1
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Jiang RX, Hu N, Deng YW, Hu LW, Gu H, Luo N, Wen J, Jiang XQ. Potential therapeutic role of spermine via Rac1 in osteoporosis: Insights from zebrafish and mice. Zool Res 2024; 45:367-380. [PMID: 38485506 PMCID: PMC11017079 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a prevalent metabolic bone disease. While drug therapy is essential to prevent bone loss in osteoporotic patients, current treatments are limited by side effects and high costs, necessitating the development of more effective and safer targeted therapies. Utilizing a zebrafish ( Danio rerio) larval model of osteoporosis, we explored the influence of the metabolite spermine on bone homeostasis. Results showed that spermine exhibited dual activity in osteoporotic zebrafish larvae by increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption. Spermine not only demonstrated excellent biosafety but also mitigated prednisolone-induced embryonic neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Notably, spermine showcased protective attributes in the nervous systems of both zebrafish embryos and larvae. At the molecular level, Rac1 was identified as playing a pivotal role in mediating the anti-osteoporotic effects of spermine, with P53 potentially acting downstream of Rac1. These findings were confirmed using mouse ( Mus musculus) models, in which spermine not only ameliorated osteoporosis but also promoted bone formation and mineralization under healthy conditions, suggesting strong potential as a bone-strengthening agent. This study underscores the beneficial role of spermine in osteoporotic bone homeostasis and skeletal system development, highlighting pivotal molecular mediators. Given their efficacy and safety, human endogenous metabolites like spermine are promising candidates for new anti-osteoporotic drug development and daily bone-fortifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xue Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Nan Hu
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yu-Wei Deng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Long-Wei Hu
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Nan Luo
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jin Wen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China. E-mail:
| | - Xin-Quan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- National Center for Stomatology
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China. E-mail:
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2
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Kavinda MD, Lee MH, Kang CH, Choi YH, Kim GY. 2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone Exerts Bone Formation and Antiosteoporotic Activity by Stimulating the β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:395-405. [PMID: 38357289 PMCID: PMC10863440 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
2,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone (DHP) is an organic compound derived from Garcinia xanthochymus, but there have been no reports on its biochemical functions and bioavailability. In this study, we evaluated whether DHP affects osteoblast differentiation and activation in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells, as well as antiosteoporotic activity in zebrafish larvae. Nontoxic concentrations of DHP-treated MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activation and mineralization in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by higher expression of osteoblast-specific markers, including Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osterix, and ALP. Consistent with the data in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells, DHP upregulated osteoblast-specific marker genes in zebrafish larvae and simultaneously enhanced vertebral formation. We also revealed that DHP increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) at Ser9 and the total expression of β-catenin in the cytosol and markedly increased the localization of β-catenin into the nucleus. Furthermore, DHP restored the prednisolone (PDS)-induced marked decrease in ALP activity and mineralization, as well as osteoblast-specific marker expression. In PDS-treated zebrafish, DHP also alleviated PDS-induced osteoporosis by restoring vertebral formation and osteoblast-related gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that DHP is a potential osteoanabolic candidate for treating osteoporosis by stimulating osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Hwa Lee
- Nakdonggang
National Institute of Biological Resources, Sanju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Kang
- Nakdonggang
National Institute of Biological Resources, Sanju 37242, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department
of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47227, Republic
of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department
of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
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3
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Guo W, Jin P, Li R, Huang L, Liu Z, Li H, Zhou T, Fang B, Xia L. Dynamic network biomarker identifies cdkn1a-mediated bone mineralization in the triggering phase of osteoporosis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:81-94. [PMID: 36599933 PMCID: PMC9898265 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of predictive markers to determine the triggering phase prior to the onset of osteoporosis is essential to mitigate further irrevocable deterioration. To determine the early warning signs before osteoporosis, we used the dynamic network biomarker (DNB) approach to analyze time-series gene expression data in a zebrafish osteoporosis model, which revealed that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 A (cdkn1a) is a core DNB. We found that cdkn1a negatively regulates osteogenesis, as evidenced by loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies. Specifically, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated cdkn1a knockout in zebrafish significantly altered skeletal development and increased bone mineralization, whereas inducible cdkn1a expression significantly contributed to osteoclast differentiation. We also found several mechanistic clues that cdkn1a participates in osteoclast differentiation by regulating its upstream signaling cascades. To summarize, in this study, we provided new insights into the dynamic nature of osteoporosis and identified cdkn1a as an early-warning signal of osteoporosis onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Guo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200001 China
| | - Peng Jin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001 China
| | - Ruomei Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200001 China
| | - Lu Huang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200001 China
| | - Zhen Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200001 China
| | - Hairui Li
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200001 China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Lunguo Xia
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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4
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Dubale NM, Kapron CM, West SL. Commentary: Zebrafish as a Model for Osteoporosis-An Approach to Accelerating Progress in Drug and Exercise-Based Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15866. [PMID: 36497941 PMCID: PMC9739463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is a degenerative disease characterized by reduced bone strength and increased fracture risk. As the global population continues to age, the prevalence and economic burden of osteoporosis can be expected to rise substantially, but there remain various gaps in the field of OP care. For instance, there is a lack of anti-fracture drugs with proven long-term efficacy. Likewise, though exercise remains widely recommended in OP prevention and management, data regarding the safety and efficacy for patients after vertebral fracture remain limited. This lack of evidence may be due to the cost and inherent difficulties associated with exercise-based OP research. Thus, the current research landscape highlights the need for novel research strategies that accelerate OP drug discovery and allow for the low-cost study of exercise interventions. Here, we outline an example of one strategy, the use of zebrafish, which has emerged as a potential model for the discovery of anti-osteoporosis therapeutics and study of exercise interventions. The strengths, limitations, and potential applications of zebrafish in OP research will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natnaiel M. Dubale
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Carolyn M. Kapron
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Sarah L. West
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
- Trent/Fleming School of Nursing, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada
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5
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Lin WY, Dharini KK, Peng CH, Lin CY, Yeh KT, Lee WC, Lin MD. Zebrafish models for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Tzu Chi Med J 2022; 34:373-380. [PMID: 36578638 PMCID: PMC9791848 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_80_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis due to excessive or long-term glucocorticoid administration, disturbing the homeostasis between bone formation and bone resorption. The bone biology of zebrafish shares a high degree of similarities with mammals. In terms of molecular level, genes and signaling pathways related to skeletogenesis are also highly correlated between zebrafish and humans. Therefore, zebrafish have been utilized to develop multiple GIOP models. Taking advantage of the transparency of zebrafish larvae, their skeletal development and bone mineralization can be readily visualized through in vivo staining without invasive experimental handlings. Moreover, the feasibility of using scales or fin rays to study bone remodeling makes adult zebrafish an ideal model for GIOP research. Here, we reviewed current zebrafish models for GIOP research, focused on the tools and methods established for examining bone homeostasis. As an in vivo, convenient, and robust model, zebrafish have an advantage in performing high-throughput drug screening and could be used to investigate the action mechanisms of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Cheng-Huan Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan,Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yen Lin
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ting Yeh
- Department of Orthopedics, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Lee
- Research Center for Global SDGs Challenges, Office of Research and Development, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan,Address for correspondence: Dr. Wen-Chih Lee, Research Center for Global SDGs Challenges, Office of Research and Development, Tzu Chi University, 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien, Taiwan. E-mail:
Prof. Ming-Der Lin, Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien, Taiwan. E-mail:
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan,Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan,Address for correspondence: Dr. Wen-Chih Lee, Research Center for Global SDGs Challenges, Office of Research and Development, Tzu Chi University, 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien, Taiwan. E-mail:
Prof. Ming-Der Lin, Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, 701, Zhongyang Road, Section 3, Hualien, Taiwan. E-mail:
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6
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Rosa JT, Tarasco M, Gavaia PJ, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Screening of Mineralogenic and Osteogenic Compounds in Zebrafish—Tools to Improve Assay Throughput and Data Accuracy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080983. [PMID: 36015130 PMCID: PMC9412667 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone disorders affect millions of people worldwide and treatments currently available often produce undesirable secondary effects or have limited efficacy. It is therefore of the utmost interest for patients to develop more efficient drugs with reduced off-target activities. In the long process of drug development, screening and preclinical validation have recently gained momentum with the increased use of zebrafish as a model organism to study pathological processes related to human bone disorders, and the development of zebrafish high-throughput screening assays to identify bone anabolic compounds. In this review, we provided a comprehensive overview of the literature on zebrafish bone-related assays and evaluated their performance towards an integration into screening pipelines for the discovery of mineralogenic/osteogenic compounds. Tools available to standardize fish housing and feeding procedures, synchronize embryo production, and automatize specimen sorting and image acquisition/analysis toward faster and more accurate screening outputs were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana T. Rosa
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Marco Tarasco
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- GreenColab—Associação Oceano Verde, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - M. Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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7
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Mutation of foxl1 Results in Reduced Cartilage Markers in a Zebrafish Model of Otosclerosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071107. [PMID: 35885890 PMCID: PMC9319681 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone diseases such as otosclerosis (conductive hearing loss) and osteoporosis (low bone mineral density) can result from the abnormal expression of genes that regulate cartilage and bone development. The forkhead box transcription factor FOXL1 has been identified as the causative gene in a family with autosomal dominant otosclerosis and has been reported as a candidate gene in GWAS meta-analyses for osteoporosis. This potentially indicates a novel role for foxl1 in chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone remodelling. We created a foxl1 mutant zebrafish strain as a model for otosclerosis and osteoporosis and examined jaw bones that are homologous to the mammalian middle ear bones, and mineralization of the axial skeleton. We demonstrate that foxl1 regulates the expression of collagen genes such as collagen type 1 alpha 1a and collagen type 11 alpha 2, and results in a delay in jawbone mineralization, while the axial skeleton remains unchanged. foxl1 may also act with other forkhead genes such as foxc1a, as loss of foxl1 in a foxc1a mutant background increases the severity of jaw calcification phenotypes when compared to each mutant alone. Our zebrafish model demonstrates atypical cartilage formation and mineralization in the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton in foxl1 mutants and demonstrates that aberrant collagen expression may underlie the development of otosclerosis.
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8
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Functional Validation of Osteoporosis Genetic Findings Using Small Fish Models. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020279. [PMID: 35205324 PMCID: PMC8872034 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of human genomics has revolutionized our understanding of the genetic architecture of many skeletal diseases, including osteoporosis. However, interpreting results from human association studies remains a challenge, since index variants often reside in non-coding regions of the genome and do not possess an obvious regulatory function. To bridge the gap between genetic association and causality, a systematic functional investigation is necessary, such as the one offered by animal models. These models enable us to identify causal mechanisms, clarify the underlying biology, and apply interventions. Over the past several decades, small teleost fishes, mostly zebrafish and medaka, have emerged as powerful systems for modeling the genetics of human diseases. Due to their amenability to genetic intervention and the highly conserved genetic and physiological features, fish have become indispensable for skeletal genomic studies. The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence supporting the utility of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) for accelerating our understanding of human skeletal genomics and outlining the remaining gaps in knowledge. We provide an overview of zebrafish skeletal morphophysiology and gene homology, shedding light on the advantages of human skeletal genomic exploration and validation. Knowledge of the biology underlying osteoporosis through animal models will lead to the translation into new, better and more effective therapeutic approaches.
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9
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Pham CV, Pham TT, Lai TT, Trinh DC, Nguyen HVM, Ha TTM, Phuong TT, Tran LD, Winkler C, To TT. Icariin reduces bone loss in a Rankl-induced transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) model for osteoporosis. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1039-1048. [PMID: 31858585 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the limitations and side effects of many synthetic drugs, natural products are an important alternative source for drugs and medications for many diseases. Icariin (ICA), one of the main flavonoids from plants of the Epimedium genus, has been shown to ameliorate osteoporosis and improve bone health in preclinical studies. Those studies have used different in vivo models, mostly rodents, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The present study shows, for the first time, that ICA reduces bone damage in a Rankl-induced medaka fish (Oryzias latipes), a non-rodent osteoporosis model. Live imaging was previously performed in this model to characterize antiresorptive and bone-anabolic properties of drugs. Here, a new quantification method (IM ) was established based on the length of mineralized neural arches to quantify levels of bone mineralization damage and protection in early post-embryonic fish. This method was validated by quantification of three levels of bone damage in three independent Rankl fish lines, and by the determination of different degrees of severity of osteoporosis-like phenotypes in one Rankl line exposed to variable Rankl induction schemes. IM was also used to quantify the efficacy of alendronate and etidronate, two common anti-osteoporotic bisphosphonates, and revealed comparable bone protective effects for ICA and alendronate in this fish osteoporosis model. This study's data support the value of the medaka fish model for bone research and establish a method to screen for novel osteoprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong V Pham
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy T Lai
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dat C Trinh
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong V M Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tam T M Ha
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuong T Phuong
- Department of Herbal Analysis and Standardization, Vietnam National Institute of Medicinal Materials, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long D Tran
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thuy T To
- Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- The Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Dinh Tien Hoang Institute of Medicine, Hanoi, Vietnam
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10
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Bek JW, De Clercq A, De Saffel H, Soenens M, Huysseune A, Witten PE, Coucke PJ, Willaert A. Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins: a versatile tool in zebrafish skeletal imaging. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1007-1017. [PMID: 32242924 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the most frequently applied techniques in zebrafish (Danio rerio) research is the visualisation or manipulation of specific cell populations using transgenic reporter lines. The generation of these transgenic zebrafish, displaying cell- or tissue-specific expression of frequently used fluorophores such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or mCherry, is relatively easy using modern techniques. Fluorophores with different emission wavelengths and driven by different promoters can be monitored simultaneously in the same animal. Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (pcFPs) are different from these standard fluorophores because their emission spectrum is changed when exposed to UV light, a process called photoconversion. Here, the benefits and versatility of using pcFPs for both single and dual fluorochrome imaging in zebrafish skeletal research in a previously generated osx:Kaede transgenic line are illustrated. In this line, Kaede, which is expressed under control of the osterix, otherwise known as sp7, promoter thereby labelling immature osteoblasts, can switch from green to red fluorescence upon irradiation with UV light. First, this study demonstrates that osx:Kaede exhibits an expression pattern similar to a previously described osx:nuGFP transgenic line in both larval and adult stages, hereby validating the use of this line for the imaging of immature osteoblasts. More in-depth experiments highlight different applications for osx:Kaede, such as lineage tracing and its combined use with in vivo skeletal staining and other transgenic backgrounds. Mineral staining in combination with osx:Kaede confirms osteoblast-independent mineralisation of the notochord. Osteoblast lineage tracing reveals migration and dedifferentiation of scleroblasts during fin regeneration. Finally, this study shows that combining two transgenics, osx:Kaede and osc:GFP, with similar emission wavelengths is possible when using a pcFP such as Kaede.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem Bek
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanna De Saffel
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mieke Soenens
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Huysseune
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Eckhard Witten
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul J Coucke
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Dietrich K, Fiedler IA, Kurzyukova A, López-Delgado AC, McGowan LM, Geurtzen K, Hammond CL, Busse B, Knopf F. Skeletal Biology and Disease Modeling in Zebrafish. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:436-458. [PMID: 33484578 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish are teleosts (bony fish) that share with mammals a common ancestor belonging to the phylum Osteichthyes, from which their endoskeletal systems have been inherited. Indeed, teleosts and mammals have numerous genetically conserved features in terms of skeletal elements, ossification mechanisms, and bone matrix components in common. Yet differences related to bone morphology and function need to be considered when investigating zebrafish in skeletal research. In this review, we focus on zebrafish skeletal architecture with emphasis on the morphology of the vertebral column and associated anatomical structures. We provide an overview of the different ossification types and osseous cells in zebrafish and describe bone matrix composition at the microscopic tissue level with a focus on assessing mineralization. Processes of bone formation also strongly depend on loading in zebrafish, as we elaborate here. Furthermore, we illustrate the high regenerative capacity of zebrafish bones and present some of the technological advantages of using zebrafish as a model. We highlight zebrafish axial and fin skeleton patterning mechanisms, metabolic bone disease such as after immunosuppressive glucocorticoid treatment, as well as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and osteopetrosis research in zebrafish. We conclude with a view of why larval zebrafish xenografts are a powerful tool to study bone metastasis. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Dietrich
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Imke Ak Fiedler
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kurzyukova
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandra C López-Delgado
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucy M McGowan
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Karina Geurtzen
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Competence Center for Interface Research (ICCIR), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Knopf
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Center for Healthy Aging TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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12
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Vimalraj S, Yuvashree R, Hariprabu G, Subramanian R, Murali P, Veeraiyan DN, Thangavelu L. Zebrafish as a potential biomaterial testing platform for bone tissue engineering application: A special note on chitosan based bioactive materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:379-395. [PMID: 33556401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials function as an essential aspect of tissue engineering and have a profound impact on cell growth and subsequent tissue regeneration. The development of new biomaterials requires a potential platform to understand the host-biomaterial interaction, which is crucial for successful biomaterial implantation. Biomaterials analyzed in rodent models for in vivo research are cost-effective but tedious, and the practice has many technical difficulties. As an alternative, zebrafish provide an excellent biomaterial testing platform over the current rodent models. During growth and recovery, zebrafish bone morphogenesis shows a variety of inductive signals involved in the cycle that are close to those influencing differentiation of bone and cartilage in mammals, including humans. This platform is cheap, optically transparent, quick to change genes, and provides reliable reproducibility on short life cycles. Chitosan is a well-known biomaterial in the field of tissue engineering. In view of its documented use in bone regeneration, the biological characterization of chitosan-based bioactive materials in the zebrafish model has been featured in an outstanding note. We, therefore, outlined this review of the zebrafish as a potential in vivo research model for the rapid characterization of the biological properties of new biomaterials for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India; Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Gopal Hariprabu
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghunandhakumar Subramanian
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palraju Murali
- Department of Zoology, N.M.S.S. Vellaichamy Nadar College, Nagamalai, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Nallaswamy Veeraiyan
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Valenti MT, Marchetto G, Mottes M, Dalle Carbonare L. Zebrafish: A Suitable Tool for the Study of Cell Signaling in Bone. Cells 2020; 9:E1911. [PMID: 32824602 PMCID: PMC7465296 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, many studies using the zebrafish model organism have been performed. Zebrafish, providing genetic mutants and reporter transgenic lines, enable a great number of studies aiming at the investigation of signaling pathways involved in the osteoarticular system and at the identification of therapeutic tools for bone diseases. In this review, we will discuss studies which demonstrate that many signaling pathways are highly conserved between mammals and teleost and that genes involved in mammalian bone differentiation have orthologs in zebrafish. We will also discuss as human diseases, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and Gaucher disease can be investigated in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Ple Scuro 10, 37100 Verona, Italy; (G.M.); (L.D.C.)
| | - Giulia Marchetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Ple Scuro 10, 37100 Verona, Italy; (G.M.); (L.D.C.)
| | - Monica Mottes
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37100 Verona, Italy;
| | - Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Ple Scuro 10, 37100 Verona, Italy; (G.M.); (L.D.C.)
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Abstract
The 11 existing FDA-approved osteoporosis drug treatments include hormone replacement therapy, 2 SERMs (raloxifene and bazedoxifene), 5 inhibitors of bone-resorbing osteoclasts (4 bisphosphonates and anti-RANKL denosumab), 2 parathyroid hormone analogues (teriparatide and abaloparatide), and 1 WNT signaling enhancer (romosozumab). These therapies are effective and provide multiple options for patients and physicians. As the genomic revolution continues, potential novel targets for future drug development are identified. This review takes a wide perspective to describe potentially rewarding topics to explore, including knowledge of genes and pathways involved in bone cell metabolism, the utility of animal models, targeting drugs to bone, and ongoing advances in drug design and delivery.
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15
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Tonelli F, Bek JW, Besio R, De Clercq A, Leoni L, Salmon P, Coucke PJ, Willaert A, Forlino A. Zebrafish: A Resourceful Vertebrate Model to Investigate Skeletal Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:489. [PMID: 32849280 PMCID: PMC7416647 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential tools for addressing fundamental scientific questions about skeletal diseases and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Traditionally, mice have been the most common model organism in biomedical research, but their use is hampered by several limitations including complex generation, demanding investigation of early developmental stages, regulatory restrictions on breeding, and high maintenance cost. The zebrafish has been used as an efficient alternative vertebrate model for the study of human skeletal diseases, thanks to its easy genetic manipulation, high fecundity, external fertilization, transparency of rapidly developing embryos, and low maintenance cost. Furthermore, zebrafish share similar skeletal cells and ossification types with mammals. In the last decades, the use of both forward and new reverse genetics techniques has resulted in the generation of many mutant lines carrying skeletal phenotypes associated with human diseases. In addition, transgenic lines expressing fluorescent proteins under bone cell- or pathway- specific promoters enable in vivo imaging of differentiation and signaling at the cellular level. Despite the small size of the zebrafish, many traditional techniques for skeletal phenotyping, such as x-ray and microCT imaging and histological approaches, can be applied using the appropriate equipment and custom protocols. The ability of adult zebrafish to remodel skeletal tissues can be exploited as a unique tool to investigate bone formation and repair. Finally, the permeability of embryos to chemicals dissolved in water, together with the availability of large numbers of small-sized animals makes zebrafish a perfect model for high-throughput bone anabolic drug screening. This review aims to discuss the techniques that make zebrafish a powerful model to investigate the molecular and physiological basis of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tonelli
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jan Willem Bek
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberta Besio
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Leoni
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Paul J. Coucke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonella Forlino
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Lleras-Forero L, Winkler C, Schulte-Merker S. Zebrafish and medaka as models for biomedical research of bone diseases. Dev Biol 2019; 457:191-205. [PMID: 31325453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of disease-causing mutations has in recent years progressed immensely due to whole genome sequencing approaches using patient material. The task accordingly is shifting from gene identification to functional analysis of putative disease-causing genes, preferably in an in vivo setting which also allows testing of drug candidates or biotherapeutics in whole animal disease models. In this review, we highlight the advances made in the field of bone diseases using small laboratory fish, focusing on zebrafish and medaka. We particularly highlight those human conditions where teleost models are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lleras-Forero
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Mendelstrasse 7, 48149 Münster, Germany; CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC-1003-CiM), Münster, Germany.
| | - C Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 04, 117558 Singapore
| | - S Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Mendelstrasse 7, 48149 Münster, Germany; CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC-1003-CiM), Münster, Germany.
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Treatment with synthetic glucocorticoid impairs bone metabolism, as revealed by in vivo imaging of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in medaka fish. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109101. [PMID: 31315073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in the stress reaction and function in the development of multiple tissues in our body. When given chronically in supraphysiologic doses, GCs are associated with orthodontic tooth movement, with serious side effects and particularly adverse effects on bone metabolism. However, the effects of steroids on bone cell dynamics are incompletely understood. Therefore, in this present study we examined the participation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in osterix-DsRed/TRAP-EGFP double transgenic (Tg) medaka treated with synthetic GCs. Chronic continuous administration of prednisolone (PN) significantly reduced the fluorescence signals in the whole body of both osterix-DsRed and TRAP-EGFP medaka at 18 days, and those of the pharyngeal bone and tooth region at 32 days. To examine the capacity of the medaka for fracture healing during chronic administration of PN, we caused a fracture of a part of the bony fin ray at 18 days after the initiation of PN continuous administration. The bone fracture healing was significantly delayed by 32 days, accompanied by decreased signal area of both osterix-DsRed and TRAP-EGFP compared with that of the control. Next, to investigate the effect of acute administration of GC on the fracture healing, we started administration of dexamethasone (DX) immediately after the bone fracture, and this administration lasted during the 11 days of fracture healing. The results showed that the TRAP-EGFP-positive osteoclasts were reduced in area, but not the osterix-DsRed-positive osteoblasts. Lastly, to confirm the function of the glucocorticoid receptor in bone healing, we generated glucocorticoid receptor 2-deficient medaka (gr2-/-). The fluorescent signal area of osterix-DsRed and TRAP-EGFP were increased at bone fracture sites in these fish, and DX treatment of them decreased the TRAP-EGFP signal area compared with that for the control fish. Our results indicate that GRs negatively regulated osteoclast recruitment and the accumulation of osteoblasts in bone fracture healing.
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