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Ghezzi A. Old and New Strategies in the Treatment of Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis: A Personal View for a New Treatment Approach. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:949-963. [PMID: 38822947 PMCID: PMC11263277 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-024-00633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Up to 10 years ago the most common approach to the treatment of pediatric MS (ped-MS) was to start with IFNB or GA (so-called first-line therapies or moderate-efficacy disease-modifying therapies [ME-DMTs]) and to switch to more aggressive treatments (or high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies [HE-DMTs]) in non-responder patients. The use of HE-DMTs as first choice was recommended in selected cases with an active, aggressive form of MS. Indications for the treatment of ped-MS were essentially derived from data of observational studies. Recently, results of three randomized clinical trials have been published as well as data from many observational studies evaluating the effect of new and more active DMTs, with clear evidence that HE-DMTs are more effective than ME-DMTs. Therefore, the paradigm of treatment for patients with MS onset before 18 years of age should be changed, offering treatment with HE-DMTs as first option, because of their superior effectiveness to prevent relapses and disease progression. HE-DMTs present an overall reassuring safety profile and obtain better adherence to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Ghezzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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2
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Jafarpour S, Pinto S, Vu MH, Khoshnood MM, Ahsan N, Saucier LE, Santoro JD. Delayed initiation of disease modifying therapy increases relapse frequency and motor disability in pediatric onset multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 87:105669. [PMID: 38749351 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2024.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate association between time to initiation of disease modifying treatment (DMT) and outcomes in pediatric-onset Multiple Sclerosis (POMS). METHODS A retrospective analysis of children with POMS from two tertiary referral pediatric Neuroimmunology clinics. Outcome measures comprised annualized relapse rate (ARR), MRI lesion burden (T1, T2-FLAIR, and post-GAD contrast sequences), EDSS, and 25-ft walk duration at the latest follow-up visit. Univariate and multivariate analysis using linear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations between patient characteristics and outcomes. RESULTS In total, 68 patients were reviewed. More than half of patients were female (62 %) and 32 (47 %) were Hispanic/LatinX. Median age at diagnosis was 14.2 years (IQR: 11.0-16.5), and median duration from diagnosis to the latest follow-up was 2.5 years (IQR: 1.6-4.6). Sensory (29.4 %), brainstem (23.5 %), and pyramidal (19.1 %) symptoms were most common. Interferon beta (32.4 %), dimethyl fumarate (27.9 %) and rituximab (26.5 %) were the most frequently used first-line DMT. Patients had a median ARR of 0.5 (IQR: 0.08-0.84), and EDSS score of 1.0 (IQR: 0.0-2.0) at the most recent follow-up. Delayed DMT initiation correlated with higher ARR (R = 0.38, p = 0.0016) and longer 25-ft walk duration (R = 0.34, p = 0.0077). In multivariate analysis, delayed DMT remained a significant predictor of higher ARR (p = 0.002) and longer 25-ft walk duration (p = 0.047). Delayed DMT initiation and use of low/moderate efficacy DMT predicted GAD enhancing lesions at the latest follow-up (p = 0.004 and 0.019 respectively). CONCLUSION Delayed DMT initiation in POMS is linked to unfavorable outcomes, including higher ARR and longer 25-ft walk duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Jafarpour
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA
| | - Soniya Pinto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, USA
| | - My H Vu
- Biostatistics and Data Management Core, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Nusrat Ahsan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA
| | - Laura E Saucier
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA; Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jonathan D Santoro
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA; Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, USA.
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3
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Yusuf FLA, Asaf A, Marrie RA, Li P, McKay K, Zhao Y, Zhu F, Maxwell C, Tremlett H. Incidence and prevalence of paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis in two Canadian provinces: a population-based study representing over half of Canada's population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:229-234. [PMID: 37734925 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-331991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based studies estimating the epidemiology of paediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (PoMS) are scarce. METHODS We accessed population-based health administrative data from two provinces in Canada, Ontario and British Columbia (BC). Individuals with PoMS were identified via a validated case definition. The index date ('MS onset') was the first demyelinating or MS specific claim recorded ≤18 years of age. We estimated the age-standardised annual incidence and prevalence of PoMS, and 95% CIs between 2003 and 2019. We used negative binomial regression models to assess the temporal changes in the annual crude incidence and prevalence of PoMS, and the ratios comparing sex groups. RESULTS From 2003 to 2019, a total of 148 incident PoMS cases were identified in BC, and 672 in Ontario. The age-standardised annual incidence of PoMS was stable in both provinces, averaging 0.95 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.13) in BC and 0.98 (95%CI 0.84 to 1.12) in Ontario per 100 000 person-years. The incidence ratio by sex (female vs male) was also stable over the study period, averaging 1.5:1 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.08, BC) and 2.0:1 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.59, Ontario). The age-standardised prevalence per 100 000 people rose from 4.75 (2003) to 5.52 (2019) in BC and from 2.93 (2003) to 4.07 (2019) in Ontario, and the increase was statistically significant in Ontario (p=0.002). There were more female prevalent PoMS cases than males in both provinces. CONCLUSIONS Canada has one of the highest rates of PoMS globally, and the prevalence, but not incidence, has increased over time. Allocation of resources to support the growing youth population with MS should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardowsa L A Yusuf
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ayesha Asaf
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ping Li
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyla McKay
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yinshan Zhao
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Feng Zhu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colleen Maxwell
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Schools of Pharmacy and Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Tremlett
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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4
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Piri Cinar B, Konuskan B, Anlar B, Ozakbas S. Narrative review based on fingolimod therapy in pediatric MS. SAGE Open Med 2023; 11:20503121231171996. [PMID: 37181277 PMCID: PMC10170592 DOI: 10.1177/20503121231171996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The course of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis and adult multiple sclerosis shows some clinical differences. The rate of having a second attack after the first clinical event is 80% in children and around 45% in adults but the time to the second event is similar in all age groups. The pediatric group usually has a more aggressive onset than adults. On the other hand, a higher rate of complete recovery is observed in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis after the first clinical event compared to the adult group. Despite a highly active initial disease course, pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis patients show a slower increase in disability than patients with adult-onset disease. This is thought to be due to greater remyelination capacity and plasticity of the developing brain. The management of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis includes safety issues as well as effective disease control. In the pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis group, similar to adult multiple sclerosis, injectable treatments have been used for many years with reasonable efficacy and safety. Since 2011, oral treatments and then infusion treatments have been approved and used effectively in adult multiple sclerosis and have gradually entered clinical use in the pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis group. However, clinical trials are fewer, smaller, and include shorter follow-up due to the much lower prevalence of pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis than adult multiple sclerosis. This is particularly important in the era of recent disease-modifying treatments. This review of the literature presents existing data on the safety and efficacy of fingolimod, pointing to a relatively favorable profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Piri Cinar
- Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey
- Bilge Piri Cinar, Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Bahadır Konuskan
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Interrogating large multiple sclerosis registries and databases: what information can be gained? Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:271-277. [PMID: 35674068 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the natural history of multiple sclerosis (MS) and the development of new therapies, many questions concerning disease behavior and therapeutics remain to be answered. Data generated from real-world observational studies, based on large MS registries and databases and analyzed with advanced statistical methods, are offering the scientific community answers to some of these questions that are otherwise difficult or impossible to address. This review focuses on observational studies published in the last 2 years designed to compare the effectiveness of escalation vs. induction treatment strategies, to assess the effectiveness of treatment in pediatric-onset and late-onset MS, and to identify the clinical phenotype of secondary progressive (SP)MS. RECENT FINDINGS The main findings originating from real-world studies suggest that MS patients who will qualify for high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) should be offered these as early as possible to prevent irreversible accumulation of neurological disability. Especially pediatric patients derive substantial benefits from early treatment. In patients with late-onset MS, sustained exposure to DMTs may result in more favorable outcomes. Data-driven definitions are more accurate in defining transition to SPMS than diagnosis based solely on neurologists' judgment. SUMMARY Patients, physicians, industry, and policy-makers have all benefited from real-world evidence based on registry data, in answering questions of diagnostics, choice of treatment, and timing of treatment decisions.
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6
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Margoni M, Preziosa P, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: developments in timely diagnosis and prognostication. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:393-403. [PMID: 35400266 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2064743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric-onset (PO) multiple sclerosis (MS) accounts for about 2-10% of the total MS cases. Recently, a greater attention has been given to POMS, with substantial improvements in the understanding of its pathophysiology, in the diagnostic work-up and in the identification of reliable prognosticators associated with long-term disability in these patients. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the most recent updates regarding the pathophysiology of POMS, the current diagnostic criteria and the clinical, neuroradiological and laboratoristic markers that have been associated with disease progression (i.e. occurrence of a second clinical attack at disease onset and accumulation of disability in definite MS). EXPERT OPINION The study of POMS, where the clinical onset is closer to the biological onset of MS, may contribute to better understand how the different pathological processes impact brain maturation and contribute to disease progression, but also how brain plasticity may counterbalance structural damage accumulation. Although rare, POMS is a severe disease, characterized by a prominent clinical and radiological activity at disease onset and by the accumulation of physical and cognitive disability at a younger age compared to the adult counterpart, with significant detrimental consequences at long-term. Early and accurate diagnosis, together with early treatment, is highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Margoni
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Multiple Sclerosis Center of the Veneto Region, Department of Neurosciences, University Hospital - School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Pediatric neuroinflammatory conditions are a complex group of disorders with a wide range of clinical presentations. Patients can present with a combination of focal neurologic deficits, encephalopathy, seizures, movement disorders, or psychiatric manifestations. There are several ways that pediatric neuroinflammatory conditions can be classified, including clinical presentation, pathophysiologic mechanism, and imaging and laboratory findings. In this article, we group these conditions into acquired demyelinating diseases, immune-mediated epilepsies/encephalopathies, primary rheumatologic conditions with central nervous system (CNS) manifestations, CNS vasculitis, and neurodegenerative/genetic conditions with immune-mediated pathophysiology and discuss epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis of each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Malani Shukla
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1250, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Timothy E Lotze
- Department of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1250, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eyal Muscal
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Co-appointment in Department of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, 6701 Fannin Street, 11th Floor, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Iaffaldano P, Lucisano G, Butzkueven H, Hillert J, Hyde R, Koch-Henriksen N, Magyari M, Pellegrini F, Spelman T, Sørensen PS, Vukusic S, Trojano M. Early treatment delays long-term disability accrual in RRMS: Results from the BMSD network. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1543-1555. [PMID: 33900144 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal timing of treatment starts for achieving the best control on the long-term disability accumulation in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still to be defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to estimate the optimal time to start disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to prevent the long-term disability accumulation in MS, using a pooled dataset from the Big Multiple Sclerosis Data (BMSD) network. METHODS Multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for the time to first treatment start from disease onset (in quintiles) were used. To mitigate the impact of potential biases, a set of pairwise propensity score (PS)-matched analyses were performed. The first quintile, including patients treated within 1.2 years from onset, was used as reference. RESULTS A cohort of 11,871 patients (median follow-up after treatment start: 13.2 years) was analyzed. A 3- and 12-month confirmed disability worsening event and irreversible Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 4.0 and 6.0 scores were reached by 7062 (59.5%), 4138 (34.9%), 3209 (31.1%), and 1909 (16.5%) patients, respectively. The risk of reaching all the disability outcomes was significantly lower (p < 0.0004) for the first quintile patients' group. CONCLUSION Real-world data from the BMSD demonstrate that DMTs should be commenced within 1.2 years from the disease onset to reduce the risk of disability accumulation over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Iaffaldano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucisano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy/Center for Outcomes Research and Clinical Epidemiology (CORESEARCH), Pescara, Italy
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Nils Koch-Henriksen
- Department of Neurology, The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Department of Neurology, The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Tim Spelman
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Soelberg Sørensen
- Department of Neurology, The Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Vukusic
- Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis, Myelin Disorders and Neuroinflammation, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France/Observatoire Français de la Sclérose en Plaques (OFSEP), Lyon, France
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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9
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De Meo E, Bonacchi R, Moiola L, Colombo B, Sangalli F, Zanetta C, Amato MP, Martinelli V, Rocca MA, Filippi M. Early Predictors of 9-Year Disability in Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:1011-1022. [PMID: 33598931 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess early predictors of 9-year disability in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments of 123 pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis were obtained at disease onset and after 1 and 2 years. A 9-year clinical follow-up was also performed. Cox proportional hazard and multivariable regression models were used to assess independent predictors of time to first relapse and 9-year outcomes. RESULTS Time to first relapse was predicted by optic nerve lesions (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.10, p = 0.02) and high-efficacy treatment exposure (HR = 0.31, p = 0.005). Predictors of annualized relapse rate were: at baseline, presence of cerebellar (β = -0.15, p < 0.001), cervical cord lesions (β = 0.16, p = 0.003), and high-efficacy treatment exposure (β = -0.14, p = 0.01); considering also 1-year variables, number of relapses (β = 0.14, p = 0.002), and the previous baseline predictors; considering 2-year variables, time to first relapse (2-year: β = -0.12, p = 0.01) entered, whereas high-efficacy treatment exposure exited the model. Predictors of 9-year disability worsening were: at baseline, presence of optic nerve lesions (odds ratio [OR] = 6.45, p = 0.01); considering 1-year and 2-year variables, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) changes (1-year: OR = 26.05, p < 0.001; 2-year: OR = 16.38, p = 0.02), and ≥ 2 new T2-lesions in 2 years (2-year: OR = 4.91, p = 0.02). Predictors of higher 9-year EDSS score were: at baseline, EDSS score (β = 0.58, p < 0.001), presence of brainstem lesions (β = 0.31, p = 0.04), and number of cervical cord lesions (β = 0.22, p = 0.05); considering 1-year and 2-year variables, EDSS changes (1-year: β = 0.79, p < 0.001; 2-year: β = 0.55, p < 0.001), and ≥ 2 new T2-lesions (1-year: β = 0.28, p = 0.03; 2-year: β = 0.35, p = 0.01). INTERPRETATION A complete baseline MRI assessment and an accurate clinical and MRI monitoring during the first 2 years of disease contribute to predict 9-year prognosis in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:1011-1022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda De Meo
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Bonacchi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Moiola
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Colombo
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Zanetta
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section of Neurosciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Maria Assunta Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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10
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Bozzola E, Spina G, Valeriani M, Papetti L, Ursitti F, Agostiniani R, Mascolo C, Ruggiero M, Di Camillo C, Quondamcarlo A, Matera L, Vecchio D, Memo L, Villani A. Management of pediatric post-infectious neurological syndromes. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:17. [PMID: 33494818 PMCID: PMC7836589 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-00968-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-Infectious Neurological Syndromes (PINS) are heterogeneous neurological disorders with post or para-infectious onset. PINS diagnosis is complex, mainly related to the absence of any recognized guidelines and a univocal definition. AIM OF THE STUDY To elaborate a diagnostic guide for PINS. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analysed patients younger than 14 years old admitted to Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital in Rome for PINS from December 2005 to March 2018. Scientific literature using PubMed as research platform was analysed: the key words "Post-Infectious Neurological Syndromes" were used. RESULTS A polysymptomatic presentation occurred in a percentage of 88% of the children. Motor signs and visual disturbances the most observed symptoms/signs were the most detached, followed by fever, speech disturbances, sleepiness, headache and bradipsychism. Blood investigations are compatible with inflammation, as a prodromal illnesses was documented in most cases. Normal cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) characteristics has been found in the majority of the study population. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was positive for demyelinating lesions. Antibiotics, acyclovir and steroids have been given as treatment. DISCUSSION We suggest diagnostic criteria for diagnosis of PINS, considering the following parameters: neurological symptoms, timing of disease onset, blood and CSF laboratory tests, MRI imaging. CONCLUSIONS We propose criteria to guide clinician to diagnose PINS as definitive, probable or possible. Further studies are required to validate diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimiliano Valeriani
- Department of Neuroscience, Headache Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Papetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Headache Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Ursitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Headache Center, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luigi Memo
- Italian Pediatric Society, Florence, Italy
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11
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Amato MP, Fonderico M, Portaccio E, Pastò L, Razzolini L, Prestipino E, Bellinvia A, Tudisco L, Fratangelo R, Comi G, Patti F, De Luca G, Brescia Morra V, Cocco E, Pozzilli C, Sola P, Bergamaschi R, Salemi G, Inglese M, Millefiorini E, Galgani S, Zaffaroni M, Ghezzi A, Salvetti M, Lus G, Florio C, Totaro R, Granella F, Vianello M, Gatto M, Di Battista G, Aguglia U, Logullo FO, Simone M, Lucisano G, Iaffaldano P, Trojano M. Disease-modifying drugs can reduce disability progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Brain 2020; 143:3013-3024. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
An ever-expanding number of disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis have become available in recent years, after demonstrating efficacy in clinical trials. In the real-world setting, however, disease-modifying drugs are prescribed in patient populations that differ from those included in pivotal studies, where extreme age patients are usually excluded or under-represented. In this multicentre, observational, retrospective Italian cohort study, we evaluated treatment exposure in three cohorts of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis defined by age at onset: paediatric-onset (≤18 years), adult-onset (18–49 years) and late-onset multiple sclerosis (≥50 years). We included patients with a relapsing-remitting phenotype, ≥5 years follow-up, ≥3 Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) evaluations and a first neurological evaluation within 3 years from the first demyelinating event. Multivariate Cox regression models (adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence intervals) were used to assess the risk of reaching a first 12-month confirmed disability worsening and the risk of reaching a sustained EDSS of 4.0. The effect of disease-modifying drugs was assessed as quartiles of time exposure. We found that disease-modifying drugs reduced the risk of 12-month confirmed disability worsening, with a progressive risk reduction in different quartiles of exposure in paediatric-onset and adult-onset patients [adjusted hazard ratios in non-exposed versus exposed >62% of the follow-up time: 8.0 (3.5–17.9) for paediatric-onset and 6.3 (4.9–8.0) for adult-onset, P < 0.0001] showing a trend in late-onset patients [adjusted hazard ratio = 1.9 (0.9–4.1), P = 0.07]. These results were confirmed for a sustained EDSS score of 4.0. We also found that relapses were a risk factor for 12-month confirmed disability worsening in all three cohorts, and female sex exerted a protective role in the late-onset cohort. This study provides evidence that sustained exposure to disease-modifying drugs decreases the risk of disability accumulation, seemingly in a dose-dependent manner. It confirms that the effectiveness of disease-modifying drugs is lower in late-onset patients, although still detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Amato
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Emilio Portaccio
- SOC Neurologia, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, AUSL Toscana Centro1, Florence, Italy
| | - Luisa Pastò
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Elio Prestipino
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Laura Tudisco
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Comi
- San Raffaele Hospital - INSPE; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate, GF Ingrassia, Sez. Neuroscienze, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, University of Catania, Catania, Sicily, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico SS Annunziata, Università ‘G. d'Annunzio’, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Brescia Morra
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cocco
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla, ASSL Cagliari (ATS Sardegna); Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carlo Pozzilli
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, S. Andrea Hospital, Dept. of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Centro Malattie Demielinizzanti - Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria/OCSAE, UO Neurologia, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Salemi
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Millefiorini
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Simonetta Galgani
- multiple sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurosciences, S. Camillo - Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaffaroni
- ASST della Valle Olona, Multiple Sclerosis Center, S. Antonio Abate Hospital of Gallarate, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Angelo Ghezzi
- ASST della Valle Olona, Multiple Sclerosis Center, S. Antonio Abate Hospital of Gallarate, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Marco Salvetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies, S. Andrea Hospital/Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lus
- Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Florio
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Rocco Totaro
- Demyelinating Diseases Center, Department of Neurology, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Franco Granella
- Unit of Neurosciences, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Marika Vianello
- Centro Sclerosi Multipla - Ospedale Regionale ‘Ca’ Foncello', Neurology Unit, Treviso, Italy
| | - Maurizia Gatto
- Ospedale Generale Regionale ‘F. Miulli’, Neurology Unit, Acquaviva delle Fonti (BA), Italy
| | | | - Umberto Aguglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Neurology Unit, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Marta Simone
- Child Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University ‘Aldo Moro’ of Bari, Policlinico Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70121, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucisano
- Center for Outcomes Research and Clinical Epidemiology, Pescara, Italy
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Iaffaldano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ Policlinico, Bari, Italy
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Santoro JD, Waltz M, Aaen G, Belman A, Benson L, Gorman M, Goyal MS, Graves JS, Harris Y, Krupp L, Lotze T, Mar S, Moodley M, Ness J, Rensel M, Rodriguez M, Schreiner T, Tillema JM, Waubant E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Hurtubise BF, Roalstad S, Rose J, Casper TC, Chitnis T. Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score in a large US cohort. Neurology 2020; 95:e1844-e1853. [PMID: 32690790 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize disease severity and distribution of disability in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) and to develop an optimized modeling scale for measuring disability, we performed a multicenter retrospective analysis of disability scores in 873 persons with POMS over time and compared this to previously published data in adults with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data collected from 12 centers of the US Network of Pediatric MS Centers. Patients were stratified by the number of years from first symptoms of MS to Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessment and an MS severity score (Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score [Ped-MSSS]) was calculated per criteria developed by Roxburgh et al. in 2005. RESULTS In total, 873 patients were evaluated. In our cohort, 52%, 19.4%, and 1.5% of all patients at any time point reached an EDSS of 2.0, 3.0, and 6.0. Comparison of our Ped-MSSS scores and previously published adult Multiple Sclerosis Severity Scores (MSSS) showed slower progression of Ped-MSSS with increasing gaps between higher EDSS score and years after diagnosis. Decile scores in our POMS cohort for EDSS of 2.0, 3.0, and 6.0 were 8.00/9.46/9.94, 7.86/9.39/9.91, and 7.32/9.01/9.86 at 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Notable predictors of disease progression in both EDSS and Ped-MSSS models were ever having a motor relapse and EDSS at year 1. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) scores were inversely correlated with duration of disease activity and cerebral functional score. CONCLUSIONS Persons with POMS exhibit lower EDSS scores compared to persons with adult-onset MS. Use of a Ped-MSSS model may provide an alternative to EDSS scoring in clinical assessment of disease severity and disability accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Santoro
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
| | - Michael Waltz
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Greg Aaen
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Anita Belman
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Leslie Benson
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Mark Gorman
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Manu S Goyal
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Yolanda Harris
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Lauren Krupp
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Timothy Lotze
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Soe Mar
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Manikum Moodley
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jayne Ness
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Mary Rensel
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Teri Schreiner
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jan-Mendelt Tillema
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Emmanuelle Waubant
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Brigitte F Hurtubise
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Shelly Roalstad
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - John Rose
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - T Charles Casper
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- From Partners Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.D.S., T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School (J.D.S.), Boston, MA; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Program at Boston Children's Hospital (J.D.S., L.B., M.G.), MA; Children's Hospital Los Angeles (J.D.S.); Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (J.D.S.), Los Angeles; Data Coordinating and Analysis Center (M.W., S.R., J.R., T.C.C.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (G.A.), Loma Linda University Children's Hospital, CA; Pediatric MS Center at NYU Langone Health (A.B., L.K.), New York, NY; Washington University (M.S.G., S.M.), St. Louis, MO; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (J.S.G.), University of California San Diego; UAB Center for Pediatric-Onset Demyelinating Disease (Y.H., J.N.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Blue Bird Circle Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis (T.L.), Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston; Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (M.M., M. Rensel), Cleveland Clinic, OH; Mayo Clinic Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (M. Rodriguez, J.-M.T.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Rocky Mountain Multiple Sclerosis Center (T.S.), Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora; Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (E.W.), University of California San Francisco; Jacobs Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Center (B.W.-G.), State University of New York at Buffalo; and Department of Neurology (B.F.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA.
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Padilha IG, Fonseca APA, Pettengill ALM, Fragoso DC, Pacheco FT, Nunes RH, Maia ACM, da Rocha AJ. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: from clinical basis to imaging spectrum and differential diagnosis. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:776-792. [PMID: 31925460 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04582-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) deserves special attention because of its impact on cognitive function and development. Although knowledge regarding pediatric MS has rapidly increased, understanding the peculiarities of this population remains crucial for disease management. There is limited expertise about the efficacy and safety of current disease-modifying agents. Although pathophysiology is not entirely understood, some risk factors and immunological features have been described and are discussed herein. While the revised International Pediatric MS Study Group diagnostic criteria have improved the accuracy of diagnosis, the recently revised McDonald criteria also offer some new insights into the pediatric population. It is fundamental that radiologists have strong knowledge about the vast spectrum of demyelinating disorders that can occur in childhood to ensure appropriate diagnosis and provide early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G Padilha
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil.
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana P A Fonseca
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana L M Pettengill
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego C Fragoso
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe T Pacheco
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato H Nunes
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C M Maia
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio J da Rocha
- Division of Neuroradiology, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Rua Dr. Cesário Motta Jr. 112, Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
- Division of Neuroradiology, Diagnósticos da América AS - DASA, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kopp TI, Blinkenberg M, Petersen T, Sorensen PS, Magyari M. Long term effect of delayed treatment on disability in patients with paediatric onset multiple sclerosis: A prospective Danish cohort study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 40:101956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Current Advances in Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8040071. [PMID: 32231060 PMCID: PMC7235875 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8040071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system leading to demyelination. MS in the pediatric population is rare, but has been shown to lead to significant disability over the duration of the disease. As we have learned more about pediatric MS, there has been a development of improved diagnostic criteria leading to earlier diagnosis, earlier initiation of disease-modifying therapies (DMT), and an increasing number of DMT used in the treatment of pediatric MS. Over time, treatment with DMT has trended towards the initiation of higher efficacy treatment at time of diagnosis to help prevent further disease progression and accrual of disability over time, and there is evidence in current literature that supports this change in treatment patterns. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge in diagnosis, treatment, and clinical outcomes in pediatric MS.
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De Lury A, Bisulca J, Coyle PK, Peyster R, Bangiyev L, Duong TQ. MRI features associated with rapid disease activity in clinically isolated syndrome patients at high risk for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 41:101985. [PMID: 32087591 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is a central nervous system inflammatory and demyelinating event that lasts at least 24 h and can represent the first episode of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. MRI is an important imaging tool in the diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of CIS progression. Accurate differential diagnosis of high-risk versus low-risk CIS is important because high-risk CIS patients could be treated early. Although a few studies have previously characterized CIS and explored possible imaging predictors of CIS conversion to MS, it remains unclear which amongst the commonly measured MRI features, if any, are good predictors of rapid disease progression in CIS patients. The goal of this review paper is to identify MRI features in high-risk CIS patients that are associated with rapid disease activity within 5 years as measured by clinical disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy De Lury
- Departments of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Joseph Bisulca
- Departments of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Patricia K Coyle
- Departments of Neurology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Robert Peyster
- Departments of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Lev Bangiyev
- Departments of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Tim Q Duong
- Departments of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA; Departments of Neurology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent developments in the classification, investigation and management of pediatric optic neuritis (PON). RECENT FINDINGS A recent surge in interest surrounding antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) has instigated a paradigm shift in our assessment of children with PON. This serological marker is associated with a broad spectrum of demyelinating syndromes that are clinically and radiologically distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD). Optic neuritis is the most common presenting phenotype of MOG-Ab positive-associated disease (MOG+AD). MOG-Ab seropositivity is much more common in the pediatric population and it predicts a better prognosis than MS or AQP4+NMOSD, except in the subset that exhibit a recurrent phenotype. SUMMARY A better grasp of MOG+AD features and its natural history has facilitated more accurate risk stratification of children after a presenting episode of PON. Consequently, the initial investigation of PON has broadened to include serology, along with neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Acute treatment of PON and chronic immunotherapy is also becoming better tailored to the suspected or confirmed diagnoses of MS, AQP4+NMOSD and MOG+AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane H. Lock
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Nancy J. Newman
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurological Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Valérie Biousse
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jason H. Peragallo
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Abstract
Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) comprises 2-5% of MS cases, and is known to be associated with high disease activity and the accumulation of disability at an earlier age than their adult-onset counterparts. Appropriate therapy leading to disease control has the potential to alter the known trajectory of adverse long-term physical, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes in this population. Thus, optimizing treatment for children and adolescents with MS is of paramount importance. The last decade has seen a growing number of disease-modifying therapies approved for relapsing MS in adults, and available agents now include oral, injectable, and infusion therapies. Recently, the development of randomized controlled MS trials in youth has led to the first agent approved by the US FDA for the treatment of pediatric MS-fingolimod. With this, we have entered a new era of knowledge and treatment in this population and ongoing pediatric trials are expected to further inform clinical management. With the emergence of highly effective therapies targeting the inflammatory component of the disease, there has been increased interest in identifying treatment strategies that instead target mechanisms such as remyelination/repair, neuroprotection, or rehabilitation. The potential role for such emerging therapies in the treatment of pediatric MS remains an important area of study. In this review, we discuss current evidence for MS therapies in children including the treatment of acute relapses, disease-modifying therapies, and symptomatic management. We will also discuss evidence for emerging therapies, including remyelinating and neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Wilbur
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - E Ann Yeh
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
- Division of Neurosciences and Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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Hartung HP, Graf J, Aktas O, Mares J, Barnett MH. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: revisions of the McDonald criteria 2017 – continuity and change. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:327-337. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Over the last decade, clinical registries have significantly contributed to the pool of evidence that supports management decisions in patients with multiple sclerosis. Being the largest international registry of multiple sclerosis and neuroimmunological disorders, MSBase collects demographic, clinical and limited paraclinical information from patients managed in different regions and under various circumstances. In this review, we will provide an overview of its published output, with focus on the information with impact on the management of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Kalincik
- CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia/Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helmut Butzkueven
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Simone M, Viterbo RG, Margari L, Iaffaldano P. Computer-assisted rehabilitation of attention in pediatric multiple sclerosis and ADHD patients: a pilot trial. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:82. [PMID: 29884144 PMCID: PMC5992821 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of cognitive deficits is challenging in pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) and in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We performed a pilot double-blind RCT to evaluate the efficacy of a home-based computerized-program for retraining attention in two cohorts of POMS and ADHD patients. METHODS POMS and ADHD patients failing in at least 2/4 attention tests on a neuropsychological battery were randomized to specific or nonspecific computerized training (ST, nST), performed in one-hour sessions, twice/week for 3 months. The primary outcome was the effect of the training on global neuropsychological performances measured by the cognitive impairment index (CII). The efficacy of the intervention was evaluated in each disease group by using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS Sixteen POMS (9 females, age 15.75 ± 1.74 years) and 20 ADHD (2 females, age 11.19 ± 2.49 years) patients were enrolled. In POMS patients the ST exposure was associated to a significantly more pronounced improvement of the CII (p < 0.0001) and on cognitive test exploring attention, concentration, planning strategies and visuo-spatial memory performances in comparison to nST exposure. In ADHD patients the difference between the ST and nST on the CII was not statistical significant (p = 0.06), but a greater effect of the ST was found only on cognitive test exploring attention and delayed recall of visuo-spatial memory performances. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a cognitive rehabilitation program that targets attention is a suitable tool for improving global cognitive functioning in POMS patients, whereas it has a less pronounced transfer effect in ADHD patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT03190902 ; registration date: June 15, 2017; retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Simone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Gemma Viterbo
- MS Centre, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Iaffaldano
- MS Centre, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70121 Bari, Italy
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Aktas O, Wattjes MP, Stangel M, Hartung HP. Diagnose der Multiplen Sklerose: Revision der McDonald-Kriterien 2017. DER NERVENARZT 2018; 89:1344-1354. [DOI: 10.1007/s00115-018-0550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ruet A. Update on pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:398-407. [PMID: 29784250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) has distinctive features compared with adult-onset multiple sclerosis (AOMS), and warrants caution despite being a rare form of MS. POMS diagnostic criteria are somewhat different from those used in AOMS, with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis being a key differential diagnosis of MS in children. Other differential diagnoses that have to be ruled out before diagnosing MS include demyelinating syndromes, autoimmune and systemic pathologies, and infectious, genetic, metabolic and neoplastic diseases. Compared with AOMS, POMS has several different clinical, biological and imaging findings. At onset, high-level inflammatory activity is mainly reported, and patients with POMS are also at high risk of developing early physical disabilities and early cognitive impairment. Yet, treating patients with POMS is challenging due to a lack of randomized controlled trials. Some of the disease-modifying drugs currently prescribed are analogous to therapies used in adults, and are associated with good tolerability in pediatric patients. However, a few clinical trials dedicated to POMS are now in progress, and the future outlook is to improve the long-term prognosis of POMS patients with early effective and safe treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruet
- University of Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France; Inserm U1215, neurocentre Magendie, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Hospital of Bordeaux, place Amélie Raba Léon, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.
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25
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Thompson AJ, Baranzini SE, Geurts J, Hemmer B, Ciccarelli O. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2018; 391:1622-1636. [PMID: 29576504 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1142] [Impact Index Per Article: 190.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis continues to be a challenging and disabling condition but there is now greater understanding of the underlying genetic and environmental factors that drive the condition, including low vitamin D levels, cigarette smoking, and obesity. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial and is supported by diagnostic criteria, incorporating imaging and spinal fluid abnormalities for those presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome. Importantly, there is an extensive therapeutic armamentarium, both oral and by infusion, for those with the relapsing remitting form of the disease. Careful consideration is required when choosing the correct treatment, balancing the side-effect profile with efficacy and escalating as clinically appropriate. This move towards more personalised medicine is supported by a clinical guideline published in 2018. Finally, a comprehensive management programme is strongly recommended for all patients with multiple sclerosis, enhancing health-related quality of life through advocating wellness, addressing aggravating factors, and managing comorbidities. The greatest remaining challenge for multiple sclerosis is the development of treatments incorporating neuroprotection and remyelination to treat and ultimately prevent the disabling, progressive forms of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Thompson
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen Geurts
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neuroimmunological diseases encompass a wide spectrum of diseases in children. Apart from the discovery of autoantibodies affecting primarily grey matter structures and the improved clinical characterization of rare entities such as N-methyl D-aspartate receptor-R- encephalitis, important strides have also been made in autoimmune-mediated white matter diseases, including paediatric multiple sclerosis (pedMS) and other acute demyelinating syndromes (ADS) often associated with antibodies (abs) against myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG). This review will cover findings of recent studies in pedMS, in the emerging field of non-MS acute demyelinating episodes associated with MOG abs and lastly from new imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) revealing new insights in the pathogenesis of ADS in children. RECENT FINDINGS The first prospective randomized clinical pedMS trial assessing the clinical and radiological efficacy of fingolimod versus a standard disease-modifying agent has shown clear superiority of fingolimod. The clinical spectrum of MOG-associated diseases has been characterized in more detail revealing clinical subtypes distinct from pedMS. A recent large European study further showed that MOG-associated diseases do not respond to first-line disease-modifying treatment (DMT) in MS but fare better with B-cell modulating therapies including regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). SUMMARY Recent findings strongly indicate that in particular in highly active pedMS characterized by new relapses or accrual of new MRI lesions despite first-line DMT treatment should be escalated. Secondly, several studies have shown that MOG-spectrum diseases include children with monophasic and recurrent subtypes other than MS with different clinical, radiological characteristics and treatment challenges.
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Berger T, Adamczyk-Sowa M, Csépány T, Fazekas F, Hojs Fabjan T, Horáková D, Illes Z, Klimová E, Leutmezer F, Rejdak K, Rozsa C, Šega Jazbec S, Szilasiová J, Turčáni P, Vachová M, Vécsei L, Havrdová E. Management of multiple sclerosis patients in central European countries: current needs and potential solutions. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418759189. [PMID: 29511382 PMCID: PMC5826096 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418759189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) experts in Europe are facing rapidly rising demands of excellence due to the increasing complexity of MS therapy and management. A central European expert board of MS experts met to identify needs and obstacles with respect to raising quality of MS care in central and Eastern European countries. There are substantial variations across countries regarding delivery of care and its cost structure, as well as access to treatment. To date, Eastern European countries are often less able to afford reimbursement of immunomodulatory agents than Western countries. Overall, approximately 40% of working-age patients are not working due to MS. Costs rise steeply with increasing disability; indirect costs constitute the bulk of the financial burden in patients with severe MS. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment is meanwhile obligatory as the diagnostic interface in the management of MS patients. Recommended measures directed at improving quality of care include the collection of patient data in registries, enhanced education of healthcare professionals, implementation of national strategies aiming at reducing regional variation, optimization of approval processes, and removal of administrative barriers. Local partnerships with authorities such as those that represent the interests of employees can contribute to leverage the importance of epidemiological data. The need for education extends to (neuro)radiologists who are responsible for reporting MRI findings in expert quality. Dissemination of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging in MS (MAGNIMS) protocol would be an important step in this context. Also, clinical freedom of choice is rated as essential. Physicians should have access to a range of treatment options due to the complexity of disease. Guidelines such as the upcoming EAN-ECTRIMS clinical practice guideline also aim at providing a basis for argumentation in negotiations with national health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berger
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Department of Neurology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tünde Csépány
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Hojs Fabjan
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Dana Horáková
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eleonóra Klimová
- Department of Neurology, University of Prešov and Teaching Hospital of JA Reiman, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Fritz Leutmezer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Rejdak
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Csilla Rozsa
- Department of Neurology, Jahn Ferenc Dél-pesti Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saša Šega Jazbec
- Department of Neurology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jarmila Szilasiová
- Department of Neurology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University and University Hospital L Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Turčáni
- Department of Neurology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology and MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva Havrdová
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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Giorgio A, Zhang J, Stromillo ML, Rossi F, Battaglini M, Nichelli L, Mortilla M, Portaccio E, Hakiki B, Amato MP, De Stefano N. Pronounced Structural and Functional Damage in Early Adult Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis with No or Minimal Clinical Disability. Front Neurol 2017; 8:608. [PMID: 29184534 PMCID: PMC5694464 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) may represent a model of vulnerability to damage occurring during a period of active maturation of the human brain. Whereas adaptive mechanisms seem to take place in the POMS brain in the short-medium term, natural history studies have shown that these patients reach irreversible disability, despite slower progression, at a significantly younger age than adult-onset MS (AOMS) patients. We tested for the first time whether significant brain alterations already occurred in POMS patients in their early adulthood and with no or minimal disability (n = 15) in comparison with age- and disability-matched AOMS patients (n = 14) and to normal controls (NC, n = 20). We used a multimodal MRI approach by modeling, using FSL, voxelwise measures of microstructural integrity of white matter tracts and gray matter volumes with those of intra- and internetwork functional connectivity (FC) (analysis of variance, p ≤ 0.01, corrected for multiple comparisons across space). POMS patients showed, when compared with both NC and AOMS patients, altered measures of diffusion tensor imaging (reduced fractional anisotropy and/or increased diffusivities) and higher probability of lesion occurrence in a clinically eloquent region for physical disability such as the posterior corona radiata. In addition, POMS patients showed, compared with the other two groups, reduced long-range FC, assessed from resting functional MRI, between default mode network and secondary visual network, whose interaction subserves important cognitive functions such as spatial attention and visual learning. Overall, this pattern of structural damage and brain connectivity disruption in early adult POMS patients with no or minimal clinical disability might explain their unfavorable clinical outcome in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Giorgio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Nichelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Bahia Hakiki
- Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Amato
- Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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29
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Gordon-Lipkin E, Banwell B. An update on multiple sclerosis in children: diagnosis, therapies, and prospects for the future. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:975-989. [PMID: 28738749 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1360135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is increasingly being recognized in children and adolescents. Pediatric MS follows a relapsing-remitting course at onset, with a risk for early cognitive impairment. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the clinical features of acute demyelinating syndromes in children and risk factors that increase the likelihood of a diagnosis of MS. We also address the application of diagnostic criteria for MS in children, immunological features, therapeutic options and psychosocial considerations for children and adolescents with MS. Expert commentary: Collaborative multicenter clinical trials and research efforts are key to the advancement in understanding the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies for multiple sclerosis across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Gordon-Lipkin
- a Department of Neurology and Developmental Medicine , Kennedy Krieger Institute and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Brenda Banwell
- b Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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