD studies until its relationship with gestational stress is clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cait B McPherson
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lexi O'Donnell
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emily Moes
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, University of St. Francis, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Heather Edgar
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Office of the Medical Investigator, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Yaussy SL. Using craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry to examine the effects of sex, socioeconomic status, and early life experiences on adult age at death in industrial England. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 184:e24907. [PMID: 38380869 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Historical evidence from 18th- and 19th-century England suggests that industrialization's impacts on health were largely negative, especially among marginalized groups. However, available documentary evidence is often biased toward adult men and rarely sheds light on the experiences of other members of the population, such as women and children. Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) can serve as a proxy measurement of developmental instability and stress during development. This study examines the associations among age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), and FA in skeletal samples from industrial-era England. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample for this study comes from four industrial-era cemeteries from England (A.D. 1711-1857). Geometric morphometric analyses of three-dimensional landmark coordinate data were used to generate a measure of FA for each individual (Mahalanobis distance). A three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the impacts of sex, SES, and FA scores on adult age at death (n = 168). RESULTS Significant associations existed between age at death and SES (p = 0.004) and FA scores (p = 0.094). Comparisons of the estimated means indicated that age at death was consistently higher among high SES individuals and individuals with FA scores less than one standard deviation from the mean. CONCLUSIONS This study supports findings from previous studies that have suggested that the differences in resource access and environmental buffering generated by socioeconomic inequality can impact longevity and patterns of mortality among socioeconomic status groups. Likewise, stress in early life-evinced by craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry-can influence observed patterns of longevity in adults decades later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Yaussy
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
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Gurian K, Buzaribah K, O'Hara MC, Khalaf K, Waterhouse PJ, Dirks W. Relating metric crown dimensions to underlying internal daily secretion rates in antimeric premolars. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 157:105852. [PMID: 37995633 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The underlying cause for metric differences in antimeric tooth pairs is an important question for understanding dental variation. We hypothesize that localized variation in crown dimensions will be reflected in localized variation in daily enamel secretion rate. DESIGN Casts of pairs of human premolars from a tissue bank were 3D scanned using an optical scanning system (n = 32). Histological slides were created, and daily secretion rates (DSRs) were recorded in two areas of enamel that corresponded to scanner measurements. Antimeres were compared for both metric measurements and DSRs. Outliers for scanner measures were compared to significant differences in DSRs measurements in right and left teeth in corresponding areas. RESULTS Thirteen of the 16 individuals differed significantly in antimeric metric measurements, but only ten of those also differed in the underlying DSR. Fifteen of the 16 total individuals differed significantly in at least one DSR area. DISCUSSION While some individuals were outliers for metric measurements and had multiple areas of DSR differences, the majority of individuals had antimeric DSR differences regardless of metric differences. While there was no conclusive correlation between 3D metric analysis and underlying DSR differences, the most important result of this study is that DSR differences between antimeres are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaita Gurian
- Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus, United States.
| | - Khadeejah Buzaribah
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Mackie C O'Hara
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Khaled Khalaf
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paula J Waterhouse
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Dirks
- Posthumous, Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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O'Donnell L, Buikstra JE, Hill EC, Anderson AS, O'Donnell MJ. Skeletal manifestations of disease experience: Length of illness and porous cranial lesion formation in a contemporary juvenile mortality sample. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23896. [PMID: 36974669 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Porous lesions of the orbit (cribra orbitalia [CO]) and cranial vault (porotic hyperostosis [PH]) are used as skeletal indicators of childhood stress. Because they are understudied in contemporary populations, their relationship to disease experience is poorly understood. This paper examines the relationship between length of childhood illness and CO/PH formation in a clinically documented sample. "Turning points," which identify the window for lesion formation for CO/PH, are defined, implications for hidden heterogeneity in frailty are considered. METHODS Data are from 333 (199 males; 134 females) pediatric postmortem computed tomography scans. Individuals died in New Mexico (2011-2019) and are 0.5 to 15.99 years (mean = 7.1). Length of illness was estimated using information from autopsy and field reports. Logistic regression was used to estimate predicted probabilities, odds ratios, and the temporal window for lesion formation. RESULTS Illness, single bouts, or cumulative episodes lasting over 1 month is associated with higher odds of CO; individuals who were never sick have lower odds of having PH. This relationship was consistent for fatal and incidental illnesses that did not cause death. The developmental window for CO formation appears to close at 8 years. CONCLUSIONS Those ill for over 1 month are more likely to have CO/PH than those with acute illnesses. Some individuals lived sufficiently long to form CO/PH but died of illness. Others with lesions died of circumstances unrelated to disease. This indicates hidden variation in robusticity even among ill individuals with CO/PH, which is vital in interpreting lesion frequencies in the archeological record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi O'Donnell
- College of Population Health, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jane E Buikstra
- Center for Bioarchaeological Research, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Amy S Anderson
- Department of Anthropology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Michael J O'Donnell
- Bureau of Business & Economic Research, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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