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Mrozowska M, Górnicki T, Olbromski M, Partyńska AI, Dzięgiel P, Rusak A. New insights into the role of tetraspanin 6, 7, and 8 in physiology and pathology. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7390. [PMID: 39031113 PMCID: PMC11258570 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tetraspanin (TSPAN) family comprises 33 membrane receptors involved in various physiological processes in humans. Tetrasapanins are surface proteins expressed in cells of various organisms. They are localised to the cell membrane by four transmembrane domains (TM4SF). These domains bind several cell surface receptors and signalling proteins to tetraspanin-enriched lipid microdomains (TERM or TEM). Tetraspanins play a critical role in anchoring many proteins. They also act as a scaffold for cell signalling proteins. AIM To summarise how tetraspanins 6, 7 and 8 contribute to the carcinogenesis process in different types of cancer. METHODS To provide a comprehensive review of the role of tetraspanins 6, 7 and 8 in cancer biology, we conducted a thorough search in PubMed, Embase and performed manual search of reference list to collect and extract data. DISCUSSION The assembly of tetraspanins covers an area of approximately 100-400 nm. Tetraspanins are involved in various biological processes such as membrane fusion, aggregation, proliferation, adhesion, cell migration and differentiation. They can also regulate integrins, cell surface receptors and signalling molecules. Tetraspanins form direct bonds with proteins and other members of the tetraspanin family, forming a hierarchical network of interactions and are thought to be involved in cell and membrane compartmentalisation. Tetraspanins have been implicated in cancer progression and have been shown to have multiple binding partners and to promote cancer progression and metastasis. Clinical studies have documented a correlation between the level of tetraspanin expression and the prediction of cancer progression, including breast and lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Tetraspanins are understudied in almost all cell types and their functions are not clearly defined. Fortunately, it has been possible to identify the basic mechanisms underlying the biological role of these proteins. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the roles of tetraspanins 6, 7 and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mrozowska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Tomasz Górnicki
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Mateusz Olbromski
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Aleksandra Izabela Partyńska
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of PhysiotherapyWroclaw University of Health and Sport SciencesWroclawPoland
| | - Agnieszka Rusak
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and EmbryologyWroclaw Medical UniversityWroclawPoland
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Bernardo P, Cuccurullo C, Rubino M, De Vita G, Terrone G, Bilo L, Coppola A. X-Linked Epilepsies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4110. [PMID: 38612920 PMCID: PMC11012983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
X-linked epilepsies are a heterogeneous group of epileptic conditions, which often overlap with X-linked intellectual disability. To date, various X-linked genes responsible for epilepsy syndromes and/or developmental and epileptic encephalopathies have been recognized. The electro-clinical phenotype is well described for some genes in which epilepsy represents the core symptom, while less phenotypic details have been reported for other recently identified genes. In this review, we comprehensively describe the main features of both X-linked epileptic syndromes thoroughly characterized to date (PCDH19-related DEE, CDKL5-related DEE, MECP2-related disorders), forms of epilepsy related to X-linked neuronal migration disorders (e.g., ARX, DCX, FLNA) and DEEs associated with recently recognized genes (e.g., SLC9A6, SLC35A2, SYN1, ARHGEF9, ATP6AP2, IQSEC2, NEXMIF, PIGA, ALG13, FGF13, GRIA3, SMC1A). It is often difficult to suspect an X-linked mode of transmission in an epilepsy syndrome. Indeed, different models of X-linked inheritance and modifying factors, including epigenetic regulation and X-chromosome inactivation in females, may further complicate genotype-phenotype correlations. The purpose of this work is to provide an extensive and updated narrative review of X-linked epilepsies. This review could support clinicians in the genetic diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy featuring X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Bernardo
- Pediatric Psychiatry and Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cuccurullo
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, Ospedale del Mare Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marica Rubino
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Gabriella De Vita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Units, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Leonilda Bilo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
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Liang Y, Wan L, Yan H, Liu X, Zhang J, Zhu G, Yang G. Synonymous variants in the ATP6AP2 gene may lead to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1320514. [PMID: 38274877 PMCID: PMC10808393 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1320514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To the literature, variants in the ATP6AP2 gene may cause abnormal nervous system development and associated neurological symptoms. Methods We report a patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) carrying an ATP6AP2 c.858G > A (p.Ala286=) synonymous variant. In addition, an overview of reported patients with the same variant were collected and summarized to compare our findings. Results The patient started experiencing tonic seizures at 3.5 months of age, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated impaired brain white matter development and reduced left hippocampal volume. Furthermore, electroencephalography showed multifocal interictal epileptiform discharges. Treatment with various anti-seizure medications yielded unsatisfactory results, and the disorder eventually developed into epileptic spasms. An in vitro splicing assay for the ATP6AP2 gene mRNA revealed that the variant caused a deletion in exon 8 and a corresponding protein truncation. A review of previously reported ATP6AP2-related DEE patients found that synonymous variants in the ATP6AP2 gene can cause early DEE onset, progressive changes in early-life MRI, and exon skipping in all ATP6AP2-related DEE patients. Significance We found that synonymous variants in ATP6AP2 may have significant pathogenicity and are highly correlated with DEE. Due to increased isoform production, ATP6AP2 synonymous variants may cause nervous system developmental disorders by competitively reducing the generation of full-length transcripts, resulting in defects in ATP6AP2-related physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Xinting Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
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4
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Spagnoli C, Fusco C, Pisani F. Pediatric-Onset Epilepsy and Developmental Epileptic Encephalopathies Followed by Early-Onset Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043796. [PMID: 36835207 PMCID: PMC9965035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic early-onset Parkinsonism is unique due to frequent co-occurrence of hyperkinetic movement disorder(s) (MD), or additional neurological of systemic findings, including epilepsy in up to 10-15% of cases. Based on both the classification of Parkinsonism in children proposed by Leuzzi and coworkers and the 2017 ILAE epilepsies classification, we performed a literature review in PubMed. A few discrete presentations can be identified: Parkinsonism as a late manifestation of complex neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DE-EE), with multiple, refractory seizure types and severely abnormal EEG characteristics, with or without preceding hyperkinetic MD; Parkinsonism in the context of syndromic conditions with unspecific reduced seizure threshold in infancy and childhood; neurodegenerative conditions with brain iron accumulation, in which childhood DE-EE is followed by neurodegeneration; and finally, monogenic juvenile Parkinsonism, in which a subset of patients with intellectual disability or developmental delay (ID/DD) develop hypokinetic MD between 10 and 30 years of age, following unspecific, usually well-controlled, childhood epilepsy. This emerging group of genetic conditions leading to epilepsy or DE-EE in childhood followed by juvenile Parkinsonism highlights the need for careful long-term follow-up, especially in the context of ID/DD, in order to readily identify individuals at increased risk of later Parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spagnoli
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Presidio Ospedaliero Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0522-296033
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Presidio Ospedaliero Santa Maria Nuova, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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5
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Turkdogan D, Turkyilmaz A, Sager G, Ozturk G, Unver O, Say M. Chromosomal microarray and exome sequencing in unexplained early infantile epileptic encephalopathies in a highly consanguineous population. Int J Neurosci 2021:1-18. [PMID: 34380004 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1967349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify genetic causes for early infantile epileptic encephalopathies (EIEE) in Turkish children with mostly consanguineous parents. METHODS In a selected EIEE group (N = 59) based on results of nongenetic and initial genetic testing with unexplained etiology, 49 patients underwent array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and 49 patients underwent whole exome sequencing (WES) including 39 with negative aCGH results and 10 with WES-only. RESULTS Diagnostic yield of aCGH and WES for pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants was 14.3% and 38.8%, respectively. Including de novo variants of uncertain significance linked to compatible phenotypes, increased the diagnostic yield of WES to 61.2%. Out of 38 positive variants, 18 (47.4%) were novel and 16 (42.1%) were de novo. Twenty-one (56.8%) patients had recessive variants inherited from mostly consanguineous healthy parents (85.7%). Fourteen (37.8%) of patients with diagnostic results had positive variants in established EIEE genes. Seizures started during neonatal period in 32.4% patients. Posture or movement disorders were comorbid with EIEE in 40.5% of diagnosed patients. We identified treatable metabolic disorders in 8.1% of patients and pathogenic variants in genes which support using targeted medicine in 19% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Detailed electro-clinical phenotyping led to expansion of some of the known phenotypes with non-neurological and neurological findings in addition to seizures, as well as suggestion of candidate genes (SEC24B, SLC16A2 and PRICKLE2) and a copy number variant (microduplication of Xp21.1p11.4). The high ratio of recessive inheritance could be important for family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilsad Turkdogan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayberk Turkyilmaz
- Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunes Sager
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulten Ozturk
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Olcay Unver
- Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Marmara University, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Say
- Bioinformatics, Private Practice, Kadıkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
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Santos-Pereira C, Rodrigues LR, Côrte-Real M. Emerging insights on the role of V-ATPase in human diseases: Therapeutic challenges and opportunities. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:1927-1964. [PMID: 33483985 DOI: 10.1002/med.21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The control of the intracellular pH is vital for the survival of all organisms. Membrane transporters, both at the plasma and intracellular membranes, are key players in maintaining a finely tuned pH balance between intra- and extracellular spaces, and therefore in cellular homeostasis. V-ATPase is a housekeeping ATP-driven proton pump highly conserved among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This proton pump, which exhibits a complex multisubunit structure based on cell type-specific isoforms, is essential for pH regulation and for a multitude of ubiquitous and specialized functions. Thus, it is not surprising that V-ATPase aberrant overexpression, mislocalization, and mutations in V-ATPase subunit-encoding genes have been associated with several human diseases. However, the ubiquitous expression of this transporter and the high toxicity driven by its off-target inhibition, renders V-ATPase-directed therapies very challenging and increases the need for selective strategies. Here we review emerging evidence linking V-ATPase and both inherited and acquired human diseases, explore the therapeutic challenges and opportunities envisaged from recent data, and advance future research avenues. We highlight the importance of V-ATPases with unique subunit isoform molecular signatures and disease-associated isoforms to design selective V-ATPase-directed therapies. We also discuss the rational design of drug development pipelines and cutting-edge methodological approaches toward V-ATPase-centered drug discovery. Diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, and even fungal infections can benefit from V-ATPase-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Santos-Pereira
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,Department of Biological Engineering, Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- Department of Biological Engineering, Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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7
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Hirose T, Cabrera-Socorro A, Chitayat D, Lemonnier T, Féraud O, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Gervasi N, Mombereau C, Ghosh T, Stoica L, Bacha JDA, Yamada H, Lauterbach MA, Guillon M, Kaneko K, Norris JW, Siriwardena K, Blasér S, Teillon J, Mendoza-Londono R, Russeau M, Hadoux J, Ito S, Corvol P, Matheus MG, Holden KR, Takei K, Emiliani V, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Schwartz CE, Nguyen G, Groszer M. ATP6AP2 variant impairs CNS development and neuronal survival to cause fulminant neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2145-2162. [PMID: 30985297 DOI: 10.1172/jci79990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar H+-ATPase-dependent (V-ATPase-dependent) functions are critical for neural proteostasis and are involved in neurodegeneration and brain tumorigenesis. We identified a patient with fulminant neurodegeneration of the developing brain carrying a de novo splice site variant in ATP6AP2 encoding an accessory protein of the V-ATPase. Functional studies of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPSC-derived) neurons from this patient revealed reduced spontaneous activity and severe deficiency in lysosomal acidification and protein degradation leading to neuronal cell death. These deficiencies could be rescued by expression of full-length ATP6AP2. Conditional deletion of Atp6ap2 in developing mouse brain impaired V-ATPase-dependent functions, causing impaired neural stem cell self-renewal, premature neuronal differentiation, and apoptosis resulting in degeneration of nearly the entire cortex. In vitro studies revealed that ATP6AP2 deficiency decreases V-ATPase membrane assembly and increases endosomal-lysosomal fusion. We conclude that ATP6AP2 is a key mediator of V-ATPase-dependent signaling and protein degradation in the developing human central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Hirose
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Socorro
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - David Chitayat
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics and.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lemonnier
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Féraud
- INSERM, UMR 935, ESTeam Paris Sud, SFR André Lwoff, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.,Infrastructure Nationale INGESTEM, Université Paris Sud, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Cifuentes-Diaz
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Gervasi
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Cedric Mombereau
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Loredana Stoica
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne d'Arc Al Bacha
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for the Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marcel A Lauterbach
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 8250, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Guillon
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 8250, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Kiriko Kaneko
- Department of Endocrinology and Applied Medical Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Joy W Norris
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Jérémie Teillon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1050, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | | | - Marion Russeau
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Julien Hadoux
- INSERM, UMR 935, ESTeam Paris Sud, SFR André Lwoff, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.,Infrastructure Nationale INGESTEM, Université Paris Sud, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Pierre Corvol
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1050, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | | | - Kenton R Holden
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kohji Takei
- Department of Neuroscience, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Valentina Emiliani
- Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 8250, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Annelise Bennaceur-Griscelli
- INSERM, UMR 935, ESTeam Paris Sud, SFR André Lwoff, Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France.,Infrastructure Nationale INGESTEM, Université Paris Sud, INSERM, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Paris Saclay, France.,AP-HP, Service d'Hématologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Genevieve Nguyen
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1050, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Groszer
- INSERM, UMR-S 1270, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
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Loss-of-function mutations in ATP6AP1 and ATP6AP2 in granular cell tumors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3533. [PMID: 30166553 PMCID: PMC6117336 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare tumors that can arise in multiple anatomical locations, and are characterized by abundant intracytoplasmic granules. The genetic drivers of GCTs are currently unknown. Here, we apply whole-exome sequencing and targeted sequencing analysis to reveal mutually exclusive, clonal, inactivating somatic mutations in the endosomal pH regulators ATP6AP1 or ATP6AP2 in 72% of GCTs. Silencing of these genes in vitro results in impaired vesicle acidification, redistribution of endosomal compartments, and accumulation of intracytoplasmic granules, recapitulating the cardinal phenotypic characteristics of GCTs and providing a novel genotypic–phenotypic correlation. In addition, depletion of ATP6AP1 or ATP6AP2 results in the acquisition of oncogenic properties. Our results demonstrate that inactivating mutations of ATP6AP1 and ATP6AP2 are likely oncogenic drivers of GCTs and underpin the genesis of the intracytoplasmic granules that characterize them, providing a genetic link between endosomal pH regulation and tumorigenesis. Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are rare tumors that arise in multiple anatomical locations. Here, the authors investigate the genomics of GCTs, finding inactivating somatic mutations in ATP6AP1 or ATP6AP2 in 72% of the 82 GCTs analyzed. In vitro manipulation of these genes recapitulated GCT phenotypes in cellular models.
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9
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Makdissy N, Haddad K, AlBacha JD, Chaker D, Ismail B, Azar A, Oreibi G, Ayoub D, Achkar I, Quilliot D, Fajloun Z. Essential role of ATP6AP2 enrichment in caveolae/lipid raft microdomains for the induction of neuronal differentiation of stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:132. [PMID: 29751779 PMCID: PMC5948768 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The subcellular distribution of prorenin receptor and adaptor protein ATP6AP2 may affect neurogenesis. In this study, we hypothesized that ATP6AP2 expression and subcellular relocalization from caveolae/lipid raft microdomains (CLR-Ms) to intracellular sites may correlate with neuronal differentiation (Neu-Dif) of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs). Methods Human ADSCs isolated from 24 healthy donors and 24 patients with neurological disorders (ND) were cultured and induced for Neu-Dif. The mechanism of action of ATP6AP2 and the impact of its localization within the plasma membrane (particularly CLR-Ms) and intracellular sites on several pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase, Wnt(s) signaling and others) and intracellular calcium and exosome release were evaluated. The impact of CLR-Ms on ATP6AP2 or vice versa was determined by pharmacological disruption of CLR-Ms or siATP6AP2 assays. Results In patients with ND, loss of ATP6AP2 from CLR-Ms correlated with an inhibition of Neu-Dif and signaling. However, its relocalization in CLR-Ms was positively correlated to induction of Neu-Dif in healthy subjects. An apparent switch from canonical to noncanonical Wnt signaling as well as from caveolin to flotillin occurs concurrently with the increases of ATP6AP2 expression during neurogenesis. Stimulation by renin activates ERK/JNK/CREB/c-Jun but failed to induce β-catenin. Wnt5a enhanced the renin-induced JNK responsiveness. Gα proteins crosslink ATP6AP2 to caveolin where a switch from Gαi to Gαq is necessary for Neu-Dif. In ATP6AP2-enriched CLR-Ms, the release of exosomes was induced dependently from the intracellular Ca2+ and Gαq. Pharmacological disruption of CLR-M formation/stability impairs both ATP6AP2 localization and Neu-Dif in addition to reducing exosome release, indicating an essential role of ATP6AP2 enrichment in CLR-Ms for the induction of Neu-Dif. The mechanism is dependent on CLR-M dynamics, particularly the membrane fluidity. Knockdown of ATP6AP2 inhibited Neu-Dif but increased astrocytic-Dif, depleted ATP6AP2/flotillin/Gαq but accumulated caveolin/Gαi in CLR-Ms, and blocked the activation of JNK/ERK/c-Jun/CREB/exosome release. siATP6AP2 cells treated with sphingomyelinase/methyl-β-cyclodextrin reversed the levels of caveolin/flotillin in CLR-Ms but did not induce Neu-Dif, indicating the crucial relocalization of ATP6AP2 in CLR-Ms for neurogenesis. Treatment of ND-derived cells with nSMase showed reversibility in ATP6AP2 abundance in CLR-Ms and enhanced Neu-Dif. Conclusions This study gives evidence of the determinant role of CLR-M ATP6AP2 localization for neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation involving mechanisms of switches from Gαi/caveolin/canonical to Gαq/flotillin/PCP, the ERK/JNK pathway and Ca2+-dependent release of exosomes and as a potential target of drug therapy for neurodegenerative disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0862-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehman Makdissy
- Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences III, Kobbe, Lebanon.
| | - Katia Haddad
- Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences III, Kobbe, Lebanon
| | - Jeanne D'arc AlBacha
- Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Azm Center for the Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Diana Chaker
- Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Azm Center for the Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Bassel Ismail
- Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Albert Azar
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Ghada Oreibi
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - David Ayoub
- Ayoub Clinic Lebanon and Department of Neuroloradiology, Limoges University Hospital, EA3842, Limoges, Lebanon
| | | | - Didier Quilliot
- Diabetologia-Endocrinology & Nutrition, CHRU Nancy, INSERM 954, University Henri Poincaré, Faculty of Medicine, Nancy, France
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Faculty of Sciences III, Kobbe, Lebanon.,Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Azm Center for the Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
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ATP6AP2 over-expression causes morphological alterations in the hippocampus and in hippocampus-related behaviour. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2287-2302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1633-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Abstract
X-linked cerebellar ataxias (XLCA) are an expanding group of genetically heterogeneous and clinically variable conditions characterized by cerebellar dysgenesis (hypoplasia, atrophy, or dysplasia) caused by gene mutations or genomic imbalances on the X chromosome. The neurologic features of XLCA include hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, ataxia, and other cerebellar signs. Normal cognitive development has also been reported. Cerebellar defects may be isolated or associated with other brain malformations or extraneurologic involvement. More than 20 genes on the X chromosome, mainly encoding for proteins involved in brain development and synaptic function that have been constantly or occasionally associated with a pathologic cerebellar phenotype, and several families with X-linked inheritance have been reported. Given the excess of males with ataxia, this group of conditions is probably underestimated and families of patients with neuroradiologic and clinical evidence of a cerebellar disorder should be counseled for high risk of X-linked inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Colacurcio DJ, Pensalfini A, Jiang Y, Nixon RA. Dysfunction of autophagy and endosomal-lysosomal pathways: Roles in pathogenesis of Down syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 114:40-51. [PMID: 28988799 PMCID: PMC5748263 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD), largely owing to a triplication of the APP gene, located on chromosome 21. In DS and AD, defects in endocytosis and lysosomal function appear at the earliest stages of disease development and progress to widespread failure of intraneuronal waste clearance, neuritic dystrophy and neuronal cell death. The same genetic factors that cause or increase AD risk are also direct causes of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction, underscoring the essential partnership between this dysfunction and APP metabolites in AD pathogenesis. The appearance of APP-dependent endosome anomalies in DS beginning in infancy and evolving into the full range of AD-related endosomal-lysosomal deficits provides a unique opportunity to characterize the earliest pathobiology of AD preceding the classical neuropathological hallmarks. Facilitating this characterization is the authentic recapitulation of this endosomal pathobiology in peripheral cells from people with DS and in trisomy mouse models. Here, we review current research on endocytic-lysosomal dysfunction in DS and AD, the emerging importance of APP/βCTF in initiating this dysfunction, and the potential roles of additional trisomy 21 genes in accelerating endosomal-lysosomal impairment in DS. Collectively, these studies underscore the growing value of investigating DS to probe the biological origins of AD as well as to understand and ameliorate the developmental disability of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Colacurcio
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anna Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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13
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Colacurcio DJ, Nixon RA. Disorders of lysosomal acidification-The emerging role of v-ATPase in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:75-88. [PMID: 27197071 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and endocytosis deliver unneeded cellular materials to lysosomes for degradation. Beyond processing cellular waste, lysosomes release metabolites and ions that serve signaling and nutrient sensing roles, linking the functions of the lysosome to various pathways for intracellular metabolism and nutrient homeostasis. Each of these lysosomal behaviors is influenced by the intraluminal pH of the lysosome, which is maintained in the low acidic range by a proton pump, the vacuolar ATPase (v-ATPase). New reports implicate altered v-ATPase activity and lysosomal pH dysregulation in cellular aging, longevity, and adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases, including forms of Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Genetic defects of subunits composing the v-ATPase or v-ATPase-related proteins occur in an increasingly recognized group of familial neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the expanding roles of the v-ATPase complex as a platform regulating lysosomal hydrolysis and cellular homeostasis. We discuss the unique vulnerability of neurons to persistent low level lysosomal dysfunction and review recent clinical and experimental studies that link dysfunction of the v-ATPase complex to neurodegenerative diseases across the age spectrum.
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Gupta HV, Vengoechea J, Sahaya K, Virmani T. A splice site mutation in ATP6AP2 causes X-linked intellectual disability, epilepsy, and parkinsonism. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:1473-5. [PMID: 26467484 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh V Gupta
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Slot # 500, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Jaime Vengoechea
- Division of Genetics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Kinshuk Sahaya
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Tuhin Virmani
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Dubos A, Castells-Nobau A, Meziane H, Oortveld MAW, Houbaert X, Iacono G, Martin C, Mittelhaeuser C, Lalanne V, Kramer JM, Bhukel A, Quentin C, Slabbert J, Verstreken P, Sigrist SJ, Messaddeq N, Birling MC, Selloum M, Stunnenberg HG, Humeau Y, Schenck A, Herault Y. Conditional depletion of intellectual disability and Parkinsonism candidate gene ATP6AP2 in fly and mouse induces cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6736-55. [PMID: 26376863 PMCID: PMC4634377 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP6AP2, an essential accessory component of the vacuolar H+ ATPase (V-ATPase), has been associated with intellectual disability (ID) and Parkinsonism. ATP6AP2 has been implicated in several signalling pathways; however, little is known regarding its role in the nervous system. To decipher its function in behaviour and cognition, we generated and characterized conditional knockdowns of ATP6AP2 in the nervous system of Drosophila and mouse models. In Drosophila, ATP6AP2 knockdown induced defective phototaxis and vacuolated photoreceptor neurons and pigment cells when depleted in eyes and altered short- and long-term memory when depleted in the mushroom body. In mouse, conditional Atp6ap2 deletion in glutamatergic neurons (Atp6ap2Camk2aCre/0 mice) caused increased spontaneous locomotor activity and altered fear memory. Both Drosophila ATP6AP2 knockdown and Atp6ap2Camk2aCre/0 mice presented with presynaptic transmission defects, and with an abnormal number and morphology of synapses. In addition, Atp6ap2Camk2aCre/0 mice showed autophagy defects that led to axonal and neuronal degeneration in the cortex and hippocampus. Surprisingly, axon myelination was affected in our mutant mice, and axonal transport alterations were observed in Drosophila. In accordance with the identified phenotypes across species, genome-wide transcriptome profiling of Atp6ap2Camk2aCre/0 mouse hippocampi revealed dysregulation of genes involved in myelination, action potential, membrane-bound vesicles and motor behaviour. In summary, ATP6AP2 disruption in mouse and fly leads to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, mimicking aspects of the neuropathology associated with ATP6AP2 mutations in humans. Our results identify ATP6AP2 as an essential gene for the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dubos
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anna Castells-Nobau
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hamid Meziane
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Merel A W Oortveld
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xander Houbaert
- Team Synapse in Cognition, Institut Interdisciplinaire de NeuroScience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Iacono
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christelle Martin
- Team Synapse in Cognition, Institut Interdisciplinaire de NeuroScience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Mittelhaeuser
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Lalanne
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Jamie M Kramer
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Bhukel
- Genetics, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Quentin
- Genetics, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Slabbert
- VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium, KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB, Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium, KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan J Sigrist
- Genetics, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadia Messaddeq
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Henk G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Humeau
- Team Synapse in Cognition, Institut Interdisciplinaire de NeuroScience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5297, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| | - Yann Herault
- Institut Clinique de la Souris, PHENOMIN, GIE CERBM, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Deng H, Zheng W, Song Z. Genetics, Molecular Biology, and Phenotypes of X-Linked Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:1166-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Korvatska O, Strand NS, Berndt JD, Strovas T, Chen DH, Leverenz JB, Kiianitsa K, Mata IF, Karakoc E, Greenup JL, Bonkowski E, Chuang J, Moon RT, Eichler EE, Nickerson DA, Zabetian CP, Kraemer BC, Bird TD, Raskind WH. Altered splicing of ATP6AP2 causes X-linked parkinsonism with spasticity (XPDS). Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3259-68. [PMID: 23595882 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a novel gene for a parkinsonian disorder. X-linked parkinsonism with spasticity (XPDS) presents either as typical adult onset Parkinson's disease or earlier onset spasticity followed by parkinsonism. We previously mapped the XPDS gene to a 28 Mb region on Xp11.2-X13.3. Exome sequencing of one affected individual identified five rare variants in this region, of which none was missense, nonsense or frame shift. Using patient-derived cells, we tested the effect of these variants on expression/splicing of the relevant genes. A synonymous variant in ATP6AP2, c.345C>T (p.S115S), markedly increased exon 4 skipping, resulting in the overexpression of a minor splice isoform that produces a protein with internal deletion of 32 amino acids in up to 50% of the total pool, with concomitant reduction of isoforms containing exon 4. ATP6AP2 is an essential accessory component of the vacuolar ATPase required for lysosomal degradative functions and autophagy, a pathway frequently affected in Parkinson's disease. Reduction of the full-size ATP6AP2 transcript in XPDS cells and decreased level of ATP6AP2 protein in XPDS brain may compromise V-ATPase function, as seen with siRNA knockdown in HEK293 cells, and may ultimately be responsible for the pathology. Another synonymous mutation in the same exon, c.321C>T (p.D107D), has a similar molecular defect of exon inclusion and causes X-linked mental retardation Hedera type (MRXSH). Mutations in XPDS and MRXSH alter binding sites for different splicing factors, which may explain the marked differences in age of onset and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Korvatska
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Hessel EVS, van Lith HA, Wolterink-Donselaar IG, de Wit M, Hendrickx DAE, Kas MJH, de Graan PNE. Mapping an X-linked locus that influences heat-induced febrile seizures in mice. Epilepsia 2012; 53:1399-410. [PMID: 22780306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common seizure type in children between the age of 6 months and 5 years. Although FS are largely benign, recurrent FS are a major risk factor for developing temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) later in life. The mechanisms underlying FS are largely unknown; however, family and twin studies indicate that FS susceptibility is under complex genetic control. We have recently developed a phenotypic screen to study the genetics of FS susceptibility in mice. Using this screen in a phenotype-driven genetic strategy we analyzed the C57BL/6J-Chr #(A)/NaJ chromosome substitution strain (CSS) panel. In each CSS line one chromosome of the A/J strain is substituted in a genetically homogeneous C57BL/6J background. The analysis of the CSS panel revealed that A/J chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, and X carry at least one quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heat-induced FS susceptibility. The fact that many X-linked genes are highly expressed in the brain and have been implicated in human developmental disorders often presenting with seizures (like fragile X mental retardation) prompted us to map the chromosome X QTL. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were mated with C57BL/6J-Chr X(A) /NaJ (CSSX) to generate F(2)-generations-CXBL6 and BL6CX-originating from CSSX or C57BL/6J mothers, respectively. Heat-induced FS were elicited on postnatal day 14 by exposure to a controlled warm airstream of 50°C. The latency to heat-induced FS is our phenotype. This phenotype has previously been validated by video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. After phenotyping and genotyping the F(2)-population, QTL analysis was performed using R/QTL software. KEY FINDINGS QTL analysis revealed a significant peak with an LOD-score of 3.25. The 1-LOD confidence interval (149,886,866-158,836,462 bp) comprises 52 protein coding genes, of which 34 are known to be brain expressed. Two of these brain-expressed genes have previously been linked to X-linked epilepsies, namely Cdkl5 and Pdha1. SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that the mouse genetics of X-linked FS susceptibility is complex, and that our heat-induced FS-driven genetic approach is a powerful tool for use in unraveling the complexities of this trait in mice. Fine-mapping and functional studies will be required to further identify the X-linked FS susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen V S Hessel
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Stevenson RE, Holden KR, Rogers RC, Schwartz CE. Seizures and X-linked intellectual disability. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 55:307-12. [PMID: 22377486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability occurs as an isolated X-linked trait and as a component of recognizable X-linked syndromes in the company of somatic, metabolic, neuromuscular, or behavioral abnormalities. Seizures accompany intellectual disability in almost half of these X-linked disorders. The spectrum of seizures found in the X-linked intellectual disability syndromes is broad, varying in time of onset, type of seizure, and response to anticonvulsant therapy. The majority of the genes associated with XLID and seizures have now been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger E Stevenson
- Greenwood Genetic Center, 106 Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
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Ramser J, Abidi FE, Burckle CA, Lenski C, Toriello H, Wen G, Lubs HA, Engert S, Stevenson RE, Meindl A, Schwartz CE, Nguyen G. A unique exonic splice enhancer mutation in a family with X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy points to a novel role of the renin receptor. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:1019-27. [PMID: 15746149 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is essential for blood pressure control and water-electrolyte balance. Until the discovery of the renin receptor, renin was believed to be mainly a circulating enzyme with a unique function, the cleavage of angiotensinogen. We report a unique mutation in the renin receptor gene (ATP6AP2) present in patients with X-linked mental retardation and epilepsy (OMIM no. 300423), but absent in 1200 control X-chromosomes. A silent mutation (c.321C>T, p.D107D) residing in a putative exonic splicing enhancer site resulted in inefficient inclusion of exon 4 in 50% of renin receptor mRNA, as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR. Analysis of membrane associated-receptor molecular forms showed the presence of full-length and truncated proteins in the patient. Functional analysis demonstrated that the mutated receptor could bind renin and increase renin catalytic activity, similar to the wild-type receptor, but resulted in a modest and reproducible impairment of ERK1/2 activation. Thus, our findings confirm the importance of the RAS in cognitive processes and indicate a novel specific role for the renin receptor in cognitive functions and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Ramser
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 80336, Germany
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Christophe-Hobertus C, Kooy F, Gecz J, Abramowicz MJ, Holinski-Feder E, Schwartz C, Christophe D. TM4SF10 gene sequencing in XLMR patients identifies common polymorphisms but no disease-associated mutation. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2004; 5:22. [PMID: 15345028 PMCID: PMC517934 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-5-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The TM4SF10 gene encodes a putative four-transmembrane domains protein of unknown function termed Brain Cell Membrane Protein 1 (BCMP1), and is abundantly expressed in the brain. This gene is located on the short arm of human chromosome X at p21.1. The hypothesis that mutations in the TM4SF10 gene are associated with impaired brain function was investigated by sequencing the gene in individuals with hereditary X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). Methods The coding region (543 bp) of TM4SF10, including intronic junctions, and the long 3' untranslated region (3 233 bp), that has been conserved during evolution, were sequenced in 16 male XLMR patients from 14 unrelated families with definite, or suggestive, linkage to the TM4SF10 gene locus, and in 5 normal males. Results Five sequence changes were identified but none was found to be associated with the disease. Two of these changes correspond to previously known SNPs, while three other were novel SNPs in the TM4SF10 gene. Conclusion We have investigated the majority of the known MRX families linked to the TM4SF10 gene region. In the absence of mutations detected, our study indicates that alterations of TM4SF10 are not a frequent cause of XLMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Christophe-Hobertus
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, IBMM, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marc J Abramowicz
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Erasme, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Charles Schwartz
- Center for Molecular Studies, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood, S.C. 29646, USA
| | - Daniel Christophe
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, IBMM, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Grosso S, Farnetani MA, Di Bartolo RM, Berardi R, Pucci L, Mostardini R, Anichini C, Bartalini G, Galimberti D, Morgese G, Balestri P. Electroencephalographic and Epileptic Patterns in X Chromosome Anomalies. J Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 21:249-53. [PMID: 15509914 DOI: 10.1097/00004691-200407000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epilepsy and mental retardation are commonly observed in individuals with chromosomal aberrations, the identification of EEG/epileptic profiles in those with specific chromosome anomalies remains difficult. A few syndromes seem to show peculiar clinical and EEG associations. The authors report an electroclinical investigation on a group of patients carrying X chromosome anomalies: 16 patients with Turner's syndrome, 17 with Klinefelter's syndrome, 1 with an X-autosomal rearrangement, 2 with Xq isochromosome [Xq(i)], and 7 with triple X syndrome. Epilepsy and/or EEG anomalies were found in three of the patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, in one patient with an X-autosomal rearrangement, and in five of those with triple X syndrome. No epilepsy or EEG anomalies were detected in the other patients. Epilepsy may be associated with Klinefelter's syndrome. In addition, the authors found that an electroclinical pattern, represented by paroxysmal activity in the posterior regions (temporo-parieto-occipital areas) with complex partial seizures and easily controlled by antiepileptic drugs, may be present in patients with triple X syndrome. In contrast, gross X-autosomal rearrangements are associated with polymorphic EEG/epileptic findings. Although further studies are needed to validate these observations, they clearly confirm the strict relationship between X chromosome anomalies and epilepsy.
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Abstract
Mental retardation (MR) and epilepsy are both heterogeneous syndromes based on dysfunction in the brain and they are often closely associated. Hence, there should be some overlap in the underlying pathomechanisms, particularly when both syndromes result from genetic abnormalities, either polygenic or monogenic. Some 50 monogenic causes of MR have been found in genes localized on the X-chromosome and are responsible for X-linked MR. In contrast, monogenic causes of about 30 epilepsy syndromes are transmitted as an autosomal trait. Early this year, an X-chromosome-linked, Aristaless-related, homeobox gene, ARX, was found to be associated with both X-linked MR and epilepsy. The epilepsy phenotypes included West syndrome and other epilepsy phenotypes, indicating the genetic basis of the X-linked West syndrome. Another report implied that the ARX molecule plays a crucial role in cognitive function. These findings provide solid evidence for the relationship between MR and epilepsy at a molecular level, opening a new avenue for understanding the pathogeneses of MR associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Hirose
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 45-1, 7-chome Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Millichap JG. X-Linked Mental Retardation and Epilepsy Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol Briefs 2002. [DOI: 10.15844/pedneurbriefs-16-1-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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