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Huber T, Wildermuth RE, Magauer T. 9-Membered Carbocycles: Strategies and Tactics for their Synthesis. Chemistry 2018; 24:12107-12120. [PMID: 29356173 PMCID: PMC6420057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products comprising a nine-membered carbocyclic core structure exhibit interesting biological effects. However, only a minority have succumbed to their synthesis in the past. The synthesis of functionalized nine-membered carbocycles still remains a challenging goal for synthetic chemists, mainly due to their high ring strain. Different strategies to overcome the unfavorable enthalpic and entropic factors associated with their formation are highlighted in this Concept article. The presented methods are classified into two different categories: (1) the ring-expansion of smaller rings or the ring-contraction of larger rings and (2) the direct cyclization of acyclic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Huber
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyLudwig-Maximillians University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Raphael E. Wildermuth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80–826020InnsbruckAustria
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2
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Severa L, Ončák M, Koval D, Pohl R, Šaman D, Císařová I, Reyes-Gutiérrez PE, Sázelová P, Kašička V, Teplý F, Slavíček P. A Chiral Dicationic [8]Circulenoid: Photochemical Origin and Facile Thermal Conversion into a Helicene Congener. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11972-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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3
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Severa L, Ončák M, Koval D, Pohl R, Šaman D, Císařová I, Reyes-Gutiérrez PE, Sázelová P, Kašička V, Teplý F, Slavíček P. A Chiral Dicationic [8]Circulenoid: Photochemical Origin and Facile Thermal Conversion into a Helicene Congener. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Organic chemistry is often considered a difficult subject requiring great effort to achieve expert status. Only once this level has been reached, judging, deciding, and recalling chemical information will be fast and guided by heuristic strategies. These principles, used intuitively, improve the efficiency and speed of problem-solving and decision-making procedures. Establishing these strategies in teaching and learning chemistry should significantly help students acquire well-structured procedural knowledge early in their education. In an attempt to improve conceptual thinking in teaching organic chemistry, in this contribution we develop a heuristic view of addition reactions and propose a new way of perceiving this class of organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Graulich
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Kinzel D, Stolle A, Ondruschka B, González L. Quantum chemical investigation of the thermal rearrangement of cis- and trans-pinane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9884-92. [PMID: 20532363 DOI: 10.1039/c001019g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermal rearrangement reactions of cis-pinane, 1, and trans-pinane, 2, into beta-citronellene, 3, and isocitronellene, 4, have been investigated using ab initio multiconfigurational CASSCF and CASSCF MP2 calculations. Concerted as well as stepwise retro-[2+2]-cycloaddition conversion mechanisms are discussed and the corresponding stationary points along the relevant reaction paths from the bicyclic starting compounds into their acyclic isomers have been optimized. Our calculations show that the stepwise retro-[2+2]-cycloaddition via biradicals is energetically favoured with respect to the concerted mechanism. In the biradical pathways to 3 and 4, it was found that a gauche ring opening of the cyclobutane ring in 1 and 2, respectively, shows significantly lower activation barriers than the competing anti ring opening. With the predicted reaction paths, the calculated activation energies are in very good agreement with experimental values. The reaction mechanisms can explain the differences in the reactivity of 1 and 2, as well as the selectivity differences with respect to the formation of 3 and 4, reported in previous kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kinzel
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Egberink RJM, Verboom W, Benders PH, Reinhoudt DN, Harkema S. Amine catalyzed ring opening of (2 + 2) cycloadducts derived from enamines of cyclic ketones and methyl propynoate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19881070506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Schaumann E. Reactive Double Bond Systems Via (3+2) Cycloreversion of Heterocycles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bscb.19860951106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Schaumann E, Möller M, Adiwidjaja G. Cycloadditionsreaktionen von Heterocumulenen, XXIX. Reaktion von Thioketenen mit Isocyanaten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19881210416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Schaumann
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Hamburg, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, D‐2000 Hamburg 13
| | - Marianne Möller
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Hamburg, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, D‐2000 Hamburg 13
| | - Gunadi Adiwidjaja
- Mineralogisch‐Petrographisches Institut der Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 48, D‐2000 Hamburg 13
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Gleiter R, Saalfrank RW, Paul W, Cowan DO, Eckert‐Maksić M. Das Photoelektronenspektrum von 1,1‐Diethoxy‐3,3‐bis(trifluormethyl)allen. Der Effekt von Trifluormethylgruppen auf kumulierte Systeme. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19831160815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Gleiter
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D‐6900 Heidelberg 1
| | - Rolf W. Saalfrank
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, D‐8520 Erlangen
| | - Winfried Paul
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, D‐8520 Erlangen
| | - Dwaine O. Cowan
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mirjana Eckert‐Maksić
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, D‐6900 Heidelberg 1
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, „Rudjer Bosković”︁ Institute, Zagreb, Jugoslawien
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Müller M, Förster WR, Holst A, Kingma AJ, Schaumann E, Adiwidjaja G. Synthesis of 4-Silylcyclobut-2-enethiones and their Use in Cyclobutadiene Generation. Chemistry 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19960020809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Carell T, Epple R, Gramlich V. Zur DNA-Reparatur durch das Enzym DNA-Photolyase: Synthese von Flavin enthaltenden Modellverbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Kammermeier S, Herges R. Photochemisch induzierte Metathesereaktionen von Tetradehydrodianthracen: Synthese und Struktur von Bianthrachinodimethanen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Höppner T, Schweim HG. Bildung von 2-Isotriureten aus der Reaktion vonN,N-Dialkyl-O-phenylisoharnstoffen und Phenylisocyanat. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19953280421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Belen'Kii L. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part III. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY VOLUME 44 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(08)60264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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16
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Gasphasen-Reaktionen, 611) Cycloalkanimine 2H-Azirin, 1-Azetin, 1-Pyrrolin, 1-Piperidein und 3,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2H-azepin: Darstellung und Photoelektronen-Spektren2,3). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19871201209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Appel R, Casser C, Knoch F. Niederkoordinierte Phosphorverbindungen, 46. 2,4-Diphospha-1-butene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19861190818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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De Cock C, Piettre S, Lahousse F, Janousek Z, Merényi R, Viehe H. Captodative substituent effects — Part XXXI olefins with captodative substitution in [2+2] cycloadditions. Tetrahedron 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)97193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Adam W, Oppenländer T. Direkte photochemische Spaltung des Cyclobutanrings in Bicyclo[4.2.0]octan durch 185nm-Bestrahlung in Lösung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19840960815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Schaumann E, Wriede U, Adiwidjaja G. 1-Cyanalkyliden-substituierte 1,3-Dithietanone als Cyanthioketen-Äquivalente. Umsetzung zu 1,3,5-Dithiazin-4-onen und 2-Azetidinthionen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19841170614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Barbe W, Beckhaus HD, Rüchardt C. Substituenteneffekte auf die CC-Bindungsstärke, 2. Die thermische Stabilität tetrasubstituierter Bernsteinsäuredinitrile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19831160320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Schaumann E, Behr H, Lindstaedt J. Cycloadditionsreaktionen von Heterocumulenen, XXVII. 2-Alkyliden-1,3,4-thiadiazoline durch 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition von Diazoalkanen an Thioketene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19831160108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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