Overexpression of angiomotin in sinonasal inverted papilloma

Etiology of sinonasal inverted papilloma: An update

Objective

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) and its clinical features have been widely studied, but there are few studies delving into its etiology and risk factors. A narrative review was conducted to summarize a contemporary understanding of the potential etiologies of IP, including immunologic/inflammatory, viral, genetic, and environmental causes.

Study Design

Review.

Methods

A MEDLINE search was conducted through August 11, 2021, focusing on studies investigating the etiology and risk factors for sinonasal IP and its malignant transformation.

Results

High- and low-risk human papillomavirus have been connected with the formation of IP, but conflicting evidence exists regarding their role. Occupational and industrial exposures may also contribute to IP formation, while smoking may increase the odds of malignant progression. Exon 20 mutations in EGFR are an active area of research in IP with mixed evidence. Finally, several cell cycle and angiogenic factors such as Ki67, VEGF, and Akt/mTOR have been implicated in the development and progression of IP.

Conclusion

There continues to be conflicting evidence around the development of IP, but significant progress has been made in recent years. Further study is needed for all these potential etiologies to elucidate risk factors and therapeutic strategies.

AMOT suppresses tumor progression via regulating DNA damage response signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Angiomotin (AMOT) is a membrane protein that is aberrantly expressed in a variety of solid tumors. Accumulating evidence support that AMOT is involved in the pathological processes of tumor proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. However, the potential role of AMOT in the pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains elusive. In the present study, we investigated the expression level and biological function of AMOT in DLBCL. AMOT expression was significantly reduced in DLBCL biopsy section, and low AMOT expression was associated with poor clinical prognosis. Overexpression of AMOT by lentivirus in human DLBCL cells induced cell viability inhibition concomitant with an increased percentage of cells in G1 phase and decreased percentage in S phase. Moreover, AMOT upregulation increased the sensitivity of DLBCL cells to doxorubicin. Furthermore, overexpression of AMOT led to reduced activation of key kinases for the DNA damage response (DDR). The above results indicated that AMOT acts as a tumor suppressor via inhibition of the DDR, thus reducing the viability while increasing the chemosensitivity in DLBCL. In summary, AMOT may be a novel potential target for DLBCL therapeutic intervention.

Association Between Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Malignant Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of malignant sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) according to the type of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection.

METHODS

The databases of PubMed, EmBase, and Web of Science were searched for studies that reported the risk of malignant SNIP in patients infected by specific types of HPV. The quantitative analyses for pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

Twenty-six molecular epidemiological studies that recruited a total of 900 patients with SNIP were selected for the final meta-analysis. The summary ORs indicated that HPV-6 (OR: 2.02; 95% CI: 0.47-8.61; P = .343), HPV-11 (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.26-2.89; P = .806), and HPV-6/11 (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 0.59-3.53; P = .426) infections were not associated with the risk of malignant SNIP. However, the risk of malignant SNIP was increased in patients infected with HPV-16 (OR: 8.51; 95% CI: 3.36-21.59; P < .001), HPV-11/16 (OR: 7.95; 95% CI: 1.13-56.01; P = .038), HPV-18 (OR: 23.26; 95% CI: 5.27-102.73; P < .001), and HPV-16/18 (OR: 24.34; 95% CI: 5.74-103.18; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that patients infected with HPV types 16, 11/16, 18, and 16/18 were associated with an increased risk of malignant SNIP. However, patients infected with HPV types 6, 11, and 6/11 did not have a significant risk of malignant SNIP. Laryngoscope, 131:1200-1205, 2021.

Low prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in sinonasal inverted papilloma and oncocytic papilloma

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in sinonasal inverted papilloma (SIP) and sinonasal oncocytic papilloma (SOP) from a single institution and whether p16 can serve as a surrogate marker for HPV infection. This study included 49 subjects with SIP and 36 subjects with SOP. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were used to extract genomic DNA, and HPV detection was performed by utilizing a valid nested polymerase chain reaction approach that can detect all known HPV subtypes. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of p16 in all tumor sections. The presence of HPV DNA was found in 6.1% (3/49) of the SIP patients and 11.1% (4/36) of the SOP patients. All identified HPV subtypes in SIP were high-risk HPV, including HPV-16 (two patients) and HPV-58 (one patient). Regarding SOP, there were three patients positive for HPV-16 and one with low-risk HPV (type 6). In total, 11/49 (22.4%) SIP lesions and 10/36 (27.8%) SOP lesions were considered p16 positive, with p16 staining in more than 70% of tumor cells. There was only one SIP and one SOP that were positive for both HPV (high-risk HPV type 16) and p16 staining. HPV does not play an etiologic role in inverted papilloma or oncocytic papilloma of the sinonasal region. p16 immunostaining should not be used as a surrogate marker to evaluate the HPV infection status in these lesions.

MiR-126 in intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinomas: exosomal transfer of MiR-126 promotes anti-tumour responses

Background

Intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinomas (ITACs) are aggressive malignancies related to wood dust and leather exposure. ITACs are generally associated with advanced stage at presentation due to the insidious growth pattern and non-specific symptoms. Therefore, biomarkers that can detect the switch from the benign disease to malignancy are needed. Essential for tumour growth, angiogenesis is an important step in tumour development and progression. This process is strictly regulated, and MiR-126 considered its master modulator.

Methods

We have investigated MiR-126 levels in ITACs and compared them to benign sinonasal lesions, such as sinonasal-inverted papillomas (SIPs) and inflammatory polyps (NIPs). The tumour-suppressive functions of MiR-126 were also evaluated.

Results

We found that MiR-126 can significantly distinguish malignancy from benign nasal forms. The low levels of MiR-126 in ITACs point to its role in tumour progression. In this context, restoration of MiR-126 induced metabolic changes, and inhibited cell growth and the tumorigenic potential of MNSC cells.

Conclusions

We report that MiR-126 delivered via exosomes from endothelial cells promotes anti-tumour responses. This paracrine transfer of MiRs may represent a new approach towards MiR-based therapy.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4801-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The physiological role of Motin family and its dysregulation in tumorigenesis

Members in Motin family, or Angiomotins (AMOTs), are adaptor proteins that localize in the membranous, cytoplasmic or nuclear fraction in a cell context-dependent manner. They control the bioprocesses such as migration, tight junction formation, cell polarity, and angiogenesis. Emerging evidences have demonstrated that AMOTs participate in cancer initiation and progression. Many of the previous studies have focused on the involvement of AMOTs in Hippo-YAP1 pathway. However, it has been controversial for years that AMOTs serve as either positive or negative growth regulators in different cancer types because of the various cellular origins. The molecular mechanisms of these opposite roles of AMOTs remain elusive. This review comprehensively summarized how AMOTs function physiologically and how their dysregulation promotes or inhibits tumorigenesis. Better understanding the functional roles of AMOTs in cancers may lead to an improvement of clinical interventions as well as development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.

Advances in recurrence and malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papillomas

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SIP) is a benign tumor of the nasal cavity and sinus. SIP is characterized by aggressive malignant transformation and a high rate of recurrence. Inadequate removal of the tumor during surgery is one of the most significant contributors to SIP recurrence. A growing body of evidence suggests that molecular alteration in SIP, including human papilloma virus infections, single nucleotide polymorphisms of key genes, deregulation of signaling pathways and immunological changes, may lead to SIP occurrence and malignant transformation. However, the extent to which these molecular mechanisms contribute to SIP pathology and transformation remains unclear due to limited research. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the primary dependent factors that contribute to SIP etiology. The present article reviewed risk factors of progression and recurrence of SIP, including outdoor and industrial occupational exposure, smoking, septal deviation, SIP location, recurrent cases, stage of SIP-associated squamous cell carcinoma and choice of surgical method.

Etiology of sinonasal inverted papilloma: A narrative review

Objective

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) is a benign and uncommon tumor of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses with a tendency for recurrence and even malignant transformation. Though the morphology and clinical behavior of this lesion has been well described, its etiology remains controversial.

Methods

Computerized searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar through May 2015. In this review, etiologic factors including human papilloma virus (HPV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cell cycle related proteins and angiogenic factors, occupational and environmental exposures, and chronic inflammation, will be discussed.

Results

Many studies indicate that HPV has been detected in a significant percentage of IP, while EBV has not been shown to be significantly associated. Certain cell cycle regulatory factors and angiogenic proteins contribute to the dysregulation of proliferation and apoptosis, and facilitate migration and tumor invasion. Occupational exposures, such as welding and organic solvents, have been implicated, and smoking seems more critical to recurrence and dysplasia rather than initial IP occurrence. Chronic inflammation may also have a causative relationship with inverted papilloma, but the mechanism is unclear.

Conclusions

Though etiology of sinonasal IP remains controversial, the studies reviewed here indicate a role for viral infection, cell cycle and angiogenic factors, environmental and occupational exposure, and chronic inflammation. Further study on etiologic factors is necessary for clinical guidance and therapeutic targets.