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Plasser F, Glöcklhofer F. Visualisation of Chemical Shielding Tensors (VIST) to Elucidate Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:2529-2539. [PMID: 34248413 PMCID: PMC8251739 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a central concept in chemistry, pervading areas from biochemistry to materials science. Recently, chemists also started to exploit intricate phenomena such as the interplay of local and global (anti)aromaticity or aromaticity in non-planar systems and three dimensions. These phenomena pose new challenges in terms of our fundamental understanding and the practical visualisation of aromaticity. To overcome these challenges, a method for the visualisation of chemical shielding tensors (VIST) is developed here that allows for a 3D visualisation with quantitative information about the local variations and anisotropy of the chemical shielding. After exemplifying the method in different planar hydrocarbons, we study two non-planar macrocycles to show the unique benefits of the VIST method for molecules with competing π-conjugated systems and conclude with a norcorrole dimer showing clear evidence of through-space aromaticity. We believe that the VIST method will be a highly valuable addition to the computational toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Plasser
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLE11 3TUUnited Kingdom
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry andCentre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondonW12 0BZUnited Kingdom
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2
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Eder S, Yoo DJ, Nogala W, Pletzer M, Santana Bonilla A, White AJP, Jelfs KE, Heeney M, Choi JW, Glöcklhofer F. Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High-Performance Organic Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12958-12964. [PMID: 32368821 PMCID: PMC7496320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic organic compounds can be used as electrode materials in rechargeable batteries and are expected to advance the development of both anode and cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, most aromatic organic compounds assessed as anode materials in SIBs to date exhibit significant degradation issues under fast-charge/discharge conditions and unsatisfying long-term cycling performance. Now, a molecular design concept is presented for improving the stability of organic compounds for battery electrodes. The molecular design of the investigated compound, [2.2.2.2]paracyclophane-1,9,17,25-tetraene (PCT), can stabilize the neutral state by local aromaticity and the doubly reduced state by global aromaticity, resulting in an anode material with extraordinarily stable cycling performance and outstanding performance under fast-charge/discharge conditions, demonstrating an exciting new path for the development of electrode materials for SIBs and other types of batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Dong-Joo Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matthias Pletzer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Santana Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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3
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Eder S, Yoo D, Nogala W, Pletzer M, Santana Bonilla A, White AJP, Jelfs KE, Heeney M, Choi JW, Glöcklhofer F. Switching between Local and Global Aromaticity in a Conjugated Macrocycle for High‐Performance Organic Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Eder
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Dong‐Joo Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Wojciech Nogala
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Matthias Pletzer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Alejandro Santana Bonilla
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Andrew J. P. White
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Jang Wook Choi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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Peeks MD, Jirasek M, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Global Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Porphyrin Nanoring Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15717-15720. [PMID: 31397538 PMCID: PMC6856819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Doping, through oxidation or reduction, is often used to modify the properties of π-conjugated oligomers. In most cases, the resulting charge distribution is difficult to determine. If the oligomer is cyclic and doping establishes global aromaticity or antiaromaticity, then it is certain that the charge is fully delocalized over the entire perimeter of the ring. Herein we show that reduction of a six-porphyrin nanoring using decamethylcobaltocene results in global aromaticity (in the 6- state; [90 π]) and antiaromaticity (in the 4- state; [88 π]), consistent with the Hückel rules. Aromaticity is assigned by NMR spectroscopy and density-functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Peeks
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | | | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research LaboratoryOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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5
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Peeks MD, Jirasek M, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Global Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Porphyrin Nanoring Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Peeks
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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Dong S, Gopalakrishna TY, Han Y, Chi C. Cyclobis(7,8‐(
para
‐quinodimethane)‐4,4′‐triphenylamine) and Its Cationic Species Showing Annulene‐Like Global (Anti)Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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Dong S, Gopalakrishna TY, Han Y, Chi C. Cyclobis(7,8-(para-quinodimethane)-4,4'-triphenylamine) and Its Cationic Species Showing Annulene-Like Global (Anti)Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11742-11746. [PMID: 31225671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
π-Conjugated macrocycles containing all-benzenoid rings usually show local aromaticity, but reported herein is the macrocycle CBQT, containing alternating para-quinodimethane and triphenylamine units displaying annulene-like anti-aromaticity at low temperatures as a result of structural rigidity and participation of the bridging nitrogen atoms in π-conjugation. It was easily synthesized by intermolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation followed by oxidative dehydrogenation. X-ray crystallographic structures of CBQT, as well as those of its dication, trication, and tetracation were obtained. The dication and tetracation exhibited global aromaticity and antiaromaticity, respectively, as confirmed by NMR measurements and theoretical calculations. Both the dication and tetracation possess open-shell singlet ground states, with a small singlet-triplet gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tullimilli Y Gopalakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Hörhold HH, Helbig M, Raabe D, Opfermann J, Scherf U, Stockmann R, Weiß D. Poly(phenylenvinylen); Entwicklung eines elektroaktiven Polymermaterials vom unschmelzbaren Pulver zum transparenten Film. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zfch.19870270403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Klabunde K, Huber W, Lex J, Müllen K. 1,2,3,4,5‐[1′,8′] Anthra‐8,9;10,11‐dibenzo[13]annulene and 1,8‐Distyrylanthracene as Models for Phenylenevinylene Species. Syntheses, Structures, and Redox Properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19871200905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay‐Uwe Klabunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Mainz, J. J. Becher‐Weg 18–20, D‐6500 Mainz 1
| | - Walter Huber
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstr. 80, CH‐4056 Basel
| | - Johann Lex
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Köln, Greinstraße 4, D‐5000 Köln 41
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Mainz, J. J. Becher‐Weg 18–20, D‐6500 Mainz 1
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10
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Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Radical ions: Where organic chemistry meets materials sciences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-57565-0_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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11
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12
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Ayalon A, Rabinovitz M, Cheng PC, Scott LT. Das Corannulen-Tetraanion, eine neuartige Spezies mit konzentrischen anionischen Ringen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19921041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Schenk R, Müllen K, Wennerström O. Multiply charged anions from molecules with extended π-systems. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)88569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Schenk R, Huber W, Schade P, Müllen K. Electron Transfer and Conformational Interconversions in 1,n-Diphenylpolyenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19881211220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Frim R, Rabinovitz M, Hopf H, Hucker J. [2.2](1,4)Benzo[g]chrysenoparacyclophan-Dianion, ein neues, paratropes, doppellagiges Carbanion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19870990313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Müllen K. Neue reduktive Umwandlungen cyclischer ungesättigter Kohlenwasserstoffe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19870990306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Frim R, Raulfs FW, Hopf H, Rabinovitz M. [2.2]Indenophane Dianion: A Novel Double-Layered Dianion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198601741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Frim R, Rabinovitz M, Raulfs FW, Hopf H. [2.2]Indenophan-Dianion, ein neues zweilagiges Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19860980204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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20
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Dietrich M, Mortensen J, Heinze J. Elektrochemische Oxidation von Anthracen und 9,9′-Bianthryl zum Di- bzw. Tetrakation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19850970612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dietrich M, Mortensen J, Heinze J. Electrochemical Oxidation of Anthracene and 9,9?-Bianthryl to the Respective Dication and Tetracation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198505081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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23
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Norinder U, Wennerström O. Correlated flipping of four benzene rings in substituted [2.2.2.2]Paracyclophanetetraenes. Tetrahedron Lett 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)81519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Becker BC, Huber W, Schnieders C, Müllen K. Struktur und Reaktivität polycyclischer Ionenpaare. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19831160433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Electrocyclic ring closure of [2.2.6]paracyclophanepentaene. Structure and dynamic stereochemistry of the product. Tetrahedron Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)87881-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Olsson T, Tanner D, Thulin B, Wennerström O. NMR studies of conformations and dynamic processes—III. Tetrahedron 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)98864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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