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Serafini S, Ferretti G, Monterosso P, Angiolillo A, Di Costanzo A, Matrone C. TNF-α Levels Are Increased in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Impairment and Are Negatively Correlated with β Amyloid-42. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:216. [PMID: 38397814 PMCID: PMC10886257 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has recently become a topic of debate. TNF-α levels increase in the blood of patients with AD, and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques contain TNF-α deposits. The therapeutic efficacy of blocking TNF-α in patients with AD remains controversial as it is mostly based on preclinical studies. Thus, whether and how TNF-α contributes to amyloidogenic processes in AD is still an open question to be addressed. We analyzed plasma TNF-α and Aβ42 levels in patients with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD, and in healthy volunteers (HLT). In addition, we performed correlation analysis to evaluate whether changes in plasma TNF-α levels correlate with cognitive decline, Aβ42 levels, age, and BMI, which are all factors considered to contribute to or predispose individuals to AD. We found that TNF-α and Aβ42 plasma levels were higher in patients with AD than in HLT individuals. High TNF-α levels were also observed in patients with SCI, in whom TNF-α and Aβ42 levels were negatively correlated. Notably, TNF-α did not affect the amyloidogenic pathway in human microglial cultures exposed to 48 h of incubation, although it did trigger neuroinflammatory processes. These results imply that high TNF-α levels are more likely to be a clinical condition linked to AD than are direct contributors. Nonetheless, elevated levels of TNF-α in early-stage patients, like those with SCI and MCI, may provide a distinguishing feature for identifying clinical profiles that are at risk of having a poorer outcome in AD and could benefit from tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Serafini
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Ferretti
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Monterosso
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Angiolillo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Research and Training in Aging Medicine, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alfonso Di Costanzo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Research and Training in Aging Medicine, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Edwards L, Thomas KR, Weigand AJ, Edmonds EC, Clark AL, Brenner EK, Banks SJ, Gilbert PE, Nation DA, Delano-Wood L, Bondi MW, Bangen KJ. Pulse pressure and APOE ε4 dose interact to affect cerebral blood flow in older adults without dementia. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 6:100206. [PMID: 38328026 PMCID: PMC10847851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2024.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed whether the effect of vascular risk on cerebral blood flow (CBF) varies by gene dose of apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 alleles. 144 older adults without dementia from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative underwent arterial spin labeling and T1-weighted MRI, APOE genotyping, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), lumbar puncture, and blood pressure (BP) assessment. Vascular risk was assessed using pulse pressure (systolic BP - diastolic BP). CBF was examined in six AD-vulnerable regions: entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, inferior temporal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, rostral middle frontal gyrus, and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Linear regressions tested the interaction between APOE ε4 dose and pulse pressure on CBF in each region, adjusting for age, sex, cognitive classification, antihypertensive medication use, FDG-PET, reference CBF region, and AD biomarker positivity. There was a significant interaction between pulse pressure and APOE ɛ4 dose on CBF in the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, and inferior parietal cortex, such that higher pulse pressure was associated with lower CBF only among ε4 homozygous participants. These findings demonstrate that the association between pulse pressure and regional CBF differs by APOE ε4 dose, suggesting that targeting modifiable vascular risk factors may be particularly important for those genetically at risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Edwards
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey R. Thomas
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Weigand
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Emily C. Edmonds
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Departments of Neurology and Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexandra L. Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Einat K. Brenner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Banks
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul E. Gilbert
- San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Nation
- Department of Psychology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark W. Bondi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Katherine J. Bangen
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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