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Kinkar JS, Jameel PZ, Kumawat BL, Kalbhor P. Heterozygous deletion in exon 6 of STEX gene causing ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA-2) with ovarian failure. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e241767. [PMID: 34193451 PMCID: PMC8246282 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-241767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2), recently renamed as ATX-SETX, is an autosomal recessive, progressive neurodegenerative disorder belonging to inherited cerebellar ataxias. The pathogenic variants of the SETX gene have been implicated in ATX-SETX. We report the case of a 21-year-old woman presenting with ataxia, oculomotor apraxia and dystonia. She had elevated serum α-fetoprotein (AFP), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) levels and moderate cerebellar atrophy. On further evaluation, she was found to have premature ovarian failure as well. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification detected a heterozygous deletion in exon 6 of the SETX gene. A combination of cerebellar ataxia, oculomotor apraxia with elevated AFP and cerebellar atrophy are highly suggestive of ATX-SETX. In rare instances, it may be associated with premature ovarian failure with elevated FSH and LH levels, necessitating hormonal survey and fertility evaluation in all patients with ATX-SETX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan Shriram Kinkar
- Department of Neurology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Patel Zeeshan Jameel
- Department of Paediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Banshi Lal Kumawat
- Department of Neurology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Priyanka Kalbhor
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Renaud M, Tranchant C, Koenig M, Anheim M. Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias With Elevated Alpha-Fetoprotein: Uncommon Diseases, Common Biomarker. Mov Disord 2020; 35:2139-2149. [PMID: 33044027 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) is a biomarker of several autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs), especially ataxia telangiectasia (AT) and ataxia with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) type 2 (AOA2). More recently, slightly elevated AFP has been reported in AOA1 and AOA4. Interestingly, AOA1, AOA2, AOA4, and AT are overlapping ARCAs characterized by oculomotor apraxia, with oculocephalic dissociation, choreo-dystonia, and/or axonal sensorimotor neuropathy, in addition to cerebellar ataxia with cerebellar atrophy. The genetic backgrounds in these disorders play central roles in nuclear maintenance through DNA repair [ATM (AT), APTX (AOA1), or PNKP (AOA4)] or RNA termination [SETX (AOA2)]. Partially discriminating thresholds of AFP have been proposed as a way to distinguish between ARCAs with elevated AFP. In these entities, elevated AFP may be an epiphenomenon as a result of liver transcriptional dysregulation. AFP is a simple and reliable biomarker for the diagnosis of ARCA in performance and interpretation of next-generation sequencing. Here, we evaluated clinical, laboratory, imaging, and molecular data of the group of ARCAs that share elevated AFP serum levels that have been described in the past two decades. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Renaud
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHRU de Nancy, Nancy, France.,INSERM-U1256 NGERE, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire de Génétique de Maladies Rares EA7402, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Mhanni A, Hartley J, Harward E, Spriggs E, Booth F. Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 in the Canadian aboriginal population. Clin Genet 2015; 89:515-516. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Mhanni
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics; University of Manitoba; Manitoba Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health; University of Manitoba; Manitoba Canada
| | - J.N. Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics; University of Manitoba; Manitoba Canada
| | - E. Harward
- Department of Neurology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - E. Spriggs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics; University of Manitoba; Manitoba Canada
- Diagnostic Services Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - F. Booth
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health; University of Manitoba; Manitoba Canada
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4
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Sahama I, Sinclair K, Pannek K, Lavin M, Rose S. Radiological imaging in ataxia telangiectasia: a review. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 13:521-30. [PMID: 24683014 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human genetic disorder ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is characterised by neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, radiosensitivity, cell cycle checkpoint defects, genomic instability and cancer predisposition. Progressive cerebellar ataxia represents the most debilitating aspect of this disorder. At present, there is no therapy available to cure or prevent the progressive symptoms of A-T. While it is possible to alleviate some of the symptoms associated with immunodeficiency and deficient lung function, neither the predisposition to cancer nor the progressive neurodegeneration can be prevented. Significant effort has focused on improving our understanding of various clinical, genetic and immunological aspects of A-T; however, little attention has been directed towards identifying altered brain structure and function using MRI. To date, most imaging studies have reported radiological anomalies in A-T. This review outlines the clinical and biological features of A-T along with known radiological imaging anomalies. In addition, we briefly discuss the advent of high-resolution MRI in conjunction with diffusion-weighted imaging, which enables improved investigation of the microstructural tissue environment, giving insight into the loss in integrity of motor networks due to abnormal neurodevelopmental or progressive neurodegenerative processes. Such imaging approaches have yet to be applied in the study of A-T and could provide important new information regarding the relationship between mutation of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene and the integrity of motor circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Sahama
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Beh SC, Frohman TC, Frohman EM. Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Cerebellar Disease. Neurol Clin 2014; 32:1009-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin C Beh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Teresa C Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Trikamji B, Parziale N, Rafiei N, Freundlich R, Mishra S. A case of an African American man with ataxia and oculomotor apraxia 2. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2014; 16:43-46. [PMID: 25137517 DOI: 10.1097/cnd.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Trikamji
- *Department of Neurology, Olive View UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA †Department of Neurology, VA Greater Los Angeles HCS, Los Angeles, CA ‡Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA §Department of Neurology, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA ¶Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA ‖Department of Neurology, Olive View UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA
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7
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Roda RH, Rinaldi C, Singh R, Schindler AB, Blackstone C. Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 fibroblasts exhibit increased susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage. J Clin Neurosci 2014; 21:1627-31. [PMID: 24814856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is an autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia associated with mutations in SETX, which encodes the senataxin protein, a DNA/RNA helicase. We describe the clinical phenotype and molecular characterization of a Colombian AOA2 patient who is compound heterozygous for a c.994 C>T (p.R332W) missense mutation in exon 7 and a c.6848_6851delCAGA (p.T2283KfsX32) frameshift deletion in SETX exon 21. Immunocytochemistry of patient-derived fibroblasts revealed a normal cellular distribution of the senataxin protein, suggesting that these mutations do not lead to loss or mis-localization of the protein, but rather that aberrant function of senataxin underlies the disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, we used the alkaline comet assay to demonstrate that patient-derived fibroblast cells exhibit an increased susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage. This assay provides a novel and additional means to establish pathogenicity of SETX mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Roda
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 2C-911, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-3738, USA.
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rajat Singh
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 2C-911, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-3738, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice B Schindler
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Cell Biology Section, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 35, Room 2C-911, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892-3738, USA
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Panouillères M, Frismand S, Sillan O, Urquizar C, Vighetto A, Pélisson D, Tilikete C. Saccades and eye-head coordination in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 12:557-67. [PMID: 23475383 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-013-0463-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is one of the most frequent autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Oculomotor apraxia refers to horizontal gaze failure due to deficits in voluntary/reactive eye movements. These deficits can manifest as increased latency and/or hypometria of saccades with a staircase pattern and are frequently associated with compensatory head thrust movements. Oculomotor disturbances associated with AOA2 have been poorly studied mainly because the diagnosis of oculomotor apraxia was based on the presence of compensatory head thrusts. The aim of this study was to characterise the nature of horizontal gaze failure in patients with AOA2 and to demonstrate oculomotor apraxia even in the absence of head thrusts. Five patients with AOA2, without head thrusts, were tested in saccadic tasks with the head restrained or free to move and their performance was compared to a group of six healthy participants. The most salient deficit of the patients was saccadic hypometria with a typical staircase pattern. Saccade latency in the patients was longer than controls only for memory-guided saccades. In the head-free condition, head movements were delayed relative to the eye and their amplitude and velocity were strongly reduced compared to controls. Our study emphasises that in AOA2, hypometric saccades with a staircase pattern are a more reliable sign of oculomotor apraxia than head thrust movements. In addition, the variety of eye and head movements' deficits suggests that, although the main neural degeneration in AOA2 affects the cerebellum, this disease affects other structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Panouillères
- INSERM U1028; CNRS UMR5292; Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, ImpAct Team, Bron, 69676, France.
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Ichikawa Y, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Takahashi Y, Kobayashi S, Takuma H, Kanazawa I, Doi K, Yoshimura J, Morishita S, Goto J, Tsuji S. Exome analysis reveals a Japanese family with spinocerebellar ataxia, autosomal recessive 1. J Neurol Sci 2013; 331:158-60. [PMID: 23786967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 1 (SCAR1/AOA2) is clinically characterized by an early-onset progressive cerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy, ocular motor apraxia, and elevation of serum alpha-fetoprotein level. The disorder is caused by mutations in senataxin (SETX) gene. Here, we report a Japanese SCAR1/AOA2 family with a homozygous nonsense mutation (p.Q1441X) of SETX that was identified by exome sequencing. The family was previously reported as early-onset ataxia of undetermined cause. The present study emphasized the role of whole exome-sequence analysis to establish the molecular diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease presenting with diverse clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeko Ichikawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Frismand S, Salem H, Panouilleres M, Pélisson D, Jacobs S, Vighetto A, Cotton F, Tilikete C. MRI findings in AOA2: Cerebellar atrophy and abnormal iron detection in dentate nucleus. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 2:542-8. [PMID: 24179805 PMCID: PMC3777765 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is one of the most frequent types of autosomal degenerative cerebellar ataxia. The first objective of this work was to identify specific cerebellar atrophy using MRI in patients with AOA2. Since increased iron deposits have been reported in degenerative diseases, our second objective was to report iron deposits signals in the dentate nuclei in AOA2. Five patients with AOA2 and 5 age-matched controls were subjects in a 3T MRI experiment that included a 3D turbo field echo T1-weighted sequence. The normalized volumes of twenty-eight cerebellar lobules and the percentage of atrophy (relative to controls) of the 4 main cerebellar regions (flocculo-nodular, vermis, anterior and posterior) were measured. The dentate nucleus signals using 3D fast field echo sequence for susceptibility-weighted images (SWI) were reported, as a measure of iron content. We found that all patients had a significant atrophy of all cerebellar lobules as compared to controls. The percentage of atrophy was the highest for the vermis, consistent with patients' oculomotor presentation, and for the anterior lobe, consistent with kinetic limb ataxia. We also describe an absence of hypointensity of the iron signal on SWI in the dentate nucleus of all patients compared to control subjects. This study suggests that patients with Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia type 2 present MRI patterns consistent with their clinical presentation. The absence of SWI hypointensity in dentate nucleus is a new radiological sign which was identified in all patients. The specificity of this absence of signal must be further determined in AOA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Frismand
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-ophtalmology Unit and Neurology D, Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital P. Wertheimer, Lyon F-69000, France
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Worth PF, Srinivasan V, Smith A, Last JI, Wootton LL, Biggs PM, Davies NP, Carney EF, Byrd PJ, Taylor AMR. Very mild presentation in adult with classical cellular phenotype of ataxia telangiectasia. Mov Disord 2013; 28:524-8. [PMID: 23143971 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major clinical feature of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is severe progressive neurodegeneration with onset in infancy. This classical A-T phenotype is caused by biallelic null mutations in the ATM gene, leading to the absence of ATM protein and increased cellular radiosensitivity. We report an unusual case of A-T in a 41-year-old mother, A-T210, who had very mild neurological symptoms despite complete loss of ATM protein. METHODS A neurological examination was performed, cellular radiosensitivity was assessed, and the ATM gene was sequenced. Skin fibroblasts and a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) were assayed for ATM protein expression and kinase activity. RESULTS Patient A-T210 showed mild chorea, dystonia, and gait ataxia, walked independently, and drove a car. LCL and skin fibroblasts were radiosensitive and did not express ATM protein. Two ATM-null mutations were identified. CONCLUSIONS The severe neurodegeneration resulting from loss of ATM can be mitigated in some circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Worth
- Department of Neurology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Klivényi P, Nemeth D, Sefcsik T, Janacsek K, Hoffmann I, Haden GP, Londe Z, Vecsei L. Cognitive functions in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. Front Neurol 2012; 3:125. [PMID: 23015802 PMCID: PMC3449493 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is characterized by cerebellar atrophy, peripheral neuropathy, oculomotor apraxia, and elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. The disease is caused by a recessive mutation in the senataxin gene. Since it is a very rare cerebellar disorder, no detailed examination of cognitive functions in AOA2 has been published to date. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuropsychological profile of a 54-year-old patient with AOA2. Methods: A broad range of neuropsychological examination protocol was administered including the following domains: short-term, working- and episodic-memories, executive functions, implicit sequence learning, and the temporal parameters of speech. Results: The performance on the Listening Span, Letter Fluency, Serial Reaction Time Task, and pause ratio in speech was 2 or more standard deviations (SD) lower compared to controls, and 1 SD lower on Backward Digit Span, Semantic Fluency, articulation rate, and speech tempo. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the pathogenesis of the cerebrocerebellar circuit in AOA2 is responsible for the weaker coordination of complex cognitive functions such as working memory, executive functions, speech, and sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
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Le Ber I, Dürr A, Brice A. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias with oculomotor apraxia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:333-341. [PMID: 21827898 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Ber
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, UMR-S975, Paris, France.
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De Amicis A, Piane M, Ferrari F, Fanciulli M, Delia D, Chessa L. Role of senataxin in DNA damage and telomeric stability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010; 10:199-209. [PMID: 21112256 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia and oculomotor apraxia. The gene mutated in AOA2, SETX, encodes senataxin (SETX), a putative DNA/RNA helicase. The presence of the helicase domain led us to investigate whether SETX might play a role in DNA damage repair and telomere stability. We analyzed the response of AOA2 lymphocytes and lymphoblasts after treatment with camptothecin (CPT), mitomycin C (MMC), H₂O₂ and X-rays by cytogenetic and Q-FISH (quantitative-FISH) assays. The rate of chromosomal aberrations was normal in AOA2 cells after treatment with CPT, MMC, H₂O₂ and X-rays. Conversely, Q-FISH analysis showed constitutively reduced telomere length in AOA2 lymphocytes, compared to age-matched controls. Furthermore, CPT- or X-ray-induced telomere shortening was more marked in AOA2 than in control cells. The partial co-localization of SETX with telomeric DNA, demonstrated by combined immunofluorescence-Q-FISH and chromatin immunoprecipitation, suggests a possible involvement of SETX in telomere stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea De Amicis
- II School of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Roma, Italy. andrea.deamicis@unirom
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15
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Sensory neuronopathy in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. J Neurol Sci 2010; 298:118-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Tada M, Yokoseki A, Sato T, Makifuchi T, Onodera O. Early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia/ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 1. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 685:21-33. [PMID: 20687492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6448-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) are non-overlapping discontinuities in strands ofa DNA duplex. Significant attention has been given on the DNA SSB repair (SSBR) system in neurons, because the impairment of the SSBR causes human neurodegenerative disorders, including early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia (EAOH), also known as ataxia-oculomotor apraxia Type 1 (AOA1). EAOH/AOA1 is characterized by early-onset slowly progressive ataxia, ocular motor apraxia, peripheral neuropathy and hypoalbuminemia. Neuropathological examination reveals severe loss of Purkinje cells and moderate neuronal loss in the anterior horn and dorsal root ganglia. EAOH/AOA1 is caused by the mutation in the APTX gene encoding the aprataxin (APTX) protein. APTX interacts with X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 protein, which is a scaffold protein in SSBR. In addition, APTX-defective cells show increased sensitivity to genotoxic agents, which result in SSBs. These results indicate an important role ofAPTX in SSBR. SSBs are usually accompanied by modified or damaged 5'- and 3'-ends at the break site. Because these modified or damaged ends are not suitable for DNA ligation, they need to be restored to conventional ends prior to subsequent repair processes. APTX restores the 5'-adenylate monophosphate, 3'-phosphates and 3'-phosphoglycolate ends. The loss of function of APTX results in the accumulation of SSBs, consequently leading to neuronal cell dysfunction and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Tada
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Branch, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan
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17
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Nakamura K, Yoshida K, Makishita H, Kitamura E, Hashimoto S, Ikeda SI. A novel nonsense mutation in a Japanese family with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2). J Hum Genet 2009; 54:746-8. [DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2009.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gazulla J, Benavente I, López-Fraile IP, Modrego P, Koenig M. Sensorimotor neuronopathy in ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2. Muscle Nerve 2009; 40:481-5. [PMID: 19618424 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two siblings with ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) exhibited electrophysiological findings suggestive of a sensorimotor neuronopathy, and primary ovarian failure was detected in one of them. Genetic analysis disclosed a novel, homozygous frameshift mutation in the senataxin gene, 2755_2756delGT, responsible for a premature stop codon at position 2760. It is suggested that a neuronopathy might cause the neuromuscular disturbance in AOA2, and that ovarian failure should be looked for in female patients with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gazulla
- Service of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
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19
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Anheim M, Monga B, Fleury M, Charles P, Barbot C, Salih M, Delaunoy JP, Fritsch M, Arning L, Synofzik M, Schöls L, Sequeiros J, Goizet C, Marelli C, Le Ber I, Koht J, Gazulla J, De Bleecker J, Mukhtar M, Drouot N, Ali-Pacha L, Benhassine T, Chbicheb M, M'Zahem A, Hamri A, Chabrol B, Pouget J, Murphy R, Watanabe M, Coutinho P, Tazir M, Durr A, Brice A, Tranchant C, Koenig M. Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2: clinical, biological and genotype/phenotype correlation study of a cohort of 90 patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 132:2688-98. [PMID: 19696032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2) is an autosomal recessive disease due to mutations in the senataxin gene, causing progressive cerebellar ataxia with peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar atrophy, occasional oculomotor apraxia and elevated alpha-feto-protein (AFP) serum level. We compiled a series of 67 previously reported and 58 novel ataxic patients who underwent senataxin gene sequencing because of suspected AOA2. An AOA2 diagnosis was established for 90 patients, originating from 15 countries worldwide, and 25 new senataxin gene mutations were found. In patients with AOA2, median AFP serum level was 31.0 microg/l at diagnosis, which was higher than the median AFP level of AOA2 negative patients: 13.8 microg/l, P = 0.0004; itself higher than the normal level (3.4 microg/l, range from 0.5 to 17.2 microg/l) because elevated AFP was one of the possible selection criteria. Polyneuropathy was found in 97.5% of AOA2 patients, cerebellar atrophy in 96%, occasional oculomotor apraxia in 51%, pyramidal signs in 20.5%, head tremor in 14%, dystonia in 13.5%, strabismus in 12.3% and chorea in 9.5%. No patient was lacking both peripheral neuropathy and cerebellar atrophy. The age at onset and presence of occasional oculomotor apraxia were negatively correlated to the progression rate of the disease (P = 0.03 and P = 0.009, respectively), whereas strabismus was positively correlated to the progression rate (P = 0.03). An increased AFP level as well as cerebellar atrophy seem to be stable in the course of the disease and to occur mostly at or before the onset of the disease. One of the two patients with a normal AFP level at diagnosis had high AFP levels 4 years later, while the other had borderline levels. The probability of missing AOA2 diagnosis, in case of sequencing senataxin gene only in non-Friedreich ataxia non-ataxia-telangiectasia ataxic patients with AFP level > or =7 microg/l, is 0.23% and the probability for a non-Friedreich ataxia non-ataxia-telangiectasia ataxic patient to be affected with AOA2 with AFP levels > or =7 microg/l is 46%. Therefore, selection of patients with an AFP level above 7 microg/l for senataxin gene sequencing is a good strategy for AOA2 diagnosis. Pyramidal signs and dystonia were more frequent and disease was less severe with missense mutations in the helicase domain of senataxin gene than with missense mutations out of helicase domain and deletion and nonsense mutations (P = 0.001, P = 0.008 and P = 0.01, respectively). The lack of pyramidal signs in most patients may be explained by masking due to severe motor neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anheim
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Illkirch, France.
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20
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Haack T, Friday D, Bender A, Rolfs A, Klopstock T. Ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2: course over 27 years and a novel stop mutation in the senataxin gene. J Neurol 2009; 256:1555-7. [PMID: 19377860 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Gueven N, Chen P, Nakamura J, Becherel OJ, Kijas AW, Grattan-Smith P, Lavin MF. A subgroup of spinocerebellar ataxias defective in DNA damage responses. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1418-25. [PMID: 17224243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A subgroup of human autosomal recessive ataxias is also characterized by disturbances of eye movement or oculomotor apraxia. These include ataxia telangiectasia (A-T); ataxia telangiectasia like disorder (ATLD); ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) and ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2 (AOA2). What appears to be emerging is that all of these have in common some form of defect in DNA damage response which could account for the neurodegenerative changes seen in these disorders. We describe here sensitivity to DNA damaging agents in AOA1 and evidence that these cells have a defect in single strand break repair. Comparison is made with what appears to be a novel form of AOA (AOA3) which also shows sensitivity to agents that lead to single strand breaks in DNA as well as a reduced capacity to repair these breaks. AOA3 cells are defective in the DNA damage-induced p53 response. This defect can be overcome by incubation with the mdm2 antagonists, nutlins, but combined treatment with nutlins and DNA damage does not enhance the response. We also show that AOA3 cells are deficient in p73 activation after DNA damage. These data provide further evidence that different forms of AOA have in common a reduced capacity to cope with damage to DNA, which may account for the neurodegeneration observed in these syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gueven
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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22
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Abstract
At least four disorders, ataxia telangiectasia (AT), an ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder, early-onset ataxia with ocular motor apraxia and hypoalbuminemia (EAOH)/ ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1), and ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 2, are accompanied by ocular motor apraxia (OMA), which is an impairment of saccadic eye movement initiation. The characteristic pathological findings of EAOH/AOA1 and AT are a severe loss of Purkinje cells, severe myelin pallor of the posterior columns, and moderate neuronal loss in the dorsal root ganglia and anterior horn. Purkinje cells stimulate the fastigial nucleus and suppress omnipause neurons to initiate saccadic eye movement. The selective loss of Purkinje cells might cause OMA and disturb the cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. These disorders have the following common clinical features: ataxia, involuntary movements, and peripheral neuronopathy. In addition, the causative genes for these disorders are associated with the DNA/RNA quality control system. The impairment of DNA/ RNA integrity results in selective neuronal loss in these recessive-inherited ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Onodera
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Resource Branch for Brain Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan.
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23
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Parada C, Gato A, Bueno D. Mammalian embryonic cerebrospinal fluid proteome has greater apolipoprotein and enzyme pattern complexity than the avian proteome. J Proteome Res 2006; 4:2420-8. [PMID: 16335996 DOI: 10.1021/pr050213t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During early stages of embryo development, the brain cavity is filled with Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid, which has an essential role in the survival, proliferation and neurogenesis of the neuroectodermal stem cells. We identified and analyzed the proteome of Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid from rat embryos (Rattus norvegicus), which includes proteins involved in the regulation of Central Nervous System development. The comparison between mammalian and avian Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid proteomes reveals great similarity, but also greater complexity in some protein groups. The pattern of apolipoproteins and enzymes in CSF is more complex in the mammals than in birds. This difference may underlie the greater neural complexity and synaptic plasticity found in mammals. Fourteen Embryonic Cerebro-Spinal Fluid gene products were previously identified in adult human Cerebro-Spinal Fluid proteome, and interestingly they are altered in patients with neurodegenerative diseases and/or neurological disorders. Understanding these molecules and the mechanisms they control during embryonic neurogenesis may contribute to our understanding of Central Nervous System development and evolution, and these human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Parada
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Le Ber I, Rivaud-Péchoux S, Brice A, Dürr A. Les ataxies cérébelleuses autosomiques récessives avec apraxie oculomotrice. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2006; 162:177-84. [PMID: 16518257 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(06)74997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA) comprise a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases. Recently, a subgroup of ARCA associated with oculomotor apraxia has been delineated. STATE OF THE ART The ataxias with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) include four distinct genetic entities at least: ataxia-telangiectasia, ataxia telangiectasia-like disorder, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) and type 2 (AOA2). The responsible genes, ATM, MRE11, APTX and SETX respectively, are implicated in DNA-break repair mechanisms. CONCLUSION We describe the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of these ataxias, based on a review of the literature and a personal study of AOA1 and AOA2 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Le Ber
- INSERM U679, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris
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25
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Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is one of a group of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. Presentation is usually by the age of 2 years and ataxia of both upper and lower limbs develops, such that by early teenage most patients require a wheelchair for mobility. Speech and eye movement are also affected. Other important features are t(7;14) translocations, immunodeficiency, a high serum alpha fetoprotein concentration, growth retardation, telangiectasia-most noticeably on the bulbar conjunctiva-and a very high risk of developing a lymphoid tumour. Patients also show an increased sensitivity to ionising radiation. The classic form of A-T results from the presence of two truncating ATM mutations, leading to total loss of the ATM protein, a protein kinase. Importantly, A-T shows clinical heterogeneity, including milder forms where neurological progression may be slower or of later onset. In these cases there is a correlation between the preservation of neurological function, decreased radiosensitivity, and the degree of retained ATM protein kinase activity. Considerable scope remains for understanding the progress of the disorder in relation to the types of ATM mutation present.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M R Taylor
- CR-UK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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26
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Le Ber I, Brice A, Dürr A. New autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias with oculomotor apraxia. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2005; 5:411-7. [PMID: 16131425 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-005-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases. Recently, a subgroup of ARCA associated with oculomotor apraxia (AOA) has been delineated. It includes at least four distinct genetic entities: ataxia-telangiectasia, ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder, and ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) and type 2 (AOA2). The phenotypes share several similarities, and the responsible genes, ATM, MRE11, APTX, and SETX, respectively, are all implicated in DNA break repair. As in many other DNA repair deficiencies, neurodegeneration is a hallmark of these diseases. Recently, the genes for two new autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias with oculomotor apraxia, AOA1 and AOA2, were identified. Here, we report the phenotypic characteristics, genetic characteristics, and the recent advances concerning AOA1 and AOA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Ber
- INSERM U679, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétriêre, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
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27
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Friedreich's ataxia and other autosomal recessive ataxias. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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28
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van de Warrenburg BPC, Sinke RJ, Kremer B. Recent advances in hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:171-80. [PMID: 15804048 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/64.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, molecular genetic research has unraveled a major part of the genetic background of autosomal dominant and recessive spinocerebellar ataxias. These advances have also allowed insight in (some of) the pathophysiologic pathways assumed to be involved in these diseases. For the clinician, the expanding number of genes and genetic loci in these diseases and the enormous clinical heterogeneity of specific ataxia subtypes complicate management of ataxia patients. In this review, the clinical and neuropathologic features of the recently identified spinocerebellar ataxias are described, and the various molecular mechanisms that have been demonstrated to be involved in these disorders are discussed.
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29
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Duquette A, Roddier K, McNabb-Baltar J, Gosselin I, St-Denis A, Dicaire MJ, Loisel L, Labuda D, Marchand L, Mathieu J, Bouchard JP, Brais B. Mutations in senataxin responsible for Quebec cluster of ataxia with neuropathy. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:408-14. [PMID: 15732101 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Senataxin recently was identified as the mutated gene in ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 2, which is characterized by ataxia, oculomotor apraxia, and increased alpha-fetoprotein levels. In this study, we evaluated 24 ataxic patients from 10 French-Canadian families. All cases have a homogeneous phenotype consisting of a progressive ataxia appearing between 2 and 20 (mean age, 14.8) years of age with associated dysarthria, saccadic ocular pursuit, distal amyotrophy, sensory and motor neuropathy, and increased alpha-fetoprotein levels but absence of oculomotor apraxia. Linkage disequilibrium was observed with markers in the ataxia-oculomotor apraxia 2 locus on chromosome 9q34. We have identified four mutations in senataxin in the French-Canadian population including two novel missense mutations: the 5927T-->G mutation changes the leucine encoded by codon 1976 to an arginine in the helicase domain (L1976R), and the 193G-->A mutation changes a glutamic acid encoded by codon 65 into a lysine in the N-terminal domain of the protein (E65K). The common L1976R mutation is shared by 17 of 20 (85%) carrier chromosomes. The study of this large French-Canadian cohort better defines the phenotype of this ataxia and presents two novel mutations in senataxin including the more common founder mutation in the French-Canadian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Duquette
- Laboratoire de Neurogénétique, M4211-L3, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, 1560 Sherbrooke est, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
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30
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Subramony SH. GENETICS OF INHERITED ATAXIAS. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2005. [DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000293702.31088.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Ochsner F, Le Ber I, Said G, Moreira MC, Michel P, Koenig M, Dürr A, Brice A, Kuntzer T. Amyotrophie de type Charcot-Marie-Tooth associée à une ataxie cérébelleuse autosomique récessive révélatrice d’une mutation du gène de l’aprataxine. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2005; 161:331-6. [PMID: 15800456 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(05)85041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotype-genotype correlations, generally based on predominant associated signs, are being increasingly used to distinguish different types of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCA). CASE REPORTS Two brothers developed signs of cerebellar ataxia with peripheral axonal motor and sensory neuropathy, distal muscular atrophy, pes cavus and steppage gait as seen in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. The examination also showed oculomotor apraxia. Sural nerve biopsy revealed conspicuous reduction in the density of myelinated fibres but preservation of unmyelinated nerve fibres. Blood tests revealed low serum albumin and elevated cholesterol. A homozygous W279X truncating mutation was identified in exon 6 of the APTX gene, confirming the diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1). CONCLUSIONS These cases illustrate the presentation of AOA1 type of ARCA and discuss the role of peripheral neuropathy in the differential diagnostic of the ARCAs variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ochsner
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Suisse
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32
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Chen YZ, Bennett CL, Huynh HM, Blair IP, Puls I, Irobi J, Dierick I, Abel A, Kennerson ML, Rabin BA, Nicholson GA, Auer-Grumbach M, Wagner K, De Jonghe P, Griffin JW, Fischbeck KH, Timmerman V, Cornblath DR, Chance PF. DNA/RNA helicase gene mutations in a form of juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS4). Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:1128-35. [PMID: 15106121 PMCID: PMC1182077 DOI: 10.1086/421054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS4) is a rare autosomal dominant form of juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) characterized by distal muscle weakness and atrophy, normal sensation, and pyramidal signs. Individuals affected with ALS4 usually have an onset of symptoms at age <25 years, a slow rate of progression, and a normal life span. The ALS4 locus maps to a 1.7-Mb interval on chromosome 9q34 flanked by D9S64 and D9S1198. To identify the molecular basis of ALS4, we tested 19 genes within the ALS4 interval and detected missense mutations (T3I, L389S, and R2136H) in the Senataxin gene (SETX). The SETX gene encodes a novel 302.8-kD protein. Although its function remains unknown, SETX contains a DNA/RNA helicase domain with strong homology to human RENT1 and IGHMBP2, two genes encoding proteins known to have roles in RNA processing. These observations of ALS4 suggest that mutations in SETX may cause neuronal degeneration through dysfunction of the helicase activity or other steps in RNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhang Chen
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Craig L. Bennett
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Huy M. Huynh
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ian P. Blair
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Imke Puls
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Joy Irobi
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Ines Dierick
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Annette Abel
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Marina L. Kennerson
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Bruce A. Rabin
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Garth A. Nicholson
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Wagner
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - John W. Griffin
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Kenneth H. Fischbeck
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - David R. Cornblath
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
| | - Phillip F. Chance
- Division of Genetics and Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle; Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda; Molecular Genetics Department, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of Antwerp, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp; Neurobiology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, and Concord Hospital, Sydney; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Karl Franzens University, Graz, Austria
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Moreira MC, Klur S, Watanabe M, Németh AH, Le Ber I, Moniz JC, Tranchant C, Aubourg P, Tazir M, Schöls L, Pandolfo M, Schulz JB, Pouget J, Calvas P, Shizuka-Ikeda M, Shoji M, Tanaka M, Izatt L, Shaw CE, M'Zahem A, Dunne E, Bomont P, Benhassine T, Bouslam N, Stevanin G, Brice A, Guimarães J, Mendonça P, Barbot C, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J, Dürr A, Warter JM, Koenig M. Senataxin, the ortholog of a yeast RNA helicase, is mutant in ataxia-ocular apraxia 2. Nat Genet 2004; 36:225-7. [PMID: 14770181 DOI: 10.1038/ng1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-ocular apraxia 2 (AOA2) was recently identified as a new autosomal recessive ataxia. We have now identified causative mutations in 15 families, which allows us to clinically define this entity by onset between 10 and 22 years, cerebellar atrophy, axonal sensorimotor neuropathy, oculomotor apraxia and elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Ten of the fifteen mutations cause premature termination of a large DEAxQ-box helicase, the human ortholog of yeast Sen1p, involved in RNA maturation and termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Céu Moreira
- IGBMC (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, ULP) 67404 Illkirch, C.U. de Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
There has been a recent explosion in knowledge regarding the genetic basis of several autosomal recessive ataxias. This article summarizes current information regarding rare forms of recessive ataxias. Friedreich's ataxia and ataxia telangiectasia are dealt with in other articles in this issue. The rarer recessive ataxias can be clinically classified as sensory and spinocerbellar ataxias, cerebellar ataxia with sensory-motor polyneuropathy, and purely cerebellar ataxias. Examples of the first category include ataxia with isolated vitamin E deficiency, abetalipoproteinemia, Refsum's disease, infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia, and ataxia with blindness and deafness. Examples of ataxia with sensory-motor polyneuropathy include ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 1 and 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia with neuropathy 1. Examples of purely cerebellar ataxia include autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay and ataxia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This review summarizes the clinical and genetic features of these entities and concludes that the pathogenic basis of such ataxias at this time appear to involve two broad types of processes: free-radical injury and defects of DNA single- or double-strand break repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Koenig
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Céllulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis-Pasteur, Illkirch, France
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