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Van Guyse JFR, Bernhard Y, Podevyn A, Hoogenboom R. Non-activated Esters as Reactive Handles in Direct Post-Polymerization Modification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303841. [PMID: 37335931 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Non-activated esters are prominently featured functional groups in polymer science, as ester functional monomers display great structural diversity and excellent compatibility with a wide range of polymerization mechanisms. Yet, their direct use as a reactive handle in post-polymerization modification has been typically avoided due to their low reactivity, which impairs the quantitative conversion typically desired in post-polymerization modification reactions. While activated ester approaches are a well-established alternative, the modification of non-activated esters remains a synthetic and economically valuable opportunity. In this review, we discuss past and recent efforts in the utilization of non-activated ester groups as a reactive handle to facilitate transesterification and aminolysis/amidation reactions, and the potential of the developed methodologies in the context of macromolecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim F R Van Guyse
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yann Bernhard
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Université de Lorraine, UMR CNRS 7053 L2CM, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, BP 70239, 54506, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Annelore Podevyn
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Rahman ML, Sarjadi MS, Sarkar SM, Walsh DJ, Hannan JJ. Poly(hydroxamic acid) resins and their applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sepehrianazar A, Güven O. Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) in different pH values. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ziegenbalg N, Elbinger L, Schubert US, Brendel JC. Polymers from S-vinyl monomers: reactivities and properties. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00850e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the work of several decades on the polymerisation of S-vinyl monomers, ranging from the early reports of suitable polymerisation techniques for these monomers to their recent renaissance in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ziegenbalg
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lada Elbinger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Keth J, Johann T, Frey H. Hydroxamic Acid: An Underrated Moiety? Marrying Bioinorganic Chemistry and Polymer Science. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2546-2556. [PMID: 32525665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Even 150 years after their discovery, hydroxamic acids are mainly known as the starting material for the Lossen rearrangement in textbooks. However, hydroxamic acids feature a plethora of existing and potential applications ranging from medical purposes to materials science, based on their excellent complexation properties. This underrated functional moiety can undergo a broad variety of organic transformations and possesses unique coordination properties for a large variety of metal ions, for example, Fe(III), Zn(II), Mn(II), and Cr(III). This renders it ideal for biomedical applications in the field of metal-associated diseases or the inhibition of metalloenzymes, as well as for the separation of metals. Considering their chemical stability and reactivity, their biological origin and both medical and industrial applications, this Perspective aims at highlighting hydroxamic acids as highly promising chelators in the fields of both medical and materials science. Furthermore, the state of the art in combining hydroxamic acids with a variety of polymer structures is discussed and a perspective regarding their vast potential at the interface of bioinorganic and polymer chemistry is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Keth
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55124 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Johann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55124 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55124 Mainz, Germany
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Johann T, Keth J, Bros M, Frey H. A general concept for the introduction of hydroxamic acids into polymers. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7009-7022. [PMID: 31588268 PMCID: PMC6676332 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02557j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethers (PEG) with hydroxamic acid groups enable chelation of a variety of metal ions, coating of metal oxide surfaces and stabilization of nanoparticles. In contrast to catechol, hydroxamic acids are oxidation stable and biocompatible.
Hydroxamic acids (HA) form stable complexes with a large variety of metal-ions, affording hydroxamates with high complexation constants. Hydroxamic acid moieties play a crucial role in the natural iron metabolism. In this work, 1,4,2-dioxazoles linked to a hydroxyl group are introduced as key compounds for the installation of hydroxamic acids at synthetic polymers in well-defined positions. A general synthetic scheme is developed that gives access to a series of novel functional key building blocks that can be universally used to obtain hydroxamic acid-based monomers and polymers, for instance as protected HA-functional initiators or for the synthesis of a variety of novel HA-based monomers, such as epoxides or methacrylates. To demonstrate the excellent stability of the dioxazole-protected hydroxamic acids, direct incorporation of the dioxazole-protected hydroxamic acids into polyethers is demonstrated via oxyanionic polymerization. Convenient subsequent deprotection is feasible under mild acidic conditions. α-Functional HA-polyethers, i.e. poly ethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol and polyglycerol based on ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether, respectively are prepared with low dispersities (<1.2) in the molecular weight range of 1000 to 8500 g mol–1. Water-soluble hydroxamic acid functional poly(ethylene glycol) (HA-PEG) is explored for a variety of biomedical applications and surface coating. Complexation of Fe(iii) ions, coating of various metal surfaces, enabling e.g., solubilization of FeOx nanoparticles by HA-PEGs, are presented. No impact of the polyether chain on the chelation properties was observed, while significantly lower anti-proliferative effects were observed than for deferoxamine. HA-PEGs show the same complexation behavior as their low molecular weight counterparts. Hydroxamic acid functional polymers are proposed as an oxidatively stable alternative to the highly established catechol-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Johann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany .
| | - Jennifer Keth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany .
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Langenbeckstrasse 1 , 55131 Mainz , Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , Duesbergweg 10-14 , 55128 Mainz , Germany .
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Lutfor M, Silong S, Yunus W, Rahman M, Ahmad M, Haron M. New polymer bearing hydroxamic acid chelating resin for binding of heavy metal ions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823401103168442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new polymer containing the hydroxamic acid functional group was prepared from poly(methyl acrylate) grafted sago starch and the binding capacities of copper, iron, chromium, nickel, dysprosium, gadolinium and uranium were found excellent; other metal ions have significant sorption capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Lutfor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. Silong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - W.M.Z.W. Yunus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M.Z.A. Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M.J. Haron
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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8
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Lutfor M, Silong S, Yunus W, Rahman M, Ahmad M, Haron M. New polymer bearing hydroxamic acid chelating resin for binding of heavy metal ions. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823401103169937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new polymer containing the hydroxamic acid functional group was prepared from poly(methyl acrylate) grafted sago starch and the binding capacities of copper, iron, chromium, nickel, dysprosium, gadolinium and uranium were found excellent; other metal ions have significant sorption capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Lutfor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S. Silong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - W.M.Z.W. Yunus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M.Z.A. Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M. Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M.J. Haron
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan S. Lindsey
- a Division of Molecular Science National Physical Laboratory Teddington , England
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Singh DK, Srivastava M. Synthesis, Characterization, and Analytical Applications of a New Chelating Resin Containing p‐Bromophenylhydroxamic Acid. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600674828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. K. Singh
- a Analytical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Harcourt Butler Technological Institute , Kanpur, India
| | - M. Srivastava
- a Analytical Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Harcourt Butler Technological Institute , Kanpur, India
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Kenawy ER, el-Newehy M, Abdel-Hay F, Ottenbrite RM. A New Degradable Hydroxamate Linkage for pH-Controlled Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2006; 8:196-201. [PMID: 17206807 DOI: 10.1021/bm060755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new drug delivery system based on a hydrodegradable hydroxamate linkage was evaluated. The carrier support system was poly(N-hydroxyacrylamide), which was synthesized via free radical polymerization of acryloyl chloride in 1,4-dioxane, initiated with 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile. The poly(acryloyl chloride) was modified in two steps. First, N-hydroxysuccinimide was added to give the imide ester of poly(acryloyl). In the second step, the imide ester of poly(acryloyl) was reacted with either hydroxylamine or N-methylhydroxylamine to give the corresponding hydroxamic acid. The hydroxamide functionality was then used to link the model drug ketoprofen. All products and intermediates were characterized by elemental analysis and FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. In vitro drug release was performed under specific conditions to elucidate the influence of the pH, polymer microstructure, and temperature on the hydrolysis rate of the amido-ester bond that linked the drug to the macromolecule. The drug release rate from N-methylhydroxamic acid polymers was faster than from hydroxamic acid polymers. All polymers showed higher rates of drug release at higher pH values (9.0 > 7.4 > 2.0) and at higher temperatures (37 degrees C > 20 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- el-Refaie Kenawy
- Chemistry Department, Polymer Research Group, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
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Seidl J, Malinský J, Dušek K, Heitz W. Makroporöse Styrol-Divinylbenzol-Copolymere und ihre Verwendung in der Chromatographie und zur Darstellung von Ionenaustauschern. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Martínez F, Uribe E, Olea AF. Copolymerization of Maleic Anhydride with Styrene and α‐Olefins. Molecular and Thermal Characterization. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-200065932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Cornaz JP, Hutschneker K, Deuel H. Säurechloride und Hydroxamsäuren von Carboxyl- Ionenaustauschern. 10. Mitteilung über Ionenaustauscher. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19570400703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kweon DK, Choi JK, Kim EK, Lim ST. Adsorption of divalent metal ions by succinylated and oxidized corn starches. Carbohydr Polym 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(00)00300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lutfor MR, Sidik S, Wan Yunus WMZ, Rahman MZA, Mansor A, Haron MJ. Synthesis and characterization of poly(hydroxamic acid) chelating resin from poly(methyl acrylate)-grafted sago starch. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20010214)79:7<1256::aid-app130>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Moustafa AB, Faizalla A. Synthesis and characterization of porous poly(methacrylic acid-co-triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) by seed emulsion polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4628(20001107)78:6<1209::aid-app50>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Agrawal Y, Kaur H. Synthesis, characterization and applications of poly(β-styryl) hydroxamic acids. REACT FUNCT POLYM 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(98)00051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Moustafa AB, Faizalla A. Synthesis and characterization of highly porous poly(methacrylic-co-triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) by suspension polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19990711)73:2<149::aid-app2>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Drǎgan D, Mihai D, Mocanu G, Carpov A. Chemical reactions on polysaccharides. VII. Sulfonamide derivatives of dextran. REACT FUNCT POLYM 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-5148(97)00061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Synthesis of porous poly(hydroxamic acid) from poly(ethyl acrylate-co-divinylbenzene). Polym Bull (Berl) 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00308537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Koide Y, Uchino M, Shosenji H, Yamada K. Studies of Collectors. X. Complexing Ability of Amino Hydroxamic Acid Ligands with Dioxouranium(VI) in Aqueous Solution. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1989. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.62.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Koide Y, Uchino M, Yamada K. Studies of Collectors. IX. The Flotation of a Trace Amount of Uranium by Using 2-(Alkylamino)propionohydroxamic Acid and Cotelomer-Type Surfactants Bearing Hydroxyaminocarbonyl and Pyridyl Groups. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1987. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.60.3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Vartan-Boghossian R, Dederichs B, Klesper E. Reaction of syndiotactic poly(methacrylic acid hydrazide) with functional carboxylic acids. Eur Polym J 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(86)90209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Koide Y, Takamoto H, Matsukawa K, Yamada K. Studies of Collectors. V. The Preparation of Amidoxime-type Surfactants and the Flotation of a Trace Amount of Uranium. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1983. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.56.3364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Phillips RJ, Fritz JS. Synthesis and analytical properties of an n-phenyl-hydroxamic acid resin. Anal Chim Acta 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)84417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Radiation gaseous phase grafting as a method for the preparation of macromolecular carriers for complex catalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3950(79)90021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jones A, Markham A, Walker R. The synthesis of poly(acrylic acid hydrazide) and poly(methylacrylic acid hydrazide) and their reaction products with ribonucleoside dialdehydes. Tetrahedron 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(76)88015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ein neues Kontrastierverfahren für die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung von säure- und estergruppenhaltigen Polymersystemen. Colloid Polym Sci 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01419257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Narita M, Teramoto T, Okawara M. Syntheses and Reactions of Functional Polymers. LXVI. Activation of Carboxylic Acid by Means of Polymers Containing Hydroxamic Acid Residue andN-Hydroxysuccinimide Residue. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1972. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.45.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Brümmer W, Hennrich N, Klockow M, Lang H, Orth HD. Preparation and properties of carrier-bound enzymes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 25:129-35. [PMID: 5063351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mizutani Y, Yamamoto K, Matsuoka S, Hisano S. Studies on Reactions of Polypropylene. VIII. The Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Accelerated by Polyglycidyl Methacrylate. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1967. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.40.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mizutani Y. The Modification of Polypropylene by the Blending of a Polymeric Fine Powder with Crosslinkage. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1967. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.40.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Mizutani Y, Yamamoto K, Matsuoka S. Studies on Reactions of Polypropyrene. VI. The Thermal Degradation of Polypropylene Accelerated by the Fine Powdery Polymer with Closslinkage. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1966. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.39.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Belyaev VI, Annenkova VZ, Ugryumova GS, Ivanova LT. Polymerization of 2-chloroacrolein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1966. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00847764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Polymerization of methacrylaldehyde under high pressures. Russ Chem Bull 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00850342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yamabe T, Fukui K. A Theory of Gel Formation with a Multifunctional Interunit Junction. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1964. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.37.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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