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Zhang Q, Jiao J, Wang X, Zhang L. The role of fibroblast in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: a key player in the inflammatory process. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39378160 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2414774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblasts are the primary supporting cells in connective tissue and have long been thought to contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) by producing extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to fibrosis and tissue remodeling. However, recent studies have highlighted the critical role of nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts (NPDFs) in triggering and intensifying the inflammatory response in CRSwNP. AREAS COVERED This review undertook a comprehensive literature search across the PubMed database, Web of Science since 2000, offering an in-depth summary of the pivotal role of NPDFs in tissue remodeling and inflammatory responses in CRSwNP. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing data provides a deeper exploration of the heterogeneity and functional mechanisms of fibroblasts in CRSwNP. Consequently, these insights point to fibroblasts as promising therapeutic targets for effectively treating CRSwNP. EXPERT OPINION Current data underscore the essential role of fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Fully elucidating the specific mechanisms by which fibroblasts contribute to the disease process is crucial for developing targeted therapies. Furthermore, advancements in single-cell RNA sequencing pave the way for selectively targeting and depleting pathological fibroblast subpopulations. Despite these advancements, the clinical development of fibroblast-targeted therapies in CRSwNP remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, Beijing Municipal Education Commission, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Allergy, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhang J, Gao L, Yu D, Song Y, Zhao Y, Feng Y. Three Artemisia pollens trigger the onset of allergic rhinitis via TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:319. [PMID: 38388914 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of allergic rhinitis is high, making it a relatively common chronic condition. Countless patients suffer from seasonal Allergic rhinitis (AR). The objective of this investigation is to examine the potential involvement of common pollen allergens in seasonal allergic rhinitis, and study the proposed mechanism of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway in the induction of AR. METHOD A mouse AR model (sensitized group) was constructed with pollen extracts and ovalbumin (OVA) of Artemisia annua (An), Artemisia argyi (Ar) and Artemisia Sieversiana (Si), and thereafter, AR symptom score was performed. After successful modeling, mouse serum and nasal mucosa tissues were extracted for subsequent experiments. The expression levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were detected using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining methods were used to observe the pathological changes of the nasal mucosal tissue; Utilizing immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in mouse nasal mucosa were quantified; The mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosa of sensitized mice were detected with Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western Blot. Finally, the in vitro culture of Human nasal mucosal epithelial cells (HNEpC) cells was conducted, and cells were treated with 200 µg/ml Artemisia annua pollen extract and OVA for 24 h. Western Blot assay was used to detect the expression level of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 proteins before and after HNEpC cells were treated with MyD88 inhibitor ST-2825. RESULT On the second day after AR stimulation, the mice showed obvious AR symptoms. H&E results showed that compared to the control group, the nasal mucosal tissue in the sensitized group was significantly more inflamed. Furthermore, ELISA assay showed increased expression levels of IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and TNF-α in serum of mice induced by OVA and Artemisia annua pollen, Artemisia argyi pollen and Artemisia Sieversiana pollen than those of the control group. However, the expression level of IL-2 was lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05). Using Immunohistochemistry staining visually observed the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in mouse nasal mucosa tissues and quantitatively analyzed. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in the sensitized group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results from qRT-PCR and Western Blot showed that the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosa of the sensitized group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Finally, HNEpC cells were cultured in vitro and analyzed using Western Blot. The expression levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in OVA and An groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). After ST-2825 treatment, TLR4 protein expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and MyD88 and NF-κB p65 protein expression were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION To sum up, the occurrence and development of AR induced by OVA and pollen of Artemisia annua, Artemisia argyi and Artemisia Sieversiana were related to TLR4/MyD88 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Dongdong Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yulan Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Ma CT, Lee SB, Cho IH, Yu JS, Huang T, Lee TM, Ly TL, Kwon SW, Park JH, Yang HO. Agarperoxinols A and B: Two Unprecedented Tricyclic 6/6/7 Rearranged Humulene-Type Sesquiterpenoids That Attenuated the Neuroinflammation in LPS-Stimulated Microglial Models. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43873-43882. [PMID: 38027354 PMCID: PMC10666226 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Agarperoxinols A and B (1-2), two naturally occurring humulene-type sesquiterpenoids with an unprecedented tricyclic 6/6/7 ring, were discovered from the agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis. Their structures were unambiguously determined by various spectroscopic data, experimental ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Agarperoxinol B showed significant and dose-dependent neuroinflammatory inhibitory effects on various proinflammatory mediators, including NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and suppressed iNOS and COX-2 enzymes in LPS-activated microglial cells. A mechanistic study demonstrated that agarperoxinol B remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the Akt and JNK signaling pathways. Agarperoxinol B also significantly reduced the expression of the microglial markers Iba-1, COX-2, and TNF-α in the mouse cerebral cortex. Our findings introduce a bioactive compound from natural products that decreases proinflammatory factor production and has application for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Thanh Ma
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and
Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 41-43 Dinh Tien Hoang Street, Dist. 1, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bin Lee
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Cho
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tianqi Huang
- Korea
Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Wolgok 2(i)-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Lee
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Tu Loan Ly
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho
Chi Minh City, 19 Nguyen
Huu Tho Street, Dist. 7, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- Research
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Yang
- Department
of Integrative Biological Sciences and Industry & Convergence
Research Center for Natural Products, Sejong
University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Role of Nasal Fibroblasts in Airway Remodeling of Chronic Rhinosinusitis: The Modulating Functions Reexamined. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044017. [PMID: 36835423 PMCID: PMC9965487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease of the nose and sinuses that affects more than 10% of the adult population worldwide. Currently, CRS is classified into endotypes according to the inflammatory response (Th1, Th2, and Th17) or the distribution of immune cells in the mucosa (eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic). CRS induces mucosal tissue remodeling. Extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, fibrin deposition, edema, immune cell infiltration, and angiogenesis are observed in the stromal region. Conversely, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), goblet cell hyperplasia, and increased epithelial permeability, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are found in the epithelium. Fibroblasts synthesize collagen and ECM, which create a structural skeleton of tissue and play an important role in the wound-healing process. This review discusses recent knowledge regarding the modulation of tissue remodeling by nasal fibroblasts in CRS.
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Varricchi G, Ferri S, Pepys J, Poto R, Spadaro G, Nappi E, Paoletti G, Virchow JC, Heffler E, Canonica WG. Biologics and airway remodeling in severe asthma. Allergy 2022; 77:3538-3552. [PMID: 35950646 PMCID: PMC10087445 DOI: 10.1111/all.15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease resulting in airflow obstruction, which in part can become irreversible to conventional therapies, defining the concept of airway remodeling. The introduction of biologics in severe asthma has led in some patients to the complete normalization of previously considered irreversible airflow obstruction. This highlights the need to distinguish a "fixed" airflow obstruction due to structural changes unresponsive to current therapies, from a "reversible" one as demonstrated by lung function normalization during biological therapies not previously obtained even with high-dose systemic glucocorticoids. The mechanisms by which exposure to environmental factors initiates the inflammatory responses that trigger airway remodeling are still incompletely understood. Alarmins represent epithelial-derived cytokines that initiate immunologic events leading to inflammatory airway remodeling. Biological therapies can improve airflow obstruction by addressing these airway inflammatory changes. In addition, biologics might prevent and possibly even revert "fixed" remodeling due to structural changes. Hence, it appears clinically important to separate the therapeutic effects (early and late) of biologics as a new paradigm to evaluate the effects of these drugs and future treatments on airway remodeling in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Sebastian Ferri
- Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Unit - IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Jack Pepys
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nappi
- Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Unit - IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paoletti
- Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Unit - IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Heffler
- Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Unit - IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Walter G Canonica
- Personalized Medicine Asthma and Allergy Unit - IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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Czerwaty K, Piszczatowska K, Brzost J, Ludwig N, Szczepański MJ, Dżaman K. Immunological Aspects of Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102361. [PMID: 36292050 PMCID: PMC9600442 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is related to persistent inflammation with a dysfunctional relationship between environmental agents and the host immune system. Disturbances in the functioning of the sinus mucosa lead to common clinical symptoms. The major processes involved in the pathogenesis of CRS include airway epithelial dysfunctions that are influenced by external and host-derived factors which activate multiple immunological mechanisms. The molecular bases for CRS remain unclear, although some factors commonly correspond to the disease: bacterial, fungal and viral infections, comorbidity diseases, genetic dysfunctions, and immunodeficiency. Additionally, air pollution leads increased severity of symptoms. CRS is a heterogeneous group of sinus diseases with different clinical courses and response to treatment. Immunological pathways vary depending on the endotype or genotype of the patient. The recent knowledge expansion into mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CRS is leading to a steadily increasing significance of precision medicine in the treatment of CRS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the immunological aspects of CRS, which are essential for ensuring more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czerwaty
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Brzost
- The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mirosław J. Szczepański
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Dżaman
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
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Hasegawa T, Oka T, Demehri S. Alarmin Cytokines as Central Regulators of Cutaneous Immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876515. [PMID: 35432341 PMCID: PMC9005840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin acts as the primary interface between the body and the environment. The skin immune system is composed of a complex network of immune cells and factors that provide the first line of defense against microbial pathogens and environmental insults. Alarmin cytokines mediate an intricate intercellular communication between keratinocytes and immune cells to regulate cutaneous immune responses. Proper functions of the type 2 alarmin cytokines, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin (IL)-25, and IL-33, are paramount to the maintenance of skin homeostasis, and their dysregulation is commonly associated with allergic inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the complex regulatory network of type 2 alarmin cytokines that control skin immunity and highlight the mechanisms by which these cytokines regulate skin immune responses in host defense, chronic inflammation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomonori Oka
- Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shadmehr Demehri
- Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Jeong H, Chong HJ, So J, Jo Y, Yune TY, Ju BG. Ghrelin Represses Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Gene Expression through Activation of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Protein Kinase C Delta in Inflamed Skin Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073977. [PMID: 35409338 PMCID: PMC8999772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide hormone secreted from enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract, has anti-inflammatory activity in skin diseases, including dermatitis and psoriasis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of ghrelin on skin inflammation is not clear. In this study, we found that ghrelin alleviates atopic dermatitis (AD)-phenotypes through suppression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) gene activation. Knockdown or antagonist treatment of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), the receptor for ghrelin, suppressed ghrelin-induced alleviation of AD-like phenotypes and suppression of TSLP gene activation. We further found that ghrelin induces activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), leading to the binding of GR with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) NCoR corepressor to negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) on the TSLP gene promoter. In addition, ghrelin-induced protein kinase C δ (PKCδ)-mediated phosphorylation of p300 at serine 89 (S89), which decreased the acetylation and DNA binding activity of nuclear factor- κB (NF-κB) p65 to the TSLP gene promoter. Knockdown of PKCδ abolished ghrelin-induced suppression of TSLP gene activation. Our study suggests that ghrelin may help to reduce skin inflammation through GR and PKCδ-p300-NF-κB-mediated suppression of TSLP gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayan Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hyo-Jin Chong
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jangho So
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yejin Jo
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
| | - Tae-Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Bong-Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea; (H.J.); (H.-J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-705-8455
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