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Rivera JC, Opazo MC, Hernández-Armengol R, Álvarez O, Mendoza-León MJ, Caamaño E, Gatica S, Bohmwald K, Bueno SM, González PA, Neunlist M, Boudin H, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Transient gestational hypothyroxinemia accelerates and enhances ulcerative colitis-like disorder in the male offspring. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1269121. [PMID: 38239991 PMCID: PMC10794346 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1269121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gestational hypothyroxinemia (HTX) is a condition that occurs frequently at the beginning of pregnancy, and it correlates with cognitive impairment, autism, and attentional deficit in the offspring. Evidence in animal models suggests that gestational HTX can increase the susceptibility of the offspring to develop strong inflammation in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a frequent inflammatory bowel disease with unknown causes. Therefore, the intensity of ulcerative colitis-like disorder (UCLD) and the cellular and molecular factors involved in proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses were analyzed in the offspring gestated in HTX (HTX-offspring) and compared with the offspring gestated in euthyroidism (Control-offspring). Methods Gestational HTX was induced by the administration of 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole in drinking water to pregnant mice during E10-E14. The HTX-offspring were induced with UCLD by the acute administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The score of UCLD symptomatology was registered every day, and colon histopathology, immune cells, and molecular factors involved in the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory response were analyzed on day 6 of DSS treatment. Results The HTX-offspring displayed earlier UCLD pathological symptoms compared with the Control-offspring. After 6 days of DSS treatment, the HTX-offspring almost doubled the score of the Control-offspring. The histopathological analyses of the colon samples showed signs of inflammation at the distal and medial colon for both the HTX-offspring and Control-offspring. However, significantly more inflammatory features were detected in the proximal colon of the HTX-offspring induced with UCLD compared with the Control-offspring induced with UCLD. Significantly reduced mRNA contents encoding for protective molecules like glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and mucin-2 (MUC-2) were found in the colon of the HTX-offspring as compared with the Control-offspring. Higher percentages of Th17 lymphocytes were detected in the colon tissues of the HTX-offspring induced or not with UCLD as compared with the Control-offspring. Discussion Gestational HTX accelerates the onset and increases the intensity of UCLD in the offspring. The low expression of MUC-2 and GCLC together with high levels of Th17 Lymphocytes in the colon tissue suggests that the HTX-offspring has molecular and cellular features that favor inflammation and tissue damage. These results are important evidence to be aware of the impact of gestational HTX as a risk factor for UCLD development in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Rivera
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ma. Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosario Hernández-Armengol
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Mendoza-León
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Caamaño
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Helene Boudin
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Disorders, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-inmunología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Opazo MC, Coronado-Arrázola I, Vallejos OP, Moreno-Reyes R, Fardella C, Mosso L, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA. The impact of the micronutrient iodine in health and diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1466-1479. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1843398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Cecilia Opazo
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Endocrine-Immunology Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irenice Coronado-Arrázola
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Omar P. Vallejos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
- Erasme Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Carlos Fardella
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII). Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Translational Research in Endocrinology (CETREN-UC), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Mosso
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII). Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Laboratorio de Endocrino-Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Endocrine-Immunology Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Yu Y, Li X, Jiang S, Jiang W, Wu J, Wang Z, Wang S, Li M, Xu H, Lv Y, Jiang J, Ding Y, Zhang B. Serum thyroid hormone levels among Chinese pregnant women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:774-778. [PMID: 28447527 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1320375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to examine gestational serum thyroid hormone levels and influencing factors among Chinese pregnant women with high dietary iodine intake. METHODS The study was conducted from 2011 and 2013 in Zhoushan Women & Children's Hospital, Zhejiang, China. A total of 1991 pregnant women were enrolled and their serum levels of free thyroid hormones (FT4, FT3, and TSH) were detected by chemiluminescence method. RESULTS Gestational serum FT4 and FT3 decreased with gestational week while TSH increased. Furthermore, the prevalence rate of subclinical hypothyroid increased with gestational stages, especially in the third trimester. Women aged more than 30 years had lower FT4 and FT3 in the first trimester and lower FT4 in the second trimester. No significant difference was found in the association of gestational serum thyroid hormones with maternal height and the gender of fetuses. CONCLUSION Gestational serum thyroid hormones significantly changed with gestational week and were associated with the age of women. Specific normal range of thyroid hormones might be modified so as to better evaluate the thyroid hormone levels of pregnant women during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxian Yu
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Xiawei Li
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Shuying Jiang
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Wen Jiang
- b Zhoushan Women & Children's Hospital , Zhoushan , Zhejiang , China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- b Zhoushan Women & Children's Hospital , Zhoushan , Zhejiang , China
| | - Zhaopin Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Shuojia Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Minchao Li
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Haigeng Xu
- b Zhoushan Women & Children's Hospital , Zhoushan , Zhejiang , China
| | - Yun Lv
- b Zhoushan Women & Children's Hospital , Zhoushan , Zhejiang , China
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Yongfeng Ding
- a Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics , School of Public Health, School of medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , China , and
| | - Boer Zhang
- b Zhoushan Women & Children's Hospital , Zhoushan , Zhejiang , China
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6
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Nieto PA, Peñaloza HF, Salazar-Echegarai FJ, Castellanos RM, Opazo MC, Venegas L, Padilla O, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA, Bueno SM. Gestational Hypothyroidism Improves the Ability of the Female Offspring to Clear Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection and to Recover From Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2217-28. [PMID: 27035652 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal thyroid hormones are essential for proper fetal development. A deficit of these hormones during gestation has enduring consequences in the central nervous system of the offspring, including detrimental learning and impaired memory. Few studies have shown that thyroid hormone deficiency has a transient effect in the number of T and B cells in the offspring gestated under hypothyroidism; however, there are no studies showing whether maternal hypothyroidism during gestation impacts the response of the offspring to infections. In this study, we have evaluated whether adult mice gestated in hypothyroid mothers have an altered response to pneumococcal pneumonia. We observed that female mice gestated in hypothyroidism have increased survival rate and less bacterial dissemination to blood and brain after an intranasal challenge with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Further, these mice had higher amounts of inflammatory cells in the lungs and reduced production of cytokines characteristic of sepsis in spleen, blood, and brain at 48 hours after infection. Interestingly, mice gestated in hypothyroid mothers had basally increased vascular permeability in the lungs. These observations suggest that gestational hypothyroidism alters the immune response and the physiology of lungs in the offspring, increasing the resistance to respiratory bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Nieto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Hernán F Peñaloza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Francisco J Salazar-Echegarai
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Raquel M Castellanos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Maria Cecilia Opazo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Luis Venegas
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Oslando Padilla
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (P.A.N., H.F.P., F.J.S.-E., A.M.K., S.A.M.), Santiago, Chile 8331150; Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (R.M.C.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello (M.C.O., L.V., C.A.R.), Santiago, Chile 8370146; Departamento de Salud Pública, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (O.P.), Santiago, Chile 8330073; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1064 (A.M.K., S.M.B.), Nantes, France 44093; and Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (A.M.K.), Santiago, Chile 8330074
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