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Iwasaki T, Nozaki K. Counterintuitive chemoselectivity in the reduction of carbonyl compounds. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:518-534. [PMID: 38831138 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The reactivity of carbonyl functional groups largely depends on the substituents on the carbon atom. Reversal of the commonly accepted order of reactivity of different carbonyl compounds requires novel synthetic approaches. Achieving selective reduction will enable the transformation of carbon resources such as plastic waste, carbon dioxide and biomass into valuable chemicals. In this Review, we explore the reduction of less reactive carbonyl groups in the presence of those typically considered more reactive. We discuss reductions, including the controlled reduction of ureas, amides and esters to aldehydes, as well as chemoselective reductions of carbonyl groups, including the reduction of ureas over carbamates, amides and esters; the reduction of amides over esters, ketones and aldehydes; and the reduction of ketones over aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Khairullin RA, Gazizov MB, Kirillina YS, Ivanova SY, Khairullina OD, Gazizova KS. Synthesis of Phthalic Aldehyde and Its Diacetals. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219110021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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New methods to synthesize phthalaldehyde and its diacetals. Russ Chem Bull 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-019-2640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Xiao P, Tang Z, Wang K, Chen H, Guo Q, Chu Y, Gao L, Song Z. Chemoselective Reduction of Sterically Demanding N,N-Diisopropylamides to Aldehydes. J Org Chem 2017; 83:1687-1700. [PMID: 29239185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peihong Xiao
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhixing Tang
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qianyou Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yang Chu
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lu Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlei Song
- Key
Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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Abstract
Abstract
Seven ββ-dialkyl-α-aminopropionic acids, including five new compounds, have been synthesised as potential antiviral and antibacterial agents. None showed any significant activity against the Newcastle Disease virus in vitro. Several methods of preparation of the compounds have been investigated, and theories are advanced to explain the failure of some of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Meakin
- School of Chemistry, Leicester College of Technology and Commerce
| | - F R Mumford
- School of Chemistry, Leicester College of Technology and Commerce
| | - E R Ward
- School of Chemistry, Leicester College of Technology and Commerce
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Ruwet A, Renson M. Mise au Point D'Une Synthèse du Chlorure D'Ortho Méthylsélénobenzoyle. Étude de son Comportement VIS-A-VIS des Dérivés Organocadmiques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19660750304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Spletstoser JT, White JM, Tunoori AR, Georg GI. Mild and selective hydrozirconation of amides to aldehydes using Cp2Zr(H)Cl: scope and mechanistic insight. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:3408-19. [PMID: 17315870 PMCID: PMC2626624 DOI: 10.1021/ja066362+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the use of Cp2Zr(H)Cl (Schwartz's reagent) to reduce a variety of amides to the corresponding aldehydes under very mild reaction conditions and in high yields is reported. A range of tertiary amides, including Weinreb's amides, can be converted directly to the corresponding aldehydes with remarkable chemoselectivity. Primary and secondary amides proved to be viable substrates for reduction as well, although the yields were somewhat diminished as compared to the corresponding tertiary amides. Results from NMR experiments suggested the presence of a stable, 18-electron zirconacycle intermediate that presumably affords the aldehyde upon water or silica gel workup. A series of competition experiments revealed a preference of the reagent for substrates in which the lone pair of the nitrogen is electron releasing and thus more delocalized across the amide bond by resonance. This trend accounts for the observed excellent selectivity for tertiary amides versus esters. Experiments regarding the solvent dependence of the reaction suggested a kinetic profile similar to that postulated for the hydrozirconation of alkenes and alkynes. Addition of p-anisidine to the reaction intermediate resulted in the formation of the corresponding imine mimicking the addition of water that forms the aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared T Spletstoser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7582, USA
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Nakamura A, Kawasaki S, Toyota K, Yoshifuji M. Preparation and Properties of 1,2-Bis[(2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl)phosphinidene]cyclobuta[l]phenanthrene. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.1570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Keller-Schierlein W, Kupfer E. Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 186. Mitteilung. Über die Aspochalasine A, B, C und D. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19790620516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Giovannini E, Lorenz T. Reduktionen mit LiAlH4in Isatin-Reihe. 1. Mitteilung. Über Darstellung und Eigenschaften von 3-Hydroxy-indolin. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19570400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A convenient access to benzo-substituted phthalazines as potential precursors to DNA intercalators. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cholakova TP, Dobrev AA, Kanchev AB, Mikhailova PP. 1,4-Addition of N,N-Disubstituted Phenylacetamides to 2-Arylmethylene-1,4-butanolides. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 1999. [DOI: 10.1177/174751989902300914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-addition reaction of lithium derivatives of N,N-disubstituted phenylacetamides with 2-arylmethylene-1,4-butanolides gives the corresponding N,N-disubstituted 2-(1-aryl-2-carbamoyl-2-phenylethyl)-1,4-butanolides 3a–f as diastereoisomeric mixtures with 40–68% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander A. Dobrev
- University of Sofia, Faculty of Chemistry, blvd. J. Bourchier, 1, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Assen B. Kanchev
- University of Sofia, Faculty of Chemistry, blvd. J. Bourchier, 1, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petja P. Mikhailova
- University of Sofia, Faculty of Chemistry, blvd. J. Bourchier, 1, 1126 Sofia, Bulgaria
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de las Heras MA, Vaquero JJ, García-Navio J, Alvarez-Builla J. Synthesis of aldehydes from acyl chlorides via 1-(acylmethylamino)-3-methylimidazolium salts. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)02284-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Selective reduction with lithium bis- or tris(dialkylamino)aluminum hydrides. III. Reduction of primary carboxamides to aldehydes by lithium tris(diethylamino)aluminum hydride. Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80439-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cha JS. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF ALDEHYDES BY REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES WITH METAL HYDRIDES. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948909356413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Preparation and 1H NMR study of complexes of trimethylplatinum(IV) with some tridentate schiff base ligands containing, N, O, and S donor atoms. J Organomet Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(87)83033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gotthardt H, Hoffmann N. Synthese und Cycloadditionen neuer Thiocumarin-3-carbonsäureamide. European J Org Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198519850313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Böhme H, Sutoyo PN. Untersuchungen in der Isochroman- und Isothiochroman-Reihe, XXIII. Zur Formylierung von Isochroman, Isothiochroman und deren Derivate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198219820907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bogdanović B, Hullen A, Konstantinović S, Krawiecka B, Mynott R. Offenkettige und cyclische Bis-phosphorane aus α,ω-Dinitrilen, Diisobutylaluminiumhydrid und Methylentriphenylphosphoran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19811140622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Muraki M, Mukaiyama T. AMINOALUMINUM HYDRIDE AS NEW REDUCING AGENTS. III SELECTIVE REDUCTION OF CARBOXAMIDES TO ALDEHYDES. CHEM LETT 1975. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1975.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ramegowda N, Modi M, Koul A, Bora J, Narang C, Mathur N. A new synthesis of aldehydes from acids via reduction of N-acyl saccharins using sodium dihydro bis-(2-methoxy-ethoxy) aluminate. Tetrahedron 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(73)80224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Nerdel F, Frank D, Barth G. Fragmentierungsreaktionen an Carbonylverbindungen mit β-ständigen elektronegativen Substituenten, XI. Synthese und Konfiguration der 1-p-Toluolsulfonyloxy-2-methyl-4-tert.-butyl-2-formyl-cyclohexane und 1-p-Toluolsulfonyloxy-2-methyl-2-formyl-cyclohexane bzw. -cyclopentane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1969. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19691020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Crawford RJ, Woo C. ORTHO PARTICIPATION IN THE CONVERSION OF syn-BENZALDOXIME ESTERS TO NITRILES. CAN J CHEM 1965. [DOI: 10.1139/v65-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Substituted syn-benzaldoxime esters are transformed, in an alcoholic solution, to the corresponding nitriles according to first-order kinetics. All ortho substituents were observed to accelerate the rate of nitrile formation relative to the corresponding para derivative. While the ko/kp ratios for the bromo, chloro, fluoro, methoxy, and methyl substituents fall within the range of 2 to 9, the iodo and methylthio substituents are 119 and 11 000 respectively. Isotopic replacement of the aldoximino hydrogen by deuterium gives rise to a kinetic isotope effect, kH/kD being 5.21 for syn-o-chlorobenzaldoxime p-toluenesulfonate, 1.22 for syn-o-iodobenzaldoxime p-toluenesulfonate, and 1.23 for syn-o-methylthiobenzaldoxime o-iodobenzoate. The marked enhancement of rate and the absence of an appreciable isotope effect are considered to be associated with sulfur and iodine participation in the rate-determining step. A mechanism which is capable of explaining the results observed is suggested.
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Components of the hardening flavor present in hardened linseed oil and soybean oil. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02541140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SCHNEIDER W, DILLMANN R. Bicyclische Imonium-Verbindungen II. Quecksilber(II)-acetat-Dehydrierung tertiärer 2-Aza-bicyclo[2,2,2]octane. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1965; 298:43-51. [PMID: 14280215 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19652980107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Egger H, Schlögl K. Ferrocenderivate XXII. Über die bildung von 1,3-differrocenylpropenon aus ferrocenyl-chlormethyl-carbinol. J Organomet Chem 1964. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(00)80472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eistert B, Schade W, Selzer H. Umsetzung schwefelhaltiger Benzaldehyde mit Diazomethan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1964. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19640970534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ried W, Neidhardt G. HydrogenolyseN-substituierter Amide von Pyridin-dicarbonsäuren und -tricarbonsäuren. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19636660119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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KENT PW, BARNETT JE. Reduction of Glyceric Acid to Glyceraldehyde by Lithium Aluminium Hydride. Nature 1963; 197:492-3. [PMID: 14031998 DOI: 10.1038/197492a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schildknecht H, Föttinger W. Untersuchungen zur Etard-Reaktion, I. Darstellung von Dialdehyden aus Cycloolefinen mit Chromyltrichloracetat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19626590104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tanaka T. The Reaction of cis-2-α-Carboxyethylcyclopentanol Lactone. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1962. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.35.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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ROLL WD, CWALINA GE. Synthesis of Diphenic Acid Derivatives. J Pharm Sci 1962; 51:941-4. [PMID: 13982525 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600511008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Staab HA. New Methods of Preparative Organic Chmistry IV. Syntheses Using Heterocyclic Amides (Azolides). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.196203511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Staab HA. Neuere Methoden der präparativen organischen Chemie IV Synthesen mit heterocyclischen Amiden (Azoliden). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19620741203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mayer R, Russ H. Schwefel-Heterocyclen, VI. Synthese und Eigenschaften des 1.2,;5.6-Dibenzo-thialens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19620950530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Dallacker F, Glombitza KW, Lipp M. Derivate des Methylendioxybenzols, III. Darstellung des 4.5-Methylendioxy-phthalaldehyds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19616430110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ried W, Deuschel G, Koteĺko A. Homologe Aldehyde durch hydrogenolytische Spaltung vonN1-Acyl-3.5-dimethyl-pyrazolen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.19616420112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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