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Abd-Elsayed A, Stark CW, Topoluk N, Isaamullah M, Uzodinma P, Viswanath O, Gyorfi MJ, Fattouh O, Schlidt KC, Dyara O. A brief review of complex regional pain syndrome and current management. Ann Med 2024; 56:2334398. [PMID: 38569195 PMCID: PMC10993759 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2334398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating chronic pain condition that, although exceedingly rare, carries a significant burden for the affected patient population. The complex and ambiguous pathophysiology of this condition further complicates clinical management and therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, being a diagnosis of exclusion requires a diligent workup to ensure an accurate diagnosis and subsequent targeted management. The development of the Budapest diagnostic criteria helped to consolidate existing definitions of CRPS but extensive work remains in identifying the underlying pathways. Currently, two distinct types are identified by the presence (CRPS type 1) or absence (CRPS type 2) of neuronal injury. Current management directed at this disease is broad and growing, ranging from non-invasive modalities such as physical and psychological therapy to more invasive techniques such as dorsal root ganglion stimulation and potentially amputation. Ideal therapeutic interventions are multimodal in nature to address the likely multifactorial pathological development of CRPS. Regardless, a significant need remains for continued studies to elucidate the pathways involved in developing CRPS as well as more robust clinical trials for various treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of WI School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cain W. Stark
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - Natasha Topoluk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - Mir Isaamullah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - Paul Uzodinma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Anesthesiology, LSU Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michael J. Gyorfi
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of WI School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Osama Fattouh
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin C. Schlidt
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Omar Dyara
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Wauwatosa, WI, USA
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Deuel D, Sandgren A, Nelson EO, Cropes M, Deacon A, Houdek T, Abd-Elsayed A. Conservative Management of Occipital Neuralgia Supported by Physical Therapy: A Review of Available Research and Mechanistic Rationale to Guide Treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024:10.1007/s11916-024-01288-6. [PMID: 38958920 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-024-01288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conservative management is consistently recommended as a first line intervention for occipital neuralgia (ON); however, there is limited clinical research regarding conservative intervention for ON. This lack of research may lead to underutilization or unwarranted variability in conservative treatment. This article provides mechanism-based guidance for conservative management of ON as a component of a multimodal treatment approach, and discusses the role of the physical therapist in the care team. It also highlights opportunities for further research to refine conservative management of this condition. RECENT FINDINGS Published research on conservative interventions specific to ON is limited to very low-quality evidence for the use of TENS. The contemporary shift toward precision pain management emphasizing treatment based on a patient's constellation of clinical features-a phenotype-rather than solely a diagnosis provides more personalized and specifically targeted pain treatment. This paradigm can guide treatment in cases where diagnosis-specific research is lacking and can be used to inform conservative treatment in this case. Various conservative interventions have demonstrated efficacy in treating many of the symptoms and accepted etiologies of ON. Conservative interventions provided by a physical therapist including exercise, manual therapy, posture and biomechanical training, TENS, patient education, and desensitization have mechanistic justification to treat symptoms and causes of ON. Physical therapists have adequate time and skill to provide such progressive and iterative interventions and should be included in a multimodal treatment plan for ON. Further research is required to determine appropriate dosing, sequencing, and progression of conservative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Deuel
- University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew Sandgren
- University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Evan O Nelson
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Cropes
- University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Tiffany Houdek
- University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alaa Abd-Elsayed
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53792-3272, USA.
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Devarajan J, Mena S, Cheng J. Mechanisms of complex regional pain syndrome. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1385889. [PMID: 38828388 PMCID: PMC11140106 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1385889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain disorder characterized by a diverse array of symptoms, including pain that is disproportionate to the initial triggering event, accompanied by autonomic, sensory, motor, and sudomotor disturbances. The primary pathology of both types of CRPS (Type I, also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, RSD; Type II, also known as causalgia) is featured by allodynia, edema, changes in skin color and temperature, and dystrophy, predominantly affecting extremities. Recent studies started to unravel the complex pathogenic mechanisms of CRPS, particularly from an autoimmune and neuroimmune interaction perspective. CRPS is now recognized as a systemic disease that stems from a complex interplay of inflammatory, immunologic, neurogenic, genetic, and psychologic factors. The relative contributions of these factors may vary among patients and even within a single patient over time. Key mechanisms underlying clinical manifestations include peripheral and central sensitization, sympathetic dysregulation, and alterations in somatosensory processing. Enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of CRPS is crucial for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. While our mechanistic understanding of CRPS remains incomplete, this article updates recent research advancements and sheds light on the etiology, pathogenesis, and molecular underpinnings of CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Devarajan
- Department of Pain Management, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shayla Mena
- Department of Pain Management, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jianguo Cheng
- Department of Pain Management and Neurosciences, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Zhi Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Kong Y. Age-associated changes in multimodal pain perception. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afae107. [PMID: 38776215 PMCID: PMC11110914 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afae107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain sensitivity varies across multimodal somatosensory stimuli that can rely on different conductive fibres, which, when damaged, will lead to neuropathies. However, there is limited research examining the characteristics of perceived pain, particularly as affected by the ageing process, as induced by various somatosensory stimuli that may rely on small or large fibres. METHODS Using heat and pressure stimuli on small and large fibres separately on both younger and older adults, this study examined age-associated changes in pain perception by measuring self-reported pain sensitivity, pain threshold and pain discriminability. RESULTS Heat pain threshold was significantly positively correlated with age, but not pressure pain threshold. Pain threshold increased and pain discriminability decreased in response to heat stimuli in the older participants compared with the younger ones. CONCLUSION An age-associated decline in heat pain perception was observed, suggesting an earlier degradation of heat perception. These findings provide new insight into understanding and assessing somatosensory disorders, which can help ageing populations better maintain healthy sensory functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yazhuo Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Mangnus TJP, Dirckx M, Huygen FJPM. Different Types of Pain in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Require a Personalized Treatment Strategy. J Pain Res 2023; 16:4379-4391. [PMID: 38162406 PMCID: PMC10757771 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s432209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating painful state of an extremity that can develop after trauma. CRPS is diagnosed by the new International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) diagnostic criteria for CRPS. The syndrome is characterized by continuing regional pain with abnormal sensory, motor, sudomotor, vasomotor, edema, and/or trophic signs. The clinical presentation of CRPS can be very heterogeneous because CRPS is a multi-mechanism syndrome. Therefore, mechanism-based subgroups have been suggested to personalize treatment for CRPS. Additionally, the presentation of symptom pain may also be able to identify different subgroups of CRPS. In this review, the types of pain recognized by the IASP-nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain-will be discussed as possible subgroups for CRPS. Each pain type should be identified in CRPS patients, with a thorough history taking, physical examination, and diagnostic tests or (novel) biomarkers to optimize treatment effectiveness. Over the course of the syndrome, patients with CRPS probably experience more than one distinct pain type. Therefore, pain specialists should be alert to not only adjust their treatment if underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms tend to change but also to personalize the treatment of the associated type of pain in the CRPS patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J P Mangnus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Dirckx
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J P M Huygen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Pain Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Regnath F, Biersack K, Jäger N, Glasauer S, Lehnen N. Not a general, symptom-unspecific, transdiagnostic marker for functional symptoms: sensorimotor processing of head control is intact in chronic pain. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1294702. [PMID: 38174100 PMCID: PMC10762802 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1294702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Functional disorders are prevalent in all medical fields and pose a tremendous public health problem, with pain being one of the most common functional symptoms. Understanding the underlying, potentially unifying mechanism in functional (pain) disorders is instrumental in facilitating timely diagnosis, stigma reduction, and adequate treatment options. Neuroscientific models of perception suggest that functional symptoms arise due to dysregulated sensorimotor processing in the central nervous system, with brain-based predictions dominating the eventual percept. Experimental evidence for this transdiagnostic mechanism has been established in various functional symptoms. The goal of the current study was to investigate whether erroneous sensorimotor processing is an underlying transdiagnostic mechanism in chronic (functional) pain. Method A total of 13 patients with chronic (functional) pain [three patients with chronic (functional) pain disorder, F45.40, ICD-10; 10 patients with chronic pain disorder with somatic and psychological factors, F45.41, ICD-10]; and 15 healthy controls performed large combined eye-head gaze shifts toward visual targets, naturally and with increased head moment of inertia. We simultaneously measured participants' eye and head movements to assess head oscillations at the end of the gaze shift, which are an established indicator of (transdiagnostic) sensorimotor processing deficits of head control. Results Using a Bayesian analysis protocol, we found that patients with chronic (functional) pain and control participants stabilized their heads equally well (Bayes Factor 01 = 3.7, Bayes Factor exclusion = 5.23; corresponding to substantial evidence) during all sessions of the experiment. Conclusion Our results suggest that patients with chronic (functional) pain do not show measurable symptom-unspecific sensorimotor processing deficits. We discuss outcome parameter choice, organ system specificity, and selection of patient diagnoses as possible reasons for this result and recommend future avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Regnath
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM Graduate School, Graduate Center of Medicine and Health (GC MH), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Biersack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM Graduate School, Graduate Center of Medicine and Health (GC MH), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina Jäger
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM Graduate School, Graduate Center of Medicine and Health (GC MH), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Glasauer
- Computational Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Nadine Lehnen
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
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Yamashiro K, Shiiya K, Ikarashi K, Anazawa S, Makibuchi T, Baba Y, Fujimoto T, Ochi G, Omori G, Sato D. Reduced somatosensory evoked potentials and paired-pulse inhibition in the primary somatosensory cortex of athletes with chronic pain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2537-2543. [PMID: 37330433 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic pain impedes athletic training and performance. However, it is challenging to identify the precise causes of chronic pain for effective treatment. To examine possible neuroplastic changes in sensory transmission and cortical processing, we compared somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and paired-pulse inhibition (PPI) in primary sensory cortex (S1) between athletes with chronic pain and control athletes. METHODS Sixty-six intercollegiate athletes (39 males and 27 females) were recruited for this study, 45 control athletes and 21 reporting persistent pain for > 3 months. Sensory-evoked potentials were induced in S1 by constant-current square-wave pulses (0.2-ms duration) delivered to the right median nerve, while PPI was induced by paired stimulation at interstimulus intervals of 30 and 100 ms (PPI-30 and PPI-100 ms, respectively). All participants were randomly presented with total 1,500 (each 500 stimuli) single stimuli and stimulus pairs at 2 Hz. RESULTS Both N20 amplitude and PPI-30 ms were significantly lower in athletes with chronic pain compared to control athletes, while P25 amplitude and PPI-100 ms did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSION Chronic pain in athletes is associated with substantially altered excitatory-inhibitory balance within the primary somatosensory cortex, possibly due to reduced thalamocortical excitatory transmission and suppressed cortical inhibitory transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Yamashiro
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan.
| | - Kanako Shiiya
- Field of Health and Sports, Graduate School of Niigata, University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Koyuki Ikarashi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Sayaka Anazawa
- Field of Health and Sports, Graduate School of Niigata, University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Taiki Makibuchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Field of Health and Sports, Graduate School of Niigata, University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Baba
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Genta Ochi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Go Omori
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-Ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
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Sarak Kucukosmanoglu H, Coskun G, Yosmaoglu HB. The Effect of Yoga Practice on Cervical Tactile Acuity and Body Awareness. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:2031-2046. [PMID: 37395628 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231187435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Body-mind-based holistic methods of relaxation and improved well-being, such as yoga and meditation, improve body awareness and have often been used to enhance quality of life and the ability to cope with pain. We aimed to compare tactile sensory acuity and body awareness in healthy sedentary individuals who practiced yoga regularly and in control participants who had not practiced yoga. Participants were 60 individuals, aged between 18 and 35 years who were divided into two groups according to whether they had previously practiced yoga. We used the two-point discrimination (TPD) test to determine participants' tactile acuity, as measured with a digital calliper at the C7, C5, C3, C1 and T1 spinal segments and with the Body Awareness Questionnaire (BAQ). The TPD measurements of individuals who practiced yoga and meditation had a lower discriminatory threshold compared to those who had not practiced yoga (p < .001), and the self-reported BAQ score of yoga practitioners was higher than that of the controls (p < .001). We found a positive correlation between the length of the prior duration of yoga experience and self-reported body awareness (r = .567, p < .001). There was a significant negative correlation (r = -.379, p = .015) between the C5 segment and the TPD measurements, but not for the other cervical spinal segments (p > .05). There was a negative correlation between the length of prior yoga practice and the TPD measurements in all cervical segments (p < .001). The most negative correlation was found at the C7 segment (r = -.844, p < .001) and the least negative correlation was found at the C3 segment (r = -.669, p < .001). These data suggest that yoga and meditation practices may improve well-being and diminish pain by increasing body awareness and tactile sensory acuity in the cervical region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gursoy Coskun
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara Turkey
| | - Hayri Baran Yosmaoglu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Baskent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Harnik MA, Kesselring P, Ott A, Urman RD, Luedi MM. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) and the Value of Early Detection. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2023; 27:417-427. [PMID: 37410335 PMCID: PMC10462545 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this narrative review is to describe the current understanding of the pathology of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), as well as diagnostic standards and therapeutic options. We will then make the case for early recognition and management. RECENT FINDINGS CRPS remains an enigmatic pain syndrome, comprising several subtypes. Recent recommendations clarify diagnostic ambiguities and emphasize the importance of standardized assessment and therapy. Awareness of CRPS should be raised to promote prevention, early detection, and rapid escalation of therapy in refractory cases. Comorbidities and health costs (i.e., the socioeconomic impact) must also be addressed early to prevent negative consequences for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Alexander Harnik
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Kesselring
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Ott
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Richard D. Urman
- Department of Anaesthesiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Markus M. Luedi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Paredes Sanchez J, Titmus M, Lawson-Smith H, Di Pietro F. Tactile acuity improves during acute experimental pain of the limb. Pain Rep 2023; 8:e1091. [PMID: 38225958 PMCID: PMC10789456 DOI: 10.1097/pr9.0000000000001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic pain is associated with poor tactile acuity, commonly measured with the 2-point discrimination (TPD) test. Although poor tactile acuity across chronic pain conditions is well established, less is known in acute pain. Objective Recent conflicting findings in experimentally induced neck and back pain led us to conduct a TPD investigation in experimentally induced limb pain. We hypothesised altered TPD during experimental upper limb pain, but we did not speculate on the direction of the change. Methods Thirty healthy subjects immersed their dominant hand in a circulating cold-water bath at 7°C (cold pressor test [CPT]). Two-point discrimination was measured at baseline (pre-CPT), during pain (during-CPT), and after withdrawal from the water (post-CPT) in 3 different sites: (1) the dominant forearm, (2) dominant arm and (3) contralateral forearm. Results Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of time (F(2,56) = 4.45, P = 0.02, η p 2 = 0.14) on TPD; in all 3 sites, TPD values decreased (ie, tactile acuity improved) during pain. Interestingly, the contralateral forearm followed a similar pattern to the dominant (ie, painful) forearm, and furthermore was the only site that exhibited any correlation with pain, albeit in an intriguing direction (r = 0.57, P = 0.001), ie, the greater the pain the worse the tactile acuity. Conclusion The improvements in tactile acuity during experimentally induced limb pain may reflect a protective response. The changes in the corresponding site in the contralateral limb may reflect a protective spinal cross talk. Such a response, together with the interesting relationship between tactile acuity and pain, warrant further inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Titmus
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Flavia Di Pietro
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
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Tactile acuity and left/right judgment performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis: A cross-sectional study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 64:102747. [PMID: 36931007 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left/right judgment task (LRJT) performance and tactile acuity are impaired in chronic pain conditions, however, evidence is limited for knee osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE To compare LRJT performance and the two-point discrimination threshold (TPDT) of chronic knee OA patients with asymptomatic knee and pain-free controls. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Fifty knee OA patients and 50 age and gender-matched pain-free controls were assessed using the Recognize® application by displaying knee images and a digital caliper for the TPDT of the medial and lateral knee joint line. RESULTS TPDTs over the lateral joint line in symptomatic (mean difference [MD]: 13.59 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.72, 18.46; d = 1.40) and asymptomatic knee (MD: 10.15 mm; 95% CI: 5.08, 15.22; d = 0.99) were significantly increased compared to pain-free controls. Similarly, TPDTs of the medial joint line were significantly increased in symptomatic (MD: 12.19 mm; 95% CI: 7.59, 16.79; d = 1.31) and asymptomatic knee (MD: 7.64 mm; 95% CI: 3.64, 11.64; d = 1.31) compared to pain-free controls. Patients with knee OA were less accurate (MD: 7.80%; 95% CI: 15.32, -0.27; d = 0.52) recognizing images of their symptomatic knee. No correlation was found between pain severity, pain duration, LRJT performance, and TPDTs. Post-hoc analysis revealed no differences in LRJT and TPDTs between patients with and without clinically relevant symptoms of central sensitization. CONCLUSION Chronic knee OA is associated with increased TPDT for medial and lateral knee joint lines and decreased recognition accuracy performance which should be considered during treatment process.
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Ofek H, Alperin M, Laufer Y. Sensory retraining for Central Post-Stroke Pain: A subgroup analysis within a randomized controlled trial. NeuroRehabilitation 2023; 52:165-174. [PMID: 36641688 DOI: 10.3233/nre-220217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explicit Sensory Retraining (SR) has been suggested for pain management in several neuropathic pain syndromes. OBJECTIVES To study the effectiveness of SR on Central Post Stroke Pain (CPSP) symptoms. METHODS A preplanned subgroup of 23 subjects post-stroke reporting central pain were randomized within a larger study, to receive either explicit sensory discrimination retraining (SR) (in subgroup n = 11) or implicit repeated exposure to stimuli (RE) (in subgroup n = 12), applied to the lower limb. Pain intensity measured by VAS, measures of sensory ability; balance and gait activities; and participation were assessed by a blinded assessor at four points in time. RESULTS A group*time interaction effect was demonstrated (p = 0.04) for VAS, as for the SR treatment group VAS decreased from 56/100 to 23/100. Nine out of eleven subjects in the SR group demonstrated positive response to treatment. Pain alleviation was maintained at follow-up. A similar interaction effect was found for tactile threshold (p = 0.03). Significant improvement was noted for all other variables with no group differences. CONCLUSION This study provides preliminary evidence to the clinically relevant positive effect of explicit sensory retraining for subjects with CPSP. The positive effect on tactile threshold detection could potentially indicate pain alleviation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Ofek
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Physical Therapy Department, Zefat Academic College, Zefat, Israel
| | | | - Yocheved Laufer
- Physical Therapy Department, Faculty of Welfare and Health Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Atypical influence of biomechanical knowledge in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome-towards a different perspective on body representation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:520. [PMID: 36627332 PMCID: PMC9832000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Part of the multifaceted pathophysiology of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is ascribed to lateralized maladaptive neuroplasticity in sensorimotor cortices, corroborated by behavioral studies indicating that patients present difficulties in mentally representing their painful limb. Such difficulties are widely measured with hand laterality judgment tasks (HLT), which are also used in the rehabilitation of CRPS to activate motor imagery and restore the cortical representation of the painful limb. The potential of these tasks to elicit motor imagery is critical to their use in therapy, yet, the influence of the body's biomechanical constraints (BMC) on HLT reaction time, supposed to index motor imagery activation, is rarely verified. Here we investigated the influence of BMC on the perception of hand postures and movements in upper-limb CRPS. Patients were slower than controls in judging hand laterality, whether or not stimuli corresponded to their painful hand. Reaction time patterns reflecting BMC were mostly absent in CRPS and controls. A second experiment therefore directly investigated the influence of implicit knowledge of BMC on hand movement judgments. Participants judged the perceived path of movement between two depicted hand positions, with only one of two proposed paths that was biomechanically plausible. While the controls mostly chose the biomechanically plausible path, patients did not. These findings show non-lateralized body representation impairments in CRPS, possibly related to difficulties in using correct knowledge of the body's biomechanics. Importantly, they demonstrate the challenge of reliably measuring motor imagery with the HLT, which has important implications for the rehabilitation with these tasks.
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14
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Li TS, Wang R, Su X, Wang XQ. Effect and mechanisms of exercise for complex regional pain syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1167166. [PMID: 37206984 PMCID: PMC10188984 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1167166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome characterized by severe pain and dysfunction seriously affects patients' quality of life. Exercise therapy is gaining attention because it can effectively relieve pain and improve physical function. Based on the previous studies, this article summarized the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of exercise interventions for complex regional pain syndrome, and described the gradual multistage exercise program. Exercises suitable for patients with complex regional pain syndrome mainly include graded motor imagery, mirror therapy, progressive stress loading training, and progressive aerobic training. In general, exercise training for patients with complex regional pain syndrome not only alleviates pain but also improves physical function and positive mental status. The underlying mechanisms of exercise interventions for complex regional pain syndrome include the remodeling of abnormal central and peripheral nervous system, the regulation of vasodilation and adrenaline levels, the release of endogenous opioids, and the increased anti-inflammatory cytokines. This article provided a clear explanation and summary of the research on exercise for complex regional pain syndrome. In the future, more high-quality studies with sufficient sample sizes may provide more exercise regimens and better evidence of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Shu Li
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Su
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Xuan Su,
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Shangti Orthopaedic Hospital, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xue-Qiang Wang,
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15
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Walton DM, Nazari G, Bobos P, MacDermid JC. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the new region-generic version of Fremantle Body Awareness-General Questionnaire. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282957. [PMID: 36947566 PMCID: PMC10032497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the field of pain evaluation grows, newer and more targeted tools are being published for patient-centric evaluation of specific aspects of the pain experience. The Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire (FreBAQ) is intended to capture alterations in bodily awareness or perception. To date only region-specific (back, neck, shoulder, knee) versions have been published. OBJECTIVES The purpose of our study was to report on the properties of a new region-generic version of the FreBAQ, the FreBAQ-general. Structural validity, internal consistency, and convergent validity against external criteria were evaluated in a sample of Canadian military veterans with chronic pain, with results compared against those published for the region-specific FreBAQ versions. METHODS Eligible participants were those that had prior military service, were at least 18 years of age and self-identified as having chronic pain. We used a split-sample approach to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on independent random samples. Factor structure, internal consistency, and associations with external criteria were used to compare against prior versions. RESULTS 328 respondents (74% of consented) completed at least 7 of the 9 FreBAQ-general questions. EFA and CFA on two independent samples offered support for both 6- and 7-item versions. Comparisons against the external criteria (pain severity, interference, catastrophizing) indicated no statistical superiority of one over the other, so in the interest of parsimony the 6-item FreBAQ-general was endorsed. CONCLUSIONS The Fremantle Body Awareness Questionnaire (FreBAQ-general) showed psychometric properties very much in alignment with those previously reported for the region-specific versions, and sound factorial validity accomplished with fewer items (6 vs. 9). We believe this version can be implemented in practice for those seeking a shorter scale without the need to have multiple region-specific versions on hand, though suggest that those seeking direct comparability with previously published work will still wish to use the original versions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Walton
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London ON, Canada
| | | | - Pavlos Bobos
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Joy C MacDermid
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Physical Therapy, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Roth McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
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16
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Shulman J, Cybulski A, Randall E, Greco KF, Bryant G, Jervis K, Weller E, Sethna NF. Clinical Assessment of Mechanical Allodynia in Youth With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Pediatric Tactile Sensitivity Test of Allodynia (Pedi-Sense). THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 24:706-715. [PMID: 36592646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Youth with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) commonly experience mechanical allodynia and disability. Assessment of mechanical allodynia is typically binary (present or absent), making it difficult to assess the quality and degree of mechanical allodynia before and after treatment. This study developed and validated the Pediatric Tactile Sensitivity Test of Allodynia (Pedi-Sense) to provide an easy way for rehabilitation clinicians to evaluate mechanical allodynia before and after intensive interdisciplinary pain treatment. The 6 Pedi-Sense items demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability (CR) at admission (CR = .956) and discharge (CR = .973), reasonably fit the hypothesized linear model of stimulus intensity (P < .0001), and significantly loaded onto a single latent factor, mechanical allodynia (P < .0001), at admission and discharge. Pedi-Sense scores significantly correlated with disability (rs = .40; P = .004) and pain catastrophizing (rs = .33; P = .017) at admission. The Pedi-Sense appeared responsive to intervention as participants' total scores improved by 1.44 points (95% CI: .72, 2.15) after IIPT interventions that included daily tactile desensitization. However, test-retest and interrater reliability and the specific contribution of desensitization treatment to the overall success of multi-modal pain rehabilitation still needs to be evaluated. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents the development and preliminary validation of a novel clinical assessment of static and dynamic mechanical allodynia. The Pediatric Tactile Sensitivity Test of Allodynia (Pedi-Sense) allows rehabilitation clinicians to easily evaluate mechanical allodynia at the bedside with minimal training and simple equipment to guide desensitization treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Shulman
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Mayo Family Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, Massachusetts.
| | - Anna Cybulski
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Mayo Family Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Edin Randall
- Mayo Family Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly F Greco
- Boston Children's Hospital, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabrielle Bryant
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Mayo Family Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Kelsey Jervis
- Mayo Family Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edie Weller
- Boston Children's Hospital, Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Navil F Sethna
- Mayo Family Pediatric Pain Rehabilitation Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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17
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Zhang LB, Lu XJ, Huang G, Zhang HJ, Tu YH, Kong YZ, Hu L. Selective and replicable neuroimaging-based indicators of pain discriminability. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100846. [PMID: 36473465 PMCID: PMC9798031 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural indicators of pain discriminability have far-reaching theoretical and clinical implications but have been largely overlooked previously. Here, to directly identify the neural basis of pain discriminability, we apply signal detection theory to three EEG (Datasets 1-3, total N = 366) and two fMRI (Datasets 4-5, total N = 399) datasets where participants receive transient stimuli of four sensory modalities (pain, touch, audition, and vision) and two intensities (high and low) and report perceptual ratings. Datasets 1 and 4 are used for exploration and others for validation. We find that most pain-evoked EEG and fMRI brain responses robustly encode pain discriminability, which is well replicated in validation datasets. The neural indicators are also pain selective since they cannot track tactile, auditory, or visual discriminability, even though perceptual ratings and sensory discriminability are well matched between modalities. Overall, we provide compelling evidence that pain-evoked brain responses can serve as replicable and selective neural indicators of pain discriminability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Jing Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gan Huang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi-Heng Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya-Zhuo Kong
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China,Corresponding author
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18
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Snow NJ, Kirkland MC, Downer MB, Murphy HM, Ploughman M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation maps the neurophysiology of chronic noncancer pain: A scoping review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31774. [PMID: 36401490 PMCID: PMC9678597 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic noncancer pain is a global public health challenge. It is imperative to identify biological markers ("biomarkers") to understand the mechanisms underlying chronic pain and to monitor pain over time and after interventions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising method for this purpose. OBJECTIVES To examine differences in TMS-based outcomes between persons with chronic pain and healthy controls (HCs) and/or before versus after pain-modulating interventions and relationships between pain measures and TMS outcomes; To summarize the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying chronic pain as identified by TMS. METHODS We searched the PubMed database for literature from January 1, 1985, to June 9, 2020, with the keywords "pain" and "transcranial magnetic stimulation." Eligible items included original studies of adult human participants with pain lasting for ≥ 6 months. We completed a narrative synthesis of the study findings stratified by chronic pain etiology (primary pain, neuropathic pain, and secondary musculoskeletal pain). RESULTS The search yielded 1265 records. The final 12 articles included 244 patients with chronic pain (192 females, aged 35-65 years) and 169 HCs (89 females, aged 28-59 years). Abnormalities in TMS outcomes that reflect GABAergic and glutamatergic activities were associated with many of the disorders studied and were distinct for each pain etiology. Chronic primary pain is characterized by reduced intracortical inhibition and corticospinal excitability, chronic neuropathic pain shows evidence of increased excitation and disinhibition, and chronic secondary musculoskeletal pain involves low corticospinal excitability. DISCUSSION TMS could be a useful tool for delineating the neurophysiological underpinnings of chronic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Jacob Snow
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Megan Christine Kirkland
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew Bruce Downer
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Hannah Margaret Murphy
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- * Correspondence: Michelle Ploughman, Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Rehabilitation Research Unit of NL, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland & Labrador, Dr. Leonard A. Miller Centre, Room 400, 100 Forest Road, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador A1A 1E5, Canada (e-mail: )
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19
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Rao S, Rao SJ, Raghani M. Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia, An Usually Overlooked Diagnosis: A Prospective Single Center Observation Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:1955-1960. [PMID: 36452818 PMCID: PMC9702256 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-01918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia is often difficult to diagnose in view of its symptoms that overlap with many other regional causes. This subset of patients commonly visits otolaryngologists, dentists, oncologists only to be referred to the other and finally to the psychiatrist when the diagnosis is overlooked. We hereby present a prospective observation study of 26 cases of Glossopharyngeal neuralgia. In our observation we found a prevalence of 0.2% for glossopharyngeal neuralgia in our patients with facial pain, however amongst the neuropathic pain the GPN was more prevalent with about 35% of all the cases. Amongst the cases diagnosed with GPN we had 73.1% female predilection as compared to only 26.9% male. 53.8% of cases had left sided and 46.2% on the right sided making it non-significant in sidewise predilection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Rao
- Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Services, Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Tatibandh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492099 India
| | - Sruthi J. Rao
- Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Services, Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Tatibandh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492099 India
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh 490024 India
| | - Manish Raghani
- Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Services, Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Tatibandh, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492099 India
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20
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Graham A, Ryan CG, MacSween A, Alexanders J, Livadas N, Oatway S, Atkinson G, Martin DJ. Sensory discrimination training for adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract 2022; 38:1107-1125. [PMID: 33078667 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2020.1830455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory discrimination training (SDT) is a form of feedback guided sensory training used in the treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of SDT for CMP. METHODS MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, Scopus, OT Seeker, PEDro, ETHOS, Web of Science, and Open Grey were searched for appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Included papers were assessed for risk of bias, and evidence was graded using the GRADE approach. The protocol was published on PROSPERO (anonymized). RESULTS Ten RCTs met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. There was conflicting evidence from seven RCTs for the efficacy of SDT for chronic low back pain (CLBP). There was very low-quality evidence from two studies supporting the efficacy of SDT for phantom limb pain (PLP). There was very low-quality evidence from one RCT for the efficacy of SDT for Fibromyalgia. No adverse effects of SDT were identified. CONCLUSIONS SDT has been delivered in multiple forms in the literature. SDT does not appear to be associated with any adverse effects and shows potential regarding its clinical efficacy. However, there is a lack of high-quality evidence upon which to make any firm clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Graham
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Cormac G Ryan
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alasdair MacSween
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Jenny Alexanders
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Nick Livadas
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Sarah Oatway
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Denis J Martin
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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21
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Menten LA, Franco KFM, Franco YRS, Miyamoto GC, Reis FJJ, Cabral CMN. Do patients with fibromyalgia have body image and tactile acuity distortion? Pain Pract 2022; 22:678-687. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Menten
- Physical Therapy Department, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno 475, Zip code: 03071‐000, Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Katherinne F. M. Franco
- Master’s and Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno 475, Zip code: 03071‐000, Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Yuri R. S. Franco
- Master’s and Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno 475, Zip code: 03071‐000, Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Gisela C. Miyamoto
- Master’s and Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno 475, Zip code: 03071‐000, Sao Paulo SP Brazil
| | - Felipe J. J. Reis
- Physical Therapy Department, Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Carlos Wenceslau 343, Zip code: 21715‐000 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Cristina M. N. Cabral
- Master’s and Doctoral Program in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno 475, Zip code: 03071‐000, Sao Paulo SP Brazil
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22
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Staud R, Carpenter R, Godfrey M, Robinson ME. Hand size estimates of fibromyalgia patients are associated with clinical and experimental pain. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270701. [PMID: 35877689 PMCID: PMC9312382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Simply inspecting one’s own body can reduce clinical pain and magnification of body parts can increase analgesia. Thus, body perceptions seem to play an important role for analgesia. Conversely, pain may also affect bodily perceptions. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of clinical and/or experimental pain on perceived hand size in fibromyalgia patients (FM) and healthy controls (HC). Methods To investigate the effects of chronic and/or acute pain on size perception we compared hand size estimates of 35 HC and 32 FM patients at baseline and during tonic mechanical pain stimuli applied to one ear lobe. Mechanical stimuli were adjusted for each individual pain sensitivity to achieve a rating of 4 ± 1 VAS (0–10) units. Photographs of each subject’s hands were digitally manipulated to produce a monotonic series of 5 images larger and 6 smaller than actual size which were then presented to the participants in ascending and descending order (total number of images: 12). Results FM and HC participants’ clinical pain ratings at baseline were 3.3 (3.1) and .3 (.8) VAS units, respectively. At baseline, FM participants selected significantly smaller hand images than HC as representative of their actual size (p < .02). During application of tonic experimental pain, the image size chosen to represent their actual hand size decreased significantly in FM participants and HC (p < .001) but this decrease was not different between groups (p > .05). Hand size estimates of FM participants correlated negatively with their clinical pain ratings (p < .04). Conclusion The decreased hand size perception of FM patients and HC was associated with their clinical and/or experimental pain, supporting the hypothesis that pain can result in visual body distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Staud
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel Carpenter
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Melyssa Godfrey
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Robinson
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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23
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Viseux FJF, Simoneau M, Billot M. A Comprehensive Review of Pain Interference on Postural Control: From Experimental to Chronic Pain. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060812. [PMID: 35744075 PMCID: PMC9230450 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Motor control, movement impairment, and postural control recovery targeted in rehabilitation could be affected by pain. The main objective of this comprehensive review is to provide a synthesis of the effect of experimental and chronic pain on postural control throughout the available literature. After presenting the neurophysiological pathways of pain, we demonstrated that pain, preferentially localized in the lower back or in the leg induced postural control alteration. Although proprioceptive and cortical excitability seem modified with pain, spinal modulation assessment might provide a new understanding of the pain phenomenon related to postural control. The literature highlights that the motor control of trunk muscles in patient presenting with lower back pain could be dichotomized in two populations, where the first over-activates the trunk muscles, and the second under-activates the trunk muscles; both generate an increase in tissue loading. Taking all these findings into account will help clinician to provide adapted treatment for managing both pain and postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric J. F. Viseux
- Centre d’Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur (CETD), Hôpital Jean Bernard, Centre Hospitalier de Valenciennes, F-59322 Valenciennes, France
- Département Sciences de l’Homme et du Vivant (SHV), Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), LAMIH, CNRS, UMR 8201, F-59313 Valenciennes, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Département de Kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS) du CIUSSS de la Capitale Nationale, Québec, QC G1M 2S8, Canada
| | - Maxime Billot
- PRISMATICS Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, F-86000 Poitiers, France;
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Harden RN, McCabe CS, Goebel A, Massey M, Suvar T, Grieve S, Bruehl S. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Practical Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines, 5th Edition. PAIN MEDICINE (MALDEN, MASS.) 2022; 23:S1-S53. [PMID: 35687369 PMCID: PMC9186375 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There have been some modest recent advancements in the research of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, yet the amount and quality of the work in this complicated multifactorial disease remains low (with some notable exceptions; e.g., the recent work on the dorsal root ganglion stimulation). The semi-systematic (though in some cases narrative) approach to review is necessary so that we might treat our patients while waiting for "better research." This semi-systematic review was conducted by experts in the field, (deliberately) some of whom are promising young researchers supplemented by the experience of "elder statesman" researchers, who all mention the system they have used to examine the literature. What we found is generally low- to medium-quality research with small numbers of subjects; however, there are some recent exceptions to this. The primary reason for this paucity of research is the fact that this is a rare disease, and it is very difficult to acquire a sufficient sample size for statistical significance using traditional statistical approaches. Several larger trials have failed, probably due to using the broad general diagnostic criteria (the "Budapest" criteria) in a multifactorial/multi-mechanism disease. Responsive subsets can often be identified in these larger trials, but not sufficient to achieve statistically significant results in the general diagnostic grouping. This being the case the authors have necessarily included data from less compelling protocols, including trials such as case series and even in some instances case reports/empirical information. In the humanitarian spirit of treating our often desperate patients with this rare syndrome, without great evidence, we must take what data we can find (as in this work) and tailor a treatment regime for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Norman Harden
- Departments of PM&R and Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University
| | - Candida S McCabe
- University of the West of England, Stapleton, Bristol, UK
- Dorothy House Hospice, Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts, UK
| | - Andreas Goebel
- Pain Research Institute, Faculty of Health and Life Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Massey
- CentraCare Neurosciences Pain Center, CentraCare, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tolga Suvar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sharon Grieve
- Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Stephen Bruehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Centers, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Wang D, Lee KY, Lee D, Kagan ZB, Bradley K. Low-Intensity 10 kHz Spinal Cord Stimulation Reduces Behavioral and Neural Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. J Pain Res 2022; 15:1503-1513. [PMID: 35637766 PMCID: PMC9148201 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s358427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Nevro Corp, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kerry Bradley
- Nevro Corp, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA
- Correspondence: Kerry Bradley, Nevro Corp, 1800 Bridge Pkwy, Redwood City, CA, 94065, USA, Email
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Di Pino G, Mioli A, Altamura C, D'Alonzo M. Embodying an artificial hand increases blood flow to the investigated limb [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:55. [PMID: 35747768 PMCID: PMC7612882 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13641.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background The autonomic nervous system is the main determinant of the blood flow directed towards a body part, and it is tightly connected to the representation of the body in the brain; would the experimental modulation of the sense of limb ownership affect its blood perfusion? Methods In healthy participants, we employed the rubber hand illusion paradigm to modulate limb ownership while we monitored the brachial artery blood flow and resistance index within the investigated limb. Results In all conditions with brush-stroking, we found an initial drop in the blood flow due to tactile stimulation. Subsequently, in the illusion condition (where both the rubber and real hand synchronous brush-stroking were present), the blood flow rose significantly faster and reached significantly higher values. Moreover, the increase in blood flow correlated with the extent of embodiment as measured by questionnaires and correlated negatively with the change of peripherical vascular resistance. Conclusions These findings suggest that modulating the representation of a body part impacts its blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Pino
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 5, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mioli
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 5, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Claudia Altamura
- Headache and Neurosonology Unit, Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Marco D'Alonzo
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 5, Rome, 00128, Italy
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Correlations between Age, Pain Intensity, Disability, and Tactile Acuity in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:2907009. [PMID: 35371368 PMCID: PMC8975654 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2907009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective Chronic low back pain is an overwhelming problem for a wide range of people and leads to tactile acuity deficits. We aimed to investigate the correlations among age, pain severity, disability, and tactile acuity in patients with chronic low back pain by using multiple tactile acuity tests. Methods A total of 58 participants (36.40 ± 14.95 years) with chronic low back pain were recruited, and two-point discrimination, point-to-point test, and two-point estimation were performed on their painful low back areas. The correlations between age, pain intensity, disability, and tactile acuity were characterized with Pearson's correlation coefficients. Subgroup analyses according to the median values of age, pain intensity, and disability were used to compare the intergroup difference in tactile acuity. Results Results illustrated significant negative associations among age, pain intensity, disability, and tactile acuity. Subgroup analyses revealed that patients with below-the-median values of age, pain intensity, and disability had better performance in tactile acuity tests than those with above-the-median values. Conclusion This study indicated that tactile acuity was negatively associated with age, pain intensity, and disability in young patients with chronic low back pain.
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From a Symptom-Based to a Mechanism-Based Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Drugs 2022; 82:511-531. [PMID: 35247200 PMCID: PMC9016036 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating painful condition of a distal extremity that can develop after tissue damage. CRPS is thought to be a multimechanism syndrome and ideally the most prominent mechanism(s) should be targeted by drugs in an individually tailored manner. This review gives an overview of the action and evidence of current and future pharmacotherapeutic options for CRPS. The available options are grouped in four categories by their therapeutic actions on the CRPS mechanisms, i.e. inflammation, central sensitisation, vasomotor disturbances and motor disturbances. More knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of CRPS helps to specifically target important CRPS mechanisms. In the future, objective biomarkers could potentially aid in selecting appropriate mechanism-based drugs in order to increase the effectiveness of CRPS treatment. Using this approach, current and future pharmacotherapeutic options for CRPS should be studied in multicentre trials to prove their efficacy. The ultimate goal is to shift the symptom-based selection of therapy into a mechanism-based selection of therapy in CRPS.
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Matamala-Gomez M, Bottiroli S, Sances G, Allena M, De Icco R, Ghiotto N, Guaschino E, Sandrini G, Tassorelli C. Facial expressions modulate pain perception in patients with chronic migraine. Cephalalgia 2022; 42:739-748. [PMID: 35166163 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221075081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM First, we investigated whether the exposure to different visual feedback conditions may modulate pain perception by means of visual induced analgesia in patients with chronic migraine. Second, to comprehend the way emotional face expressions could induce visual analgesia, we evaluated the degree of identification with the four experimental conditions. METHODS In a 1 × 4 within-subject study design, 38 female chronic migraine patients were exposed to different visual stimuli - positive face, neutral face, negative face, and control (white screen) - during a migraine attack. Visual stimuli were presented 3 times in a randomized order (each condition lasted 40 seconds). Migraine pain ratings and identification scores were assessed immediately after the observation of each visual condition. RESULTS We observed a significant difference in pain ratings between the positive (median: 30, 95% CI 26.69 to 38.20) and the negative (median: 30, 95% CI 33.09 to 44.13) (z = -4.46, p < 0.0001) facial expressions or the neutral facial expression (median: 30, 95% CI 31.89 to 42.41) (z = 3.41, p < 0.001). Participants identified more with the neutral face condition than with the other conditions. CONCLUSIONS Observation of a positive emotional face resulted sufficient to modulate pain perception possibly via the mediation of emotion regulation for positive emotions. This study paves the way for the integration of new cognitive behavioural interventions based on the adoption of visual induced analgesia to further control pain perception in chronic migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Matamala-Gomez
- Mind and Behavior Technological Center, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Bottiroli
- Faculty of Law, Giustino Fortunato University, Benevento, Italy.,Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Grazia Sances
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Allena
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Natascia Ghiotto
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Guaschino
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Sandrini
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Headache Science and Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Bharwani KD, Kersten AB, Stone AL, Birklein F, Bruehl S, Dirckx M, Drummond PD, Gierthmühlen J, Goebel A, Knudsen L, Huygen FJPM. Denying the Truth Does Not Change the Facts: A Systematic Analysis of Pseudoscientific Denial of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. J Pain Res 2021; 14:3359-3376. [PMID: 34737631 PMCID: PMC8558034 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s326638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Several articles have claimed that complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) does not exist. Although a minority view, it is important to understand the arguments presented in these articles. We conducted a systematic literature search to evaluate the methodological quality of articles that claim CRPS does not exist. We then examined and refuted the arguments supporting this claim using up-to-date scientific literature on CRPS. Methods A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases. Inclusion criteria for articles were (a) a claim made that CRPS does not exist or that CRPS is not a distinct diagnostic entity and (b) support of these claims with subsequent argument(s). The methodological quality of articles was assessed if possible. Results Nine articles were included for analysis: 4 narrative reviews, 2 personal views, 1 letter, 1 editorial and 1 case report. Seven points of controversy were used in these articles to argue that CRPS does not exist: 1) disagreement with the label “CRPS”; 2) the “unclear” pathophysiology; 3) the validity of the diagnostic criteria; 4) CRPS as a normal consequence of immobilization; 5) the role of psychological factors; 6) other identifiable causes for CRPS symptoms; and 7) the methodological quality of CRPS research. Conclusion The level of evidence for the claim that CRPS does not exist is very weak. Published accounts concluding that CRPS does not exist, in the absence of primary evidence to underpin them, can harm patients by encouraging dismissal of patients’ signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Bharwani
- Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A B Kersten
- Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A L Stone
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F Birklein
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S Bruehl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Dirckx
- Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P D Drummond
- Discipline of Psychology, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - J Gierthmühlen
- Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department Neurology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - A Goebel
- Director of the Pain Research Institute Reader in Pain Medicine, University of Liverpool Honorary Consultant in Pain Medicine, Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - L Knudsen
- The National Rehabilitation Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F J P M Huygen
- Center for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Di Pino G, Mioli A, Altamura C, D'Alonzo M. Embodying an artificial hand increases blood flow to the investigated limb. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:55. [PMID: 35747768 PMCID: PMC7612882 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13641.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The autonomic nervous system is the main determinant of the blood flow directed towards a body part, and it is tightly connected to the representation of the body in the brain; would the experimental modulation of the sense of ownership of the limb affect its blood perfusion? Methods: In healthy participants, we employed the rubber hand illusion paradigm to modulate limb ownership while we monitored the brachial artery blood flow and resistance of the investigated limb. Results: In all conditions with brush-stroking, we found an initial drop in the blood flow due to tactile stimulation. Subsequently, in the illusion condition where both the rubber and real hand experience synchronous brush-stroking, the blood flow rose significantly faster and reached significantly higher values. Moreover, the increase in blood flow correlated to the embodiment level measured by questionnaires and, negatively, to the change of peripherical vascular resistance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that modulating the representation of a body part impacts its blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Pino
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 5, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mioli
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 5, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Claudia Altamura
- Headache and Neurosonology Unit, Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Marco D'Alonzo
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, via Alvaro del Portillo, 5, Rome, 00128, Italy
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Tactile stimulation programs in patients with hand dysesthesia after a peripheral nerve injury: A systematic review. J Hand Ther 2021; 34:3-17. [PMID: 32828612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is a systematic review performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standards. INTRODUCTION Diverse approaches based on tactile stimulation are used in hand rehabilitation settings to treat touch-evoked dysesthesias. However, there is a lack of literature synthesis on the description and the effectiveness of the various approaches based on tactile stimulation that can be used for treating hand dysesthesia after nerve injury. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study was to summarize the current evidence on tactile stimulation programs for managing touch-evoked hand dysesthesia due to nerve injury. METHODS The search was carried out on Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library databases. The selected studies had to present patients with touch-evoked dysesthesia after nerve injury who were treated with tactile stimulation approaches to reduce pain. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the methodological index for nonrandomized studies scale, as well as the risk of bias. RESULTS Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies present tactile stimulation interventions that are heterogeneous relative to the target populations and the intervention itself (desensitization versus somatosensory rehabilitation method). Painful symptoms appear to diminish in patients with touch-evoked hand dysesthesia, regardless of the tactile stimulation program used. However, the included studies present significant risks of bias that limit the confidence in these results. DISCUSSION The evidence does not unequivocally support the beneficial effects of tactile stimulation to treat touch-evoked hand dysesthesia. CONCLUSION Future studies with more rigorous methodological designs, such as randomized controlled trials, are required to verify the potential benefits of these approaches.
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Olthof NA, Coppieters MW, Moseley GL, Sterling M, Chippindall DJ, Harvie DS. Modernising tactile acuity assessment; clinimetrics of semi-automated tests and effects of age, sex and anthropometry on performance. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12192. [PMID: 35070517 PMCID: PMC8759376 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reduced tactile acuity has been observed in several chronic pain conditions and has been proposed as a clinical indicator of somatosensory impairments related to the condition. As some interventions targeting these impairments have resulted in pain reduction, assessing tactile acuity may have significant clinical potential. While two-point discrimination threshold (TPDT) is a popular method of assessing tactile acuity, large measurement error has been observed (impeding responsiveness) and its validity has been questioned. The recently developed semi-automated ‘imprint Tactile Acuity Device’ (iTAD) may improve tactile acuity assessment, but clinimetric properties of its scores (accuracy score, response time and rate correct score) need further examination. Aims Experiment 1: To determine inter-rater reliability and measurement error of TPDT and iTAD assessments. Experiment 2: To determine internal consistencies and floor or ceiling effects of iTAD scores, and investigate effects of age, sex, and anthropometry on performance. Methods Experiment 1: To assess inter-rater reliability (ICC(2,1)) and measurement error (coefficient of variation (CoV)), three assessors each performed TPDT and iTAD assessments at the neck in forty healthy participants. Experiment 2: To assess internal consistency (ICC(2,k)) and floor or ceiling effects (skewness z-scores), one hundred healthy participants performed the iTAD’s localisation and orientation tests. Balanced for sex, participants were equally divided over five age brackets (18–30, 31–40, 41–50, 51–60 and 61–70). Age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and neck surface area were assessed to examine their direct (using multiple linear regression analysis) and indirect (using sequential mediation analysis) relationship with iTAD scores. Results Mean ICC(2,1) was moderate for TPDT (0.70) and moderate-to-good for the various iTAD scores (0.65–0.86). The CoV was 25.3% for TPDT and ranged from 6.1% to 16.5% for iTAD scores. Internal consistency was high for both iTAD accuracy scores (ICC(2,6) = 0.84; ICC(2,4) = 0.86). No overt floor or ceiling effects were detected (all skewness z-scores < 3.29). Accuracy scores were only directly related to age (decreasing with increasing age) and sex (higher for men). Discussion Although reliability was similar, iTAD scores demonstrated less measurement error than TPDT indicating a potential for better responsiveness to treatment effects. Further, unlike previously reported for TPDT, iTAD scores appeared independent of anthropometry, which simplifies interpretation. Additionally, the iTAD assesses multiple aspects of tactile processing which may provide a more comprehensive evaluation of tactile acuity. Taken together, the iTAD shows promise in measuring tactile acuity, but patient studies are needed to verify clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A. Olthof
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Michel W. Coppieters
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michele Sterling
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Road Traffic Injury Recovery, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dylan J. Chippindall
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel S. Harvie
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Kaurna Country, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Zangrandi A, Allen Demers F, Schneider C. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. A Comprehensive Review on Neuroplastic Changes Supporting the Use of Non-invasive Neurostimulation in Clinical Settings. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:732343. [PMID: 35295500 PMCID: PMC8915550 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.732343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a rare debilitating disorder characterized by severe pain affecting one or more limbs. CRPS presents a complex multifactorial physiopathology. The peripheral and sensorimotor abnormalities reflect maladaptive changes of the central nervous system. These changes of volume, connectivity, activation, metabolism, etc., could be the keys to understand chronicization, refractoriness to conventional treatment, and developing more efficient treatments. Objective: This review discusses the use of non-pharmacological, non-invasive neurostimulation techniques in CRPS, with regard to the CRPS physiopathology, brain changes underlying chronicization, conventional approaches to treat CRPS, current evidence, and mechanisms of action of peripheral and brain stimulation. Conclusion: Future work is warranted to foster the evidence of the efficacy of non-invasive neurostimulation in CRPS. It seems that the approach has to be individualized owing to the integrity of the brain and corticospinal function. Non-invasive neurostimulation of the brain or of nerve/muscles/spinal roots, alone or in combination with conventional therapy, represents a fertile ground to develop more efficient approaches for pain management in CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zangrandi
- Noninvasive Neurostimulation Laboratory (NovaStim), Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Division of Centre de Recherche du CHU of Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Fannie Allen Demers
- Noninvasive Neurostimulation Laboratory (NovaStim), Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Division of Centre de Recherche du CHU of Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cyril Schneider
- Noninvasive Neurostimulation Laboratory (NovaStim), Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Neuroscience Division of Centre de Recherche du CHU of Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department Rehabilitation, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Harvie DS, Olthof N, Hams A, Thomson H, Coppieters MW. The iSTOPP study: Protocol for a proof-of-concept randomised clinical trial of sensory discrimination training in people with persistent neck pain. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 23:100820. [PMID: 34337189 PMCID: PMC8313602 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neck pain can be associated with a reduction in tactile acuity that is thought to reflect disrupted sensory processing. Tactile acuity training may normalise sensory processing and improve symptoms. This proof-of-concept trial will assess the feasibility of a novel tactile acuity training method and whether this intervention improves tactile acuity in people with persistent neck pain. METHODS and analysis: In this two-arm randomised clinical proof-of-concept trial we will recruit participants with neck pain receiving usual care physiotherapy in a secondary outpatient healthcare setting. Thirty-six participants will be randomised 2:1 to receive four weeks of either tactile acuity training using the Imprint Tactile Acuity Device (iTAD) or a placebo intervention, in addition to usual care. The placebo intervention will consist of a de-activated TENS machine (iTENS) said to deliver a sub-threshold inhibitory therapy. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, mid-treatment, and at 5-weeks and 2-months follow-up. The primary outcome tactile acuity will be evaluated using the two-point discrimination test and locognosia tests. Feasibility will be informed by recruitment and attrition rates, adherence, credibility of the interventions, treatment satisfaction and blinding. Pain intensity and anatomical spread will be analysed as secondary outcomes. The effect of iTAD training on tactile acuity will be assessed using a 2 (Group: iTAD vs. iTENS) x 4 (Time: baseline, mid-treatment, 5-week and 2-month outcome assessment) mixed ANOVA. Secondary outcomes including pain and pain spread, will be analysed with a focus on informing sample size calculations in future trials. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Risks associated with this study are minor. Usual care is not withheld, and participants consent to random allocation of either iTAD or iTENS. Potential benefits to participants include any benefit associated with the interventions and contributing to research that may assist people with chronic pain in the future. Trial results will be disseminated via academic journals and conference presentations. The study is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Griffith University (2017/128).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Harvie
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nick Olthof
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Andrea Hams
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Hayley Thomson
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
- Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Michel W. Coppieters
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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36
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Ten Brink AF, Bultitude JH. Predictors of Self-Reported Neglect-like Symptoms and Involuntary Movements in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Compared to Other Chronic Limb Pain Conditions. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 22:2337-2349. [PMID: 34383949 PMCID: PMC8664463 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective In addition to pain, people with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) often report inattention to and disengagement from their affected limb (i.e., “neglect-like symptoms”). Understanding how these symptoms relate to other characteristics of CRPS, and chronic pain generally, could provide insights for preventing and treating CRPS. Methods We administered an online survey to people who received a diagnosis of CRPS (n = 335) and other chronic limb pain (n = 407). Neglect-like symptoms were assessed using the Neurobehavioral questionnaire. Results A principal component analysis identified two components: motor and cognitive neglect-like symptoms, and involuntary movements. Internal consistency of the components was acceptable. We conducted regression analyses with these as outcomes. Having CRPS, a painful lower limb, higher pain intensity, and somatic symptoms were associated with more motor and cognitive neglect-like symptoms. Having CRPS, higher pain intensity, depression, and somatic symptoms were associated with more involuntary movements. Age, gender, anxiety, disease duration, hours of pain per day, affected side, whether the limb was the most painful body part, and number of pain-related medical diagnoses were no predictors. Finally, motor and cognitive neglect-like symptoms were related to tremor; and involuntary movements to changes in skin color, swelling, sweating, toenails, weakness, and tremor. Conclusions This study confirms the specificity of inattention to and disengagement from the affected limb in CRPS, independent of other factors. Furthermore, two components of the Neurobehavioral questionnaire were disentangled: motor and cognitive neglect-like symptoms, and involuntary movements. Results could potentially help clinicians to better assess neglect-like symptoms in chronic pain .
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia F Ten Brink
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Janet H Bultitude
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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37
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Habig K, Lautenschläger G, Maxeiner H, Birklein F, Krämer HH, Seddigh S. Low mechano-afferent fibers reduce thermal pain but not pain intensity in CRPS. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:272. [PMID: 34243742 PMCID: PMC8268451 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human hairy (not glabrous skin) is equipped with a subgroup of C-fibers, the C-tactile (CT) fibers. Those do not mediate pain but affective aspects of touch. CT-fiber-activation reduces experimental pain if they are intact. In this pilot study we investigated pain modulating capacities of CT-afferents in CRPS. Methods 10 CRPS-patients (mean age 33 years, SEM 3.3) and 11 healthy controls (mean age 43.2 years, SEM 3.9) participated. CT-targeted-touch (brush stroking, velocity: 3 cm/s) was applied on hairy and glabrous skin on the affected and contralateral limb. Patients rated pleasantness of CT-targeted-touch (anchors: 1 “not pleasant”—4 “very pleasant”) twice daily on 10 days. Pain intensity (NRS: 0 “no pain” – 10 “worst pain imaginable”) was assessed before, 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after each CT-stimulation. To assess sensory changes, quantitative-sensory-testing was performed at the beginning and the end of the trial period. Results CT-targeted-touch was felt more pleasant on the healthy compared to the affected limb on hairy (p < 0.001) and glabrous skin (p 0.002), independent of allodynia. In contrast to healthy controls patients felt no difference between stimulating glabrous and hairy skin on the affected limb. Thermal pain thresholds increased after CT-stimulation on the affected limb (cold-pain-threshold: p 0.016; heat-pain-threshold: p 0.033). Conclusions CT-stimulation normalizes thermal pain thresholds but has no effect on the overall pain in CRPS. Therefore, pain modulating properties of CT-fibers might be too weak to alter chronic pain in CRPS. Moreover, CT-fibers appear to lose their ability to mediate pleasant aspects of touch in CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Habig
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Hagen Maxeiner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frank Birklein
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 56101, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heidrun H Krämer
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Susann Seddigh
- Department of Neurology, BG Klinikum Duisburg, 47249, Duisburg, Germany
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38
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Reinersmann A, Skinner IW, Lücke T, Massy-Westropp N, Rudolf H, Moseley GL, Stanton TR. Intact tactile anisotropy despite altered hand perception in complex regional pain syndrome: rethinking the role of the primary sensory cortex in tactile and perceptual dysfunction. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11156. [PMID: 33986983 PMCID: PMC8101475 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is characterised by pain, autonomic, sensory and motor abnormalities. It is associated with changes in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1 representation), reductions in tactile sensitivity (tested by two-point discrimination), and alterations in perceived hand size or shape (hand perception). The frequent co-occurrence of these three phenomena has led to the assumption that S1 changes underlie tactile sensitivity and perceptual disturbances. However, studies underpinning such a presumed relationship use tactile sensitivity paradigms that involve the processing of both non-spatial and spatial cues. Here, we used a task that evaluates anisotropy (i.e., orientation-dependency; a feature of peripheral and S1 representation) to interrogate spatial processing of tactile input in CRPS and its relation to hand perception. People with upper limb CRPS (n = 14) and controls with (n = 15) or without pain (n = 19) judged tactile distances between stimuli-pairs applied across and along the back of either hand to provide measures of tactile anisotropy. Hand perception was evaluated using a visual scaling task and questionnaires. Data were analysed with generalised estimating equations. Contrary to our hypotheses, tactile anisotropy was bilaterally preserved in CRPS, and the magnitude of anisotropic perception bias was comparable between groups. Hand perception was distorted in CRPS but not related to the magnitude of anisotropy or bias. Our results suggest against impairments in spatial processing of tactile input, and by implication S1 representation, as the cause of distorted hand perception in CRPS. Further work is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms of somatosensory dysfunction and distorted hand perception in CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Reinersmann
- Neuropediatric Department, Children's University Hospital St. Josef, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian W Skinner
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NEURA, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Lücke
- Neuropediatric Department, Children's University Hospital St. Josef, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Nicola Massy-Westropp
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Henrik Rudolf
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NEURA, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, NEURA, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Popkirov S, Enax-Krumova EK, Mainka T, Hoheisel M, Hausteiner-Wiehle C. Functional pain disorders - more than nociplastic pain. NeuroRehabilitation 2021; 47:343-353. [PMID: 32986624 DOI: 10.3233/nre-208007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociplastic pain has been recently introduced as a third mechanistic descriptor of pain arising primarily from alterations of neural processing, in contrast to pain due to tissue damage leading to nociceptor activation (nociceptive) or due to lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system (neuropathic). It is characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia, inconsistency and reversibility, as well as dynamic cross-system interactions with biological and psychobehavioral factors. Along with this renewed understanding, functional pain disorders, also classified as chronic primary pain, are being reframed as biopsychosocial conditions that benefit from multimodal treatment. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current understanding of nociplastic pain and functional pain disorders, with a focus on conditions that are common in neurology practice. METHODS This was a narrative literature review. RESULTS Chronic back pain, fibromyalgia syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome are best understood within a biopsychosocial framework of pain perception that considers structural factors (predispositions and sequelae) and psychobehavioral mechanisms. Although pain is often the primary complaint, it should not be the only focus of treatment, as accompanying symptoms such as sleep or mood problems can significantly impact quality of life and offer useful leverage points for multimodal treatment. Analgesic pharmacotherapy is rarely helpful on its own, and should always be imbedded in a multidisciplinary setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Popkirov
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena K Enax-Krumova
- Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tina Mainka
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Constanze Hausteiner-Wiehle
- Neurocenter, BG Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, Germany.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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40
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Olthof NA, Harvie DS, Henderson C, Thompson B, Sharp R, Craig-Ward L, Weermeijer JD, Sterling M, Moseley GL, Coppieters MW. Description and psychometric properties of a prototype to test tactile acuity in the neck. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2021; 51:102259. [PMID: 33023867 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical tools assessing tactile acuity in people with persistent pain have limitations. Therefore, a novel and semi-automated tool was developed: The Imprint Tactile Acuity Device (iTAD). AIM To describe the iTAD prototype and present the psychometric properties of its tactile acuity assessments: the localisation test, the orientation test and the overall score (mean of both tests). METHOD A test-retest design with fifty healthy participants was used to assess intra-rater reliability (ICC(2.1)), internal consistency (ICC(2.4)) and measurement error (SEM) of the three assessments (0-100% accuracy scores each) performed at the neck. Using a known-group comparison design, balanced by age and sex, scores of thirty individuals with persistent neck pain were compared to thirty healthy controls to determine construct validity. RESULTS The ICC(2,1) and ICC(2,4) were 0.60 and 0.78 for the localisation test, 0.66 and 0.77 for the orientation test, and 0.73 and 0.84 for the overall score. The SEMs were 9.0%, 8.1% and 6.0%, respectively. No fixed or proportional bias, or signs of heteroscedasticity were observed. Overall, no between group differences were observed (p = 0.49). In the male subgroup, however, the overall score was lower for people with neck pain than for healthy participants (mean difference (SE); 7.6% (2.5); p = 0.008). DISCUSSION The tactile acuity assessments of the iTAD demonstrate moderate reliability and good internal consistency. Measurement errors appear comparable to currently preferred methods. Clear construct validity was not established, but results may be biased by design issues of the prototype. Taken together, the iTAD shows promise but further fine-tuning is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Olthof
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Daniel S Harvie
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Courtney Henderson
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Brendan Thompson
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Robert Sharp
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Lauren Craig-Ward
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jeroen D Weermeijer
- Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michele Sterling
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Road Traffic Injury Recovery, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - G Lorimer Moseley
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michel W Coppieters
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia; Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ignoring space around a painful limb? No evidence for a body-related visuospatial attention bias in complex regional pain syndrome. Cortex 2020; 136:89-108. [PMID: 33494023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a disorder of severe chronic pain in one or more limb(s). People with CRPS report unusual perceptions of the painful limb suggesting altered body representations, as well as difficulty attending to their affected limb (i.e., a 'neglect-like' attention bias). Altered body representations and attention in CRPS might be related, however, existing evidence is unclear. We hypothesized that if there were a body-related visuospatial attention bias in CRPS, then any attention bias away from the affected side should be larger for or limited to circumstances when the (impaired) body representation is involved in the task versus when this is not the case. METHODS We included 40 people with CRPS, 40 with other limb pain conditions, and 40 pain-free controls. In half of the people with pain, their upper limb was affected, in the other half their lower limb. We administered computerized tasks of spatial attention, including free viewing of images, shape cancellation, temporal order judgement, and dot-probe. The degree to which different versions of each task involved body representation was manipulated by one or more of the following: (1) presenting stimuli nearer versus further away from the body, (2) using body related versus neutral stimuli, and (3) inducing mental rotation of body parts versus no mental rotation. In addition to perceptual judgements, eye movements were recorded as a sensitive index of spatial attention. Bayesian repeated measures analyses were performed. RESULTS We found no evidence for a (body-related) visuospatial attention bias in upper limb CRPS. Secondary analyses suggested the presence of a body-related visuospatial attention bias away from the affected side in some participants with lower limb CRPS. DISCUSSION Our results add to growing evidence that there might be no general visuospatial attention bias away from the affected side in CRPS.
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Cutts S, Gangoo S, Srinivasan SH, Modi N, Pasapula C, Power D. Complex regional pain syndrome: an evolving perspective. Postgrad Med J 2020; 97:250-255. [PMID: 33184132 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a heterogenous and poorly understood condition that can be provoked by quite minor injuries. The symptoms and signs of CRPS persist, long after the patient has recovered from the inciting event. In some cases, there is a clear association with a peripheral nerve injury. The degree of disability produced by CRPS is often out of proportion to the scale of the original insult and the condition is associated with protracted recovery times and frequent litigation. METHODS We have performed a PubMed literature search, referenced landmark papers in the field and included a national expert in peripheral nerve injury and repair in our team of authors. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic criteria for CRPS have changed repeatedly over the last two centuries and much of the historical literature is difficult to compare with more recent research. In this review article, we consider how our understanding of the condition has evolved and discuss its pathogenesis, its apparent heterogenicity and the various investigations and treatments available to the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Cutts
- Orthopaedics, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK
| | - Shafat Gangoo
- Orthopaedics, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK
| | | | - Nitin Modi
- Orthopaedics, James Paget University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Yarmouth, UK
| | - Chandra Pasapula
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Foundation Trust, King's Lynn, UK
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Breckenridge JD, McAuley JH, Ginn KA. Motor Imagery Performance and Tactile Spatial Acuity: Are They Altered in People with Frozen Shoulder? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207464. [PMID: 33066655 PMCID: PMC7602509 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a severe chronic pain condition that is not well understood and current treatment is suboptimal. In several other chronic pain conditions motor imagery and tactile acuity deficits are present, which are thought to represent associated neuroplastic changes. The aims of this study were to determine if motor imagery performance assessed by the left/right judgement task, and tactile acuity assessed by two-point discrimination, are altered in people with unilateral frozen shoulder. In this cross-sectional, prospective study eighteen adults diagnosed with frozen shoulder in a physiotherapy clinic setting completed a left/right judgement task, response times (RT) and accuracy for the left/right judgement task were determined. Next, tactile acuity over both shoulders was assessed with a novel, force-standardised two-point discrimination test. Results corresponding to the affected side were compared to the pain free shoulder; Left/right judgement task: mean RT (SD) corresponding to the affected shoulder was significantly slower than RT for the healthy shoulder (p = 0.031). There was no side-to-side difference in accuracy (p > 0.05). Neither RT nor accuracy was related to pain/disability scores or duration of symptoms (p > 0.05). Two-point discrimination: mean two-point discrimination threshold of the affected shoulder was significantly larger than the contralateral healthy shoulder (p < 0.001). Two-point discrimination threshold was not related to pain/disability scores or pain duration (p > 0.05); One explanation for these findings is altered sensorimotor processing and/or disrupted sensorimotor cortex representations of the affected shoulder. A case then exists for the use of treatments aimed at reversing these changes, training the brain to reduce chronic shoulder pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Breckenridge
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
- The Clinical Research Institute, Sydney 2145, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-9672-3511
| | - James H. McAuley
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Hospital Rd, Randwick 2013, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2033, Australia
| | - Karen A. Ginn
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
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Hirakawa Y, Fujiwara A, Imai R, Hiraga Y, Morioka S. Clinical Intervention Using Body Shadows for a Patient with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Who Reported Severe Pain and Self-Disgust Toward the Affected Site: A Case Report. J Pain Res 2020; 13:971-977. [PMID: 32440203 PMCID: PMC7213788 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s236786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A woman in her thirties developed complex regional pain syndrome in her left shoulder due to a traffic accident. She demonstrated autonomic nervous symptoms (swelling, sweating, and skin color asymmetry) in her left hand, severe allodynia, neglect-like symptoms (NLS), impaired body image associated with impaired body awareness, and functional impairment of the left shoulder and elbow. She also reported physical self-disgust toward her affected limb, describing it as “reptilian,” as well as aversion to touching others; this body awareness exacerbated her pain and NLS. We therefore conducted stepwise interventions using body shadows. The intervention did not trigger physical self-disgust, enabling formation of body ownership and a body image unaccompanied by pain. Consequently, the patient showed improvements in pain, NLS, and autonomic nervous symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Hirakawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Rehabilitation Hospital, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopedics, Fukuoka Reha Orthopedic Clinic, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryota Imai
- School of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Kaizuka City, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Occupational Therapy, International Univesrity of Health and Welfare, Okawa,Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiraga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Rehabilitation Hospital, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan.,Neurorehabilitation Research Centre, Kio University, Nara, City, Nara, Japan
| | - Shu Morioka
- Department of Occupational Therapy, International Univesrity of Health and Welfare, Okawa,Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurorehabilitation, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara City, Nara, Japan
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Spontaneous sensations reveal distorted body perception in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Brain Cogn 2020; 142:105568. [PMID: 32408059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Distortions of body representation have been reported in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). The perception of sensations arising without external triggers (spontaneous sensations or SPS) was assessed here as a means of investigating distortions of body representation and awareness in CRPS. To avoid confounds between CRPS symptoms and SPS, lower-limb CRPS patients were included, whereas SPS were tested on the hands. Patients and controls were required to focus on their hands and to report the spatial and qualitative characteristics of SPS arising there. We found an ipsilateral decrease in the perception of thermal, pain-related and surface/mechanical SPS, as well as in the number of SPS-sensitive areas. The latter finding was predicted by decreased body awareness as assessed through questionnaires. A bilateral decrease in the perception of paresis-like SPS was also observed. Finally, the ipsilateral spatial distribution of SPS frequency and intensity underwent a shift from the fingers towards the lower parts of the palm. CRPS is likely to distort patient's body perception and awareness of the entire half-body ipsilateral to the affected limb, and even of both sides. Such disturbances are not manifested solely as a decrease in sensitivity, but sometimes as shifts in the spatial distribution of sensitivity.
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Reduced tactile acuity in chronic low back pain is linked with structural neuroplasticity in primary somatosensory cortex and is modulated by acupuncture therapy. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116899. [PMID: 32380138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have shown that patients suffering from chronic Low Back Pain (cLBP) have impaired somatosensory processing including reduced tactile acuity, i.e. reduced ability to resolve fine spatial details with the perception of touch. The central mechanism(s) underlying reduced tactile acuity are unknown but may include changes in specific brain circuitries (e.g. neuroplasticity in the primary somatosensory cortex, S1). Furthermore, little is known about the linkage between changes in tactile acuity and the amelioration of cLBP by somatically-directed therapeutic interventions, such as acupuncture. In this longitudinal neuroimaging study, we evaluated healthy control adults (HC, N = 50) and a large sample of cLBP patients (N = 102) with structural brain imaging (T1-weighted MRI for Voxel-Based Morphometry, VBM; Diffusion Tensor Imaging, DTI) and tactile acuity testing using two-point discrimination threshold (2PDT) over the lower back (site of pain) and finger (control) locations. Patients were evaluated at baseline and following a 4-week course of acupuncture, with patients randomized to either verum acupuncture, two different forms of sham acupuncture (designed with or without somatosensory afference), or no-intervention usual care control. At baseline, cLBP patients demonstrated reduced acuity (greater 2PDT, P = 0.01) over the low back, but not finger (P = 0.29) locations compared to HC, suggesting that chronic pain affects tactile acuity specifically at body regions encoding the experience of clinical pain. At baseline, Gray Matter Volume (GMV) was elevated and Fractional Anisotropy (FA) was reduced, respectively, in the S1-back region of cLBP patients compared to controls (P < 0.05). GMV in cLBP correlated with greater 2PDT-back scores (ρ = 0.27, P = 0.02). Following verum acupuncture, tactile acuity over the back was improved (reduced 2PDT) and greater improvements were associated with reduced S1-back GMV (ρ = 0.52, P = 0.03) and increased S1-back adjacent white matter FA (ρ = -0.56, P = 0.01). These associations were not seen for non-verum control interventions. Thus, S1 neuroplasticity in cLBP is linked with deficits in tactile acuity and, following acupuncture therapy, may represent early mechanistic changes in somatosensory processing that track with improved tactile acuity.
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47
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De Paepe AL, Legrain V, Van der Biest L, Hollevoet N, Van Tongel A, De Wilde L, Jacobs H, Crombez G. An investigation of perceptual biases in complex regional pain syndrome. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8819. [PMID: 32274265 PMCID: PMC7130113 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) report cognitive difficulties, affecting the ability to represent, perceive and use their affected limb. Moseley, Gallace & Spence (2009) observed that CRPS patients tend to bias the perception of tactile stimulation away from the pathological limb. Interestingly, this bias was reversed when CRPS patients were asked to cross their arms, implying that this bias is embedded in a complex representation of the body that takes into account the position of body-parts. Other studies have failed to replicate this finding (Filbrich et al., 2017) or have even found a bias in the opposite direction (Sumitani et al., 2007). Moreover, perceptual biases in CRPS patients have not often been compared to these of other chronic pain patients. Chronic pain patients are often characterized by an excessive focus of attention for bodily sensations. We might therefore expect that non-CRPS pain patients would show a bias towards instead of away from their affected limb. The aim of this study was to replicate the study of Moseley, Gallace & Spence (2009) and to extend it by comparing perceptual biases in a CRPS group with two non-CRPS pain control groups (i.e., chronic unilateral wrist and shoulder pain patients). In a temporal order judgment (TOJ) task, participants reported which of two tactile stimuli, one applied to either hand at various intervals, was perceived as occurring first. TOJs were made, either with the arms in a normal (uncrossed) position, or with the arms crossed over the body midline. We found no consistent perceptual biases in either of the patient groups and in either of the conditions (crossed/uncrossed). Individual differences were large and might, at least partly, be explained by other variables, such as pain duration and temperature differences between the pathological and non-pathological hand. Additional studies need to take these variables into account by, for example, comparing biases in CRPS (and non-CRPS) patients in an acute versus a chronic pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick L. De Paepe
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valéry Legrain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lien Van der Biest
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nadine Hollevoet
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Van Tongel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Wilde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Herlinde Jacobs
- Unit of Physical Medicine, AZ Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Crombez
- Department of Experimental-Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Eldufani J, Elahmer N, Blaise G. A medical mystery of complex regional pain syndrome. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03329. [PMID: 32149194 PMCID: PMC7033333 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition of neuropathic pain, which is characterized by significant autonomic and inflammatory features. CRPS occurs in patients who have limb surgery, limb fractures, or trauma. Many patients may have pain resolve within twelve months of the inciting incident; however, a small subset progresses to the chronic form. This transitional process often happens by changing from warm CRPS with dominant inflammatory phase to cold CRPS, in which autonomic characteristics or manifestations dominate. Several peripheral and central mechanisms are involved, which might vary among individuals over a period of time. Other contributors include peripheral and central sensitization, autonomic alterations, inflammatory and immune changes, neurochemical changes, and psychological and genetic factors. Although effective management of the chronic CRPS form is often challenging, there are a few high quality randomized controlled trials that support the efficacy of the most commonly used therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabril Eldufani
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Elmergib University, El-khums, Libya
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nyruz Elahmer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gilbert Blaise
- Department of Medicine and Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Neuropsychological Changes in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). Behav Neurol 2020; 2020:4561831. [PMID: 32399082 PMCID: PMC7201816 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4561831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a poorly understood chronic pain condition of multifactorial origin. CRPS involves sensory, motor, and autonomic symptoms primarily affecting one extremity. Patients can also present with neuropsychological changes such as reduced attention to the CRPS-affected extremity, reminiscent of hemispatial neglect, yet in the absence of any brain lesions. However, this "neglect-like" framework is not sufficient to characterise the range of higher cognitive functions that can be altered in CRPS. This comprehensive literature review synthesises evidence of neuropsychological changes in CRPS in the context of potential central mechanisms of the disorder. The affected neuropsychological functions constitute three distinct but not independent groups: distorted body representation, deficits in lateralised spatial cognition, and impairment of non-spatially-lateralised higher cognitive functions. We suggest that many of these symptoms appear to be consistent with a broader disruption to parietal function beyond merely what could be considered "neglect-like." Moreover, the extent of neuropsychological symptoms might be related to the clinical signs of CRPS, and rehabilitation methods that target the neuropsychological changes can improve clinical outcomes in CRPS and other chronic pain conditions. Based on the limitations and gaps in the reviewed literature, we provide several suggestions to improve further research on neuropsychological changes in chronic pain.
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Kaas A, Goebel R, Valente G, Sorger B. Topographic Somatosensory Imagery for Real-Time fMRI Brain-Computer Interfacing. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:427. [PMID: 31920588 PMCID: PMC6915074 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a promising non-invasive method for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). BCIs translate brain activity into signals that allow communication with the outside world. Visual and motor imagery are often used as information-encoding strategies, but can be challenging if not grounded in recent experience in these modalities, e.g., in patients with locked-in-syndrome (LIS). In contrast, somatosensory imagery might constitute a more suitable information-encoding strategy as the somatosensory function is often very robust. Somatosensory imagery has been shown to activate the somatotopic cortex, but it has been unclear so far whether it can be reliably detected on a single-trial level and successfully classified according to specific somatosensory imagery content. Using ultra-high field 7-T fMRI, we show reliable and high-accuracy single-trial decoding of left-foot (LF) vs. right-hand (RH) somatosensory imagery. Correspondingly, higher decoding accuracies were associated with greater spatial separation of hand and foot decoding-weight patterns in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Exploiting these novel neuroscientific insights, we developed-and provide a proof of concept for-basic BCI communication by showing that binary (yes/no) answers encoded by somatosensory imagery can be decoded with high accuracy in simulated real-time (in 7 subjects) as well as in real-time (1 subject). This study demonstrates that body part-specific somatosensory imagery differentially activates somatosensory cortex in a topographically specific manner; evidence which was surprisingly still lacking in the literature. It also offers proof of concept for a novel somatosensory imagery-based fMRI-BCI control strategy, with particularly high potential for visually and motor-impaired patients. The strategy could also be transferred to lower MRI field strengths and to mobile functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Finally, given that communication BCIs provide the BCI user with a form of feedback based on their brain signals and can thus be considered as a specific form of neurofeedback, and that repeated use of a BCI has been shown to enhance underlying representations, we expect that the current BCI could also offer an interesting new approach for somatosensory rehabilitation training in the context of stroke and phantom limb pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kaas
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rainer Goebel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Valente
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bettina Sorger
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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