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Holzwarth AD, Wendler J, Schaffner K, Sundström V, Sandström A, Gillbro T. Picosecond Kinetics of Excited State Relaxation in Biliverdin Dimethyl Ester. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.198300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Kufer W, Scheer H, Holzwarth AR. Isophorcarubin - A Conformationally Restricted and Highly Fluorescent Bilirubin. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.198300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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4
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Tu JM, Zhou M, Haessner R, Plöscher M, Eichacker L, Scheer H, Zhao KH. Toward a mechanism for biliprotein lyases: revisiting nucleophilic addition to phycocyanobilin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:5399-401. [PMID: 19323460 DOI: 10.1021/ja9002348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biliprotein lyases attach linear-tetrapyrrolic bilins covalently to apoproteins, which is a prerequisite for the assembly of phycobiliproteins into phycobilisomes, the light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria. On the basis of the addition of thiol and imidazole to phycocyanobilin, we propose a generalized lyase reaction mechanism. The adducts contain isomerized phycocyanobilin that can be transferred by the lyase to apoproteins by either back-isomerization, generating phycocyanobilin-containing proteins, or direct transfer, generating phycoviolobilin-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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Abstract
The complete three-dimensional sensory module structures of the Pr ground state of Synechocystis 6803 Cph1 and the unusual Pfr ground state of the bacteriophytochrome PaBphP (PDB codes 2VEA and 3C2W respectively) have now been solved, revealing an asymmetrical dumbbell form made up of a PAS (Period/ARNT/Singleminded)–GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenylate cyclase/FhlA) bidomain carrying the chromophore and the smaller PHY (phytochrome-specific) domain. The PHY domain is structurally related to the GAF family, but carries an unusual tongue-like structure which contacts the larger lobe to seal the chromophore pocket. In 2VEA, the tongue makes intimate contact with the helical N-terminus; both the N-terminus and the tongue structures are quite different in 3C2W. As expected, the structures reveal ZZZssa and ZZEssa chromophore conformations in 2VEA and 3C2W respectively, associated with tautomeric differences in several nearby tyrosine residues. Two salt bridges on opposite sides of the chromophore, as well as the associations of the C-ring propionates also differ. It is still unclear, however, which of these structural differences are associated with bacteriophytochromes compared with Cph1 and plant-type phytochromes, the unusual 3C2W Pfr ground state functionality compared with the Pr ground state or the Pr compared with Pfr photoisomerism. To access the latter unambiguously, both Pr and Pfr structures of the same molecule are required. New solid-phase NMR data for Cph1 in the Pr, Pfr and freeze-trapped intermediate states reveal unexpected changes in the chromophore during Pfr→Pr photoconversion. These, together with our efforts to solve the three-dimensional structure of a complete phytochrome molecule are also described.
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Demidov AA, Borisov AY. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF EXCITON JUMPING STATISTICS AND ENERGY FLOW IN C-PHYCOCYANIN OF ALGAEAgmenellum quadruplicatumIN THE PRESENCE OF TRAPS. Photochem Photobiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb03941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kupka M, Scheer H. Unfolding of C-phycocyanin followed by loss of non-covalent chromophore-protein interactions 1. Equilibrium experiments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2007; 1777:94-103. [PMID: 18036334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Optical spectroscopic properties of the covalently linked chromophores of biliproteins are profoundly influenced by the state of the protein. This has been used to monitor the urea-induced denaturation of C-phycocyanin (CPC) from Mastigocladus laminosus and its subunits. Under equilibrium conditions, absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism of the chromophores were monitored, as well as the circular dichroism of the polypeptide. Treatment of CPC trimers (alphabeta)3 resulted first in monomerization (alphabeta), which was followed by a complex unfolding process of the protein. Loss of chromophore fluorescence is the next process at increasing urea concentrations; it indicates increased flexibility of the chromophore while maintaining the native, extended conformation, and a less compact but still native-like packing of the protein in the regions sampled by the chromophores. This was followed by relaxation of the chromophores from the energetically unfavorable extended to a cyclic-helical conformation, as reported by absorption and CD in the visible range, indicating local loss of protein structure. Only then is the protein secondary structure lost, as reported by the far-UV CD. Sequential processes were also seen in the subunits, where again the chromophore-protein interactions were reduced before the unfolding of the protein. It is concluded that the bilin chromophores are intrinsic probes suitable to differentiate among different processes involved in protein denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kupka
- Department Biologie 1 - Botanik, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
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Zhao KH, Su P, Tu JM, Wang X, Liu H, Plöscher M, Eichacker L, Yang B, Zhou M, Scheer H. Phycobilin:cystein-84 biliprotein lyase, a near-universal lyase for cysteine-84-binding sites in cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14300-5. [PMID: 17726096 PMCID: PMC1955460 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706209104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobilisomes, the light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria and red algae, contain two to four types of chromophores that are attached covalently to seven or more members of a family of homologous proteins, each carrying one to four binding sites. Chromophore binding to apoproteins is catalyzed by lyases, of which only few have been characterized in detail. The situation is complicated by nonenzymatic background binding to some apoproteins. Using a modular multiplasmidic expression-reconstitution assay in Escherichia coli with low background binding, phycobilin:cystein-84 biliprotein lyase (CpeS1) from Anabaena PCC7120, has been characterized as a nearly universal lyase for the cysteine-84-binding site that is conserved in all biliproteins. It catalyzes covalent attachment of phycocyanobilin to all allophycocyanin subunits and to cysteine-84 in the beta-subunits of C-phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin. Together with the known lyases, it can thereby account for chromophore binding to all binding sites of the phycobiliproteins of Anabaena PCC7120. Moreover, it catalyzes the attachment of phycoerythrobilin to cysteine-84 of both subunits of C-phycoerythrin. The only exceptions not served by CpeS1 among the cysteine-84 sites are the alpha-subunits from phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin, which, by sequence analyses, have been defined as members of a subclass that is served by the more specialized E/F type lyases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hong Zhao
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Ping Su
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Jun-Ming Tu
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Xing Wang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hui Liu
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Matthias Plöscher
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Eichacker
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
| | - Bei Yang
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
| | - Ming Zhou
- Colleges of *Life Science and Technology and
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Hugo Scheer
- Department Biologie I–Botanik, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Zeidler M, Lang C, Hahn J, Hughes J. Real time spectral analysis during phytochrome chromophore and chromoprotein purification. Int J Biol Macromol 2006; 39:100-3. [PMID: 16616774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2006.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The plant photoreceptor phytochrome senses light quality and quantity in the red region of the spectrum, directing adaptation and development. The functional holo-protein is a dimeric chromoprotein which is formed by an autoassembly reaction between the translation product and the open chain tetrapyrroles phytochromobilin (PPhiB) or phycocyanobilin (PCB). We are interested in structure/function relationships within the phytochrome molecule, in particular chromophore/protein interaction during the assembly and photoactivation, using IR and NMR spectroscopy. For this we use an automated F/HPLC system running in a darkroom to purify large amounts of protein and chromophore separately. To obtain highly pure PCB chromophore we developed improved extraction and purification methods in which the final step is RPC-18 HPLC. As there are many spectrally only slightly different tetrapyrroles in the extract, the triple-wavelength monitoring offered by the F/HPLC detector was inadequate for distinguishing between PCB and impurities. Furthermore, lambda(max) for the phytochrome Pfr signalling state lies between 705 and 730 nm, beyond the range of the detector. Also, as both holo-protein and chromophore are photoactive, we wished to minimize light exposure of the eluate. We therefore implemented a miniature CCD-based flow UV-vis spectrophotometer using a xenon flash and quartz fiber optics enabling us monitor the entire 250-800 nm spectrum of the eluate to an accuracy of +/-3 x 10(-3)A in real time. The instrumentation described can be added to any chromatographic system, thereby allowing the purification of any molecule to be monitored easily and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Zeidler
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Senckenbergstr. 3, D35390 Giessen, Germany.
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Hahn J, Strauss HM, Landgraf FT, Gimenèz HF, Lochnit G, Schmieder P, Hughes J. Probing protein-chromophore interactions in Cph1 phytochrome by mutagenesis. FEBS J 2006; 273:1415-29. [PMID: 16689929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated mutants of phytochrome Cph1 from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 in order to study chromophore-protein interactions. Cph1Delta2, the 514-residue N-terminal sensor module produced as a recombinant His6-tagged apoprotein in Escherichia coli, autoassembles in vitro to form a holoprotein photochemically indistinguishable from the full-length product. We generated 12 site-directed mutants of Cph1Delta2, focusing on conserved residues which might be involved in chromophore-protein autoassembly and photoconversion. Folding, phycocyanobilin-binding and Pr-->Pfr photoconversion were analysed using CD and UV-visible spectroscopy. MALDI-TOF-MS confirmed C259 as the chromophore attachment site. C259L is unable to attach the chromophore covalently but still autoassembles to form a red-shifted photochromic holoprotein. H260Q shows UV-visible properties similar to the wild-type at pH 7.0 but both Pr and Pfr (reversibly) bleach at pH 9.0, indicating that the imidazole side chain buffers chromophore protonation. Mutations at E189 disturbed folding but the residue is not essential for chromophore-protein autoassembly. In D207A, whereas red irradiation of the ground state leads to bleaching of the red Pr band as in the wild-type, a Pfr-like peak does not arise, implicating D207 as a proton donor for a deprotonated intermediate prior to Pfr. UV-Vis spectra of both H260Q under alkaline conditions and D207A point to a particular significance of protonation in the Pfr state, possibly implying proton migration (release and re-uptake) during Pr-->Pfr photoconversion. The findings are discussed in relation to the recently published 3D structure of a bacteriophytochrome fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Hahn
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany.
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Braslavsky SE, Holzwarth AR, Schaffner K. Konformationsanalyse, Photophysik und Photochemie der Gallenpigmente; Bilirubin- und Biliverdindimethylester und verwandte lineare Tetrapyrrole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19830950904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Zhao KH, Su P, Böhm S, Song B, Zhou M, Bubenzer C, Scheer H. Reconstitution of phycobilisome core-membrane linker, LCM, by autocatalytic chromophore binding to ApcE. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1706:81-7. [PMID: 15620367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The core-membrane linker, LCM, connects functionally the extramembraneous light-harvesting complex of cyanobacteria, the phycobilisome, to the chlorophyll-containing core-complexes in the photosynthetic membrane. Genes coding for the apoprotein, ApcE, from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 and for a C-terminally truncated fragment ApcE(1-240) containing the chromophore binding cysteine-195 were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Both bind covalently phycocyanobilin (PCB) in an autocatalytic reaction, in the presence of 4M urea necessary to solubilize the proteins. If judged from the intense, red-shifted absorption and fluorescence, both products have the features of the native core-membrane linker LCM, demonstrating that the lyase function, the dimerization motif, and the capacity to extremely red-shift the chromophore are all contained in the N-terminal phycobilin domain of ApcE. The red-shift is, however, not the result of excitonic interactions: Although the chromoprotein dimerizes, the circular dichroism shows no indication of excitonic coupling. The lack of homologies with the autocatalytically chromophorylating phytochromes, as well as with the heterodimeric cysteine-alpha84 lyases, indicates that ApcE constitutes a third type of bilin:biliprotein lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hong Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China.
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Gossauer A, Nydegger F, Benedikt E, Köst HP. Syntheses of Bile Pigments. Part 16. Synthesis of a vinyl-substituted 2,3-Dihydrobilinedione: Possible role of this new class of bile pigments in phycobilin biosynthesis. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19890720315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Bermejo R, Tobaruela DJ, Talavera EM, Orte A, Alvarez-Pez JM. Fluorescent behavior of B-phycoerythrin in microemulsions of aerosol OT/water/isooctane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 263:616-24. [PMID: 12909055 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of its unusual fluorescent properties, the incorporation of B-phycoerythrin (B-PE) in aerosol OT (AOT, sodium bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate)/water/isooctane microemulsions was investigated by following their steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence as a function of the water-to-surfactant molar ratio, w(0). The fluorescent intensity at 575 nm increased continuously with increasing water content, saturating at a w(0) around 35 and staying practically constant at w(0)> or =40. The steady-state anisotropy showed an initial increase with increasing water content until w(0)=23 and then decreased strongly, staying practically constant when w(0)> or =40. The values of the fluorescent parameters, anisotropy and fluorescent intensity, were unchanged when the water content of the system increased in the range between w(0)=40 to 50. This implies the effective incorporation of B-PE in the microemulsion droplets with w(0)> or =40, as well as the equilibrium of the dispersion at these water/surfactant ratios, since higher water content does not affect the main surrounding microenvironment of the protein. The overall incorporation in the microemulsion droplets caused minor spectroscopic changes with respect to biliprotein in aqueous solution of 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, such as a blue absorption shift of 3 nm and an emission shift of 1.5 nm, as well as a slight increase in excitation anisotropy spectrum mainly caused by a decrease in protein mobility. Therefore, there are no important interactions between the chromophores and the AOT sulfonate head groups. Emission intensity decays followed complex kinetics in both aqueous and dispersion media. The stability with time and temperature of the biliprotein in the microemulsion was higher than in the aqueous solution. All the results can be explained in terms of B-PE inclusion in the water droplets of AOT microemulsions where the protein has similar configuration and conformation to that in aqueous solution but with the chromophores more protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruperto Bermejo
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Jaén University, E.U.P. of Linares, 23700, Linares, Spain
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Antenna Systems and Energy Transfer in Cyanophyta and Rhodophyta. LIGHT-HARVESTING ANTENNAS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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18
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Zehetmayer P, Hellerer T, Parbel A, Scheer H, Zumbusch A. Spectroscopy of single phycoerythrocyanin monomers: dark state identification and observation of energy transfer heterogeneities. Biophys J 2002; 83:407-15. [PMID: 12080129 PMCID: PMC1302156 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycoerythrocyanin (PEC) is part of the light harvesting system of cyanobacteria. The PEC monomer contains one phycoviolobilin chromophore, which transfers excitation energy onto two phycocyanobilin chromophores. Many spectroscopical methods have been used in the past to study the bulk properties of PEC. These methods average over many molecules. Therefore, differences in the behavior of individual molecules remain hidden. The energy transfer within photosynthetic complexes is however sensitive to changes in the spectroscopic properties of the participating subunits. Knowledge about heterogeneities is therefore important for the description of the energy transfer in photosynthetic systems. Here, the recording of the fluorescence emission of single PEC molecules is used as a tool to obtain such information. Spectrally resolved detection as well as double resonance excitation of single PEC molecules is used to investigate their bleaching behavior. The trans isomer of the phycoviolobilin chromophore is identified as a short-lived dark state of monomeric PEC. Polarization sensitive single molecule detection is used for the direct observation of the energy transfer in individual PEC molecules. The experiments reveal that more than one-half of the PEC molecules exhibit an energy transfer behavior significantly different from the bulk. These heterogeneities persist on a time scale of several seconds. Model calculations lead to the conclusion that they are caused by minor shifts in the spectra of the chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zehetmayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
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Jacobi PA, DeSimone RW, Ghosh I, Guo J, Leung SH, Pippin D. New syntheses of the C,D-ring pyrromethenones of phytochrome and phycocyanin. J Org Chem 2000; 65:8478-89. [PMID: 11112567 DOI: 10.1021/jo005531k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrromethenone 7, the C,D-ring segment of phytochrome (Pr, 4), has been prepared in an efficient fashion employing three new strategies. Each of these has potential advantages for the synthesis of labeled material. Our first approach is related to the Gossauer synthesis, with the difference that strong alkali is avoided in the condensation of the C- and D-ring components 8 and 17. The key silyloxypyrrole 17 was readily prepared on multigram scales beginning with inexpensive butyrolactone (10). A second synthesis began with 2-acetylbutyrolactone (41). The key steps involved conversion of 41 to the Z-enoltriflate 42, followed by Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling with trimethylsilylacetylene, p-chlorophenylselenide ring opening, and finally, amidation to afford the ring-D synthon 45 having the proper geometry and oxidation state for conversion to 7. Sonogashira coupling of 45 with the iodopyrrole 22, followed by oxidative elimination, and F(-)-induced 5-exo-dig cyclization of the resultant pyrroloalkyne 47, then completed the synthesis. In similar fashion, we have also prepared pyrromethenone 6, the C,D-ring segment of phycocyanin (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Jacobi
- Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0180, USA.
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21
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Jacobi PA, Coutts LD, Guo J, Hauck SI, Leung SH. New strategies for the synthesis of biologically important tetrapyrroles. The "B,C + D + A" approach to linear tetrapyrroles. J Org Chem 2000; 65:205-13. [PMID: 10813917 DOI: 10.1021/jo991503u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Linear tetrapyrroles related to phytochrome (1) were prepared in enantiospecific fashion by a new strategy beginning with ring-B,C synthons of type 19 (bis-iododipyrrins). Rings A and D were elaborated by Pd(0)-mediated coupling of 19a with the appropriate alkyne acid or amide derivatives 9 and 20, followed by intramolecular cyclization (method C: BC + D + A --> ABCD).
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Jacobi
- Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0180, USA
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22
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An electronic state of the chromophore, phycocyanobilin, and its interaction with the protein moiety in C-phycocyanin: protonation of the chromophore. Chem Phys Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(97)00659-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Jacobi PA, Buddhu SC, Fry D, Rajeswari S. Studies on the Synthesis of Phytochrome and Related Tetrapyrroles. Dihydropyrromethenones by Photochemical Rearrangement of N-Pyrrolo Enamides. J Org Chem 1997; 62:2894-2906. [PMID: 11671653 DOI: 10.1021/jo970288j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrromethenone 67b, a potential precursor for the synthesis of phytochrome 1, has been prepared in enantiomerically pure form beginning with N-aminopyrrole 64 and the acetylenic acid 62b. The key step involved a 3,5-sigmatropic rearrangement of N-pyrrolo enamide 66b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Jacobi
- Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0180
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24
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Jacobi PA, Guo J, Rajeswari S, Zheng W. Dihydropyrromethenones by Pd(0)-Mediated Coupling of Iodopyrroles and Acetylenic Amides. Synthesis of the A,B-Ring Segment of Phytochrome. J Org Chem 1997; 62:2907-2916. [PMID: 11671654 DOI: 10.1021/jo970289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydropyrromethenone derivative 32b, which constitutes the A,B-ring segment of phytochrome (6), has been prepared in enantiomerically pure form beginning with acetylenic amide 47b and iodopyrrole 27. The key steps involved the TBAF-catalyzed 5-exo-dig cyclization of the acetylenic pyrrole 48b, followed by thia-Mitsunobu inversion of the resulting alcohol derivative 31b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Jacobi
- Hall-Atwater Laboratories, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0180
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25
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Theoretical ab initio and semiempirical studies of biologically important di- and oligopyrrolic compounds: pyrromethene and protonated pyrromethene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(96)80026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Schneider S, Prenzel CJ, Brehm G, Gottschalk L, Zhao KH, Scheer H. Resonance-Enhanced CARS Spectroscopy of Biliproteins: a Comparison Between Phycoerythrocyanin and Phycocyanin of Mastigocladus laminosus. Photochem Photobiol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Sineshchekov VA. Photobiophysics and photobiochemistry of the heterogeneous phytochrome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA (BBA) - BIOENERGETICS 1995; 1228:125-164. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(94)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
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28
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Zhao KH, Scheer H. Type I and type II reversible photochemistry of phycoerythrocyanin α-subunit from Mastigocladus laminosus both involve Z, E isomerization of phycoviolobilin chromophore and are controlled by sulfhydryls in apoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00180-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Photobiophysics and photobiochemistry of the heterogeneous phytochrome system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Jacobi PA, Guo J, Zheng W. An unequivocal synthesis of the ring-A,B dihydropyrromethenone of phytochrome. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Hong Q, Zhao KH, Scheer H. TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN PHYCOERYTHROCYANIN α-SUBUNIT. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb04962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Sai PSM, Siebzehnrübl S, Mahajan S, SCHEER H. FLUORESCENCE AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM STUDIES ON THE PHYCOERYTHROCYANINS FROM THE CYANOBACTERIUM. Photochem Photobiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1993.tb02257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Krois D. Investigation on intermolecular forces between bile pigments and polar model compounds mimicking the chromophore - protein interactions in biliproteins. Tetrahedron 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)81905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Abstract
The photoconversion of Pr to Pfr has been investigated by a large number of investigators. We have previously demonstrated that Z, E isomerization of the tetrapyrrole chromophore is involved in the photoconversion. It is the best candidate for the primary photoreaction. Conformation and configuration of the Pr chromophore will be compared with that of chromophores in phycocyanin. The crystal structure of phycocyanin had been elucidated by x-ray analysis. Proton transfer and/or Z, E isomerization of the tetrapyrrole are probably involved in different steps of the photoconversion in phytochrome and in photoreversible phycobiliproteins. Fluorescence decay kinetics of irradiated Pr and intermediate formation show heterogeneity. Possible reasons for this heterogeneity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rüdiger
- Botanisches Institut, Universität München, Germany
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35
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Circular dichroism and stereochemistry of the phycobilins and their derivatives. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)85140-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Dissociating effect of chromophore modifications on C-phycocyanin heterohexamers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(92)87008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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37
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Sai PSM, Siebzehnrübl S, Mahajan S, Scheer H. PHYCOERYTHROCYANINS FROM Westiellopsis prolifica AND Nostoc rivulare: CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PHYCOVIOLOBILIN CHROMOPHORE IN BOTH STATES. Photochem Photobiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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39
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Krois D, Lehner H. Conformation control of bilatrienes by peptides: A survey. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00815170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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40
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Krois D. Geometry versus basicity of bilatrienes: Stretched and helical protonated biliverdins. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00809802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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41
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Marko H, Müller N, Falk H. Nuclear-magnetic-resonance investigations of the biliverdin-apomyoglobin complex. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 193:573-80. [PMID: 2226471 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The recently described biliverdin-apomyoglobin complex has been investigated by two-dimensional NMR methods and molecular modeling with respect to the geometry of the chromophore and its position within the myoglobin pocket. Nuclear Overhauser effect correlations between the ligand and apoprotein amino acid residues prove that the bile pigment assumes a cyclic helical conformation and a position similar to heme in native myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Marko
- Institut für Chemie, Johannes Kepler Universität, Linz, Austria
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42
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Fischer R, Gottstein J, Scheer H, Geiselhart P, Schneider S. Picosecond time-resolved fluorescence of phycobiliproteins: Subunits of phycocyanin from Mastigocladus laminosus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)80003-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Holzwarth AR. Applications of ultrafast laser spectroscopy for the study of biological systems. Q Rev Biophys 1989; 22:239-326. [PMID: 2695961 DOI: 10.1017/s0033583500002985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of mode-locked laser operation now nearly two decades ago has started a development which enables researchers to probe the dynamics of ultrafast physical and chemical processes at the molecular level on shorter and shorter time scales. Naturally the first applications were in the fields of photophysics and photochemistry where it was then possible for the first time to probe electronic and vibrational relaxation processes on a sub-nanosecond timescale. The development went from lasers producing pulses of many picoseconds to the shortest pulses which are at present just a few femtoseconds long. Soon after their discovery ultrashort pulses were applied also to biological systems which has revealed a wealth of information contributing to our understanding of a broadrange of biological processes on the molecular level.It is the aim of this review to discuss the recent advances and point out some future trends in the study of ultrafast processes in biological systems using laser techniques. The emphasis will be mainly on new results obtained during the last 5 or 6 years. The term ultrafast means that I shall restrict myself to sub-nanosecond processes with a few exceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Holzwarth
- Max-Planck-Institut für Strahlenchemie, Mülheim/Ruhr, FRG
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44
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Marko H, Müller N, Falk H. UV-VIS and CD-spectroscopic investigations of intermolecular interactions of bile pigments with small proteins. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00808759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Beitr�ge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 82. Mitt.: Wasserl�sliche Polymere mit kovalent gebundenen violinoiden und 2,3-dihydro-verdinoiden Gallenfarbstoffen. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00809971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Marko H, M�ller N, Falk H. Complex formation between biliverdin and apomyoglobin. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00810847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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On the fate of biliverdin-III?-dimethyl ester formed by scrambling during syntheses of biliverdin-IX?-dimethyl ester from bilirubin. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00810844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Benedikt E, Gossauer A, Köst HP, Miki W, Yamaguchi K. Biliverdin IX delta and neobiliverdin IX delta, isolated from the ovaries of the marine snail, Turbo cornutus. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 175:643-8. [PMID: 3409888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb14240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ovaries of the marine snail Turbo cornutus contain a number of pigments. So far, the presence of carotenoids and a chromoprotein with a bile pigment, called turboverdin (= 3(2)-hydroxy-mesobiliverdin IX alpha), as its prosthetic group are known. The present work describes the isolation and structure elucidation of two further bile pigments, biliverdin IX delta and neobiliverdin IX delta. This is the first report of naturally occurring bile pigments with IX delta structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Benedikt
- Botanisches Institut der Universität München
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49
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Elektrophile Substitution und nucleophile Addition an 3,4-Dihydro-5(1H)-pyrromethenonen. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00809213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Belen'Kii L. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part III. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY VOLUME 44 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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