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Korn P, Schwieger C, Gruhle K, Garamus VM, Meister A, Ihling C, Drescher S. Azide- and diazirine-modified membrane lipids: Physicochemistry and applicability to study peptide/lipid interactions via cross-linking/mass spectrometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184004. [PMID: 35841926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the incorporation of photo-activatable lipids into membranes potentially opens new avenues for studying interactions with peptides and proteins, the question of whether azide- or diazirine-modified lipids are suitable for such studies remains controversial. We have recently shown that diazirine-modified lipids can indeed form cross-links to membrane peptides after UV activation and that these cross-links can be precisely determined in their position by mass spectrometry (MS). However, we also observed an unexpected backfolding of the lipid's diazirine-containing stearoyl chain to the membrane interface challenging the potential application of this modified lipid for future cross-linking (XL)-MS studies of protein/lipid interactions. In this work, we compared an azide- (AzidoPC) and a diazirine-modified (DiazPC) membrane lipid regarding their self-assembly properties, their mixing behavior with saturated bilayer-forming phospholipids, and their reactivity upon UV activation using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and MS. Mixtures of both modified lipids with DMPC were further used for photo-chemically induced XL experiments with a transmembrane model peptide (KLAW23) to elucidate similarities and differences between the azide and the diazirine moiety. We showed that both photo-reactive lipids can be used to study lipid/peptide and lipid/protein interactions. The AzidoPC proved easier to handle, whereas the DiazPC had fewer degradation products and a higher cross-linking yield. However, the problem of backfolding occurs in both lipids; thus, it seems to be a general phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Korn
- Institute of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Schwieger
- Institute of Chemistry, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kai Gruhle
- Institute of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Institute of Pharmacy-Biophysical Pharmacy, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Vasil M Garamus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Annette Meister
- Interdisciplinary Research Center HALOmem, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology-Physical Biotechnology, Charles Tanford Protein Center, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Ihling
- Institute of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Martin Luther University (MLU) Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Center for Structural Mass Spectrometry, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simon Drescher
- Institute of Pharmacy-Biophysical Pharmacy, MLU Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; Phospholipid Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Drescher S, van Hoogevest P. The Phospholipid Research Center: Current Research in Phospholipids and Their Use in Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121235. [PMID: 33353254 PMCID: PMC7766331 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the research on phospholipids and their use for drug delivery related to the Phospholipid Research Center Heidelberg (PRC). The focus is on projects that have been approved by the PRC since 2017 and are currently still ongoing or have recently been completed. The different projects cover all facets of phospholipid research, from basic to applied research, including the use of phospholipids in different administration forms such as liposomes, mixed micelles, emulsions, and extrudates, up to industrial application-oriented research. These projects also include all routes of administration, namely parenteral, oral, and topical. With this review we would like to highlight possible future research directions, including a short introduction into the world of phospholipids.
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3
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Impact of alkylphospholipids on the gene expression profile of HaCaT cells. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 21:375-87. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32834549b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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4
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Buhre LMD, Rupert LAM, Engberts JBFN. An ESR spin-probe study of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide vesicles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/recl.19881070105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hielscher R, Hellwig P. The Temperature-Dependent Hydrogen-Bonding Signature of Lipids Monitored in the Far-Infrared Domain. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:435-41. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Sunghwa F, Sakurai H, Saiki I, Koketsu M. Iodine-catalyzed etherification of morroniside. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2009; 57:112-5. [PMID: 19122330 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.57.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a highly selective etherification procedure of unprotected morroniside catalyzed by molecular iodine in acetone. The etherification reaction furnished 7-O-alkyl ether derivatives in reasonable yields within few hours under neutral conditions. Studies of the obtained products on cytotoxicity activity in colon 26-L5 cell line were examined. Among the tested compounds, 7-O-dodecylmorroniside showed moderate cytotoxic activity, having IC50 values equal to 20.9 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunatus Sunghwa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dar es salaam, Dar es salaam, Tanzania
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9
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Nifantiev EE, Predvoditelev DA. Derivatives of trivalent phosphorus in the synthesis of glycerophosphatides and related phospholipids. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1994v063n01abeh000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Kurz M, Scriba GK. Drug-phospholipid conjugates as potential prodrugs: synthesis, characterization, and degradation by pancreatic phospholipase A(2). Chem Phys Lipids 2000; 107:143-57. [PMID: 11090844 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(00)00167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the synthesis of phospholipids containing a drug molecule instead of a fatty acid. Valproic acid and ibuprofen served as model compounds. The target molecules were synthesized either starting from sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1) or using (S)-2-O-benzyl-1-O-tritylglycerol (11) and (R)-2-O-benzyl-1-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilylglycerol (12), respectively, as key intermediates. With respect to the surface properties and the aggregation behavior, the drug-phospholipid conjugates resembled natural phosopholipids. Upon incubation with porcine pancreatic phospholipase A(2), only compounds with a fatty acid in the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone were degraded. Derivatives with either ibuprofen in the sn-2 position or displaying the unnatural S-configuration were resistant to enzymatic in vitro hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurz
- University of Münster, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, D-48149, Münster, Germany
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11
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Regelin AE, Fankhaenel S, Gürtesch L, Prinz C, von Kiedrowski G, Massing U. Biophysical and lipofection studies of DOTAP analogs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1464:151-64. [PMID: 10704929 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(00)00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the relationship between lipid structure and liposome-mediated gene transfer, we have studied biophysical parameters and transfection properties of monocationic DOTAP analogs, systematically modified in their non-polar hydrocarbon chains. Stability, size and (by means of anisotropy profiles) membrane fluidity of liposomes and lipoplexes were determined, and lipofection efficiency was tested in a luciferase reporter gene assay. DOTAP analogs were used as single components or combined with a helper lipid, either DOPE or cholesterol. Stability of liposomes was a precondition for formation of temporarily stable lipoplexes. Addition of DOPE or cholesterol improved liposome and lipoplex stability. Transfection efficiencies of lipoplexes based on pure DOTAP analogs could be correlated with stability data and membrane fluidity at transfection temperature. Inclusion of DOPE led to rather uniform transfection and anisotropy profiles, corresponding to lipoplex stability. Cholesterol-containing lipoplexes were generally stable, showing high transfection efficiency at low relative fluidity. Our results demonstrate that the efficiency of gene transfer mediated by monocationic lipids is greatly influenced by lipoplex biophysics due to lipid composition. The measurement of fluorescence anisotropy is an appropriate method to characterize membrane fluidity within a defined system of liposomes or lipoplexes and may be helpful to elucidate structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Regelin
- Tumor Biology Center, Department of Clinical Research, Breisacher Strasse 117, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Wiese A, Wieder T, Mickeleit M, Reinöhl S, Geilen CC, Seydel U, Reutter W. Structure-dependent effects of glucose-containing analogs of platelet activating factor (PAF) on membrane integrity. Biol Chem 2000; 381:135-44. [PMID: 10746745 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2000.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic choline-containing phospholipids comprise a new class of compounds with antineoplastic properties. We have investigated the effect of recently synthesized glucose-containing analogs of lysophosphatidylcholine (glyceroglucophospholipid, Glc-PC) and of lysoplatelet activating factor (Glc-PAF) and its C16, C14 and C12 derivatives (ET-16, ET-14, and ET-12) on proliferation of immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The data were compared to the ability of the compounds to intercalate into phosphatidylserine liposomes and to form lesions in planar bilayer membranes. A correlation between bioactivity and membrane activity was found. The number of molecules that intercalated into phosphatidylserine liposomes depended on the chemical structure of the compounds and was in the order Glc-PAF approximately ET-16 approximately ET-14 > Glc-PC > ET-12. All compounds induced membrane lesions, and the lesion forming activity was in the same order. Similar activity rankings were found for the release of lactate dehydrogenase from HaCaT cells as a measure of lytic activity and for the influence on cell number as a measure of proliferation. In the latter test, however, proliferation was already inhibited at non-toxic concentrations. From these findings, it may be concluded that the intercalation of the compounds at toxic concentrations leads to the formation of membrane lesions and finally results in membrane rupture leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wiese
- Research Center Borstel, Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Immunochemistry and Biochemical Microbiology, Germany
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13
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Wieder T, Reutter W, Orfanos CE, Geilen CC. Mechanisms of action of phospholipid analogs as anticancer compounds. Prog Lipid Res 1999; 38:249-59. [PMID: 10664795 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(99)00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Wieder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Berlin-Steglitz, Germany
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Xie X, Lin S, Moring J, Makriyannis A. Interdigitation of bilayers from ether lipid analogs: (R)-PAF, (R)-Lyso-PAF and the antineoplastic (R)-ET-18-OMe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1283:111-8. [PMID: 8765102 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(96)00085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The ether lipid analogs (R)-PAF, (R)-ET-18-OMe and (R)-Lyso-PAF can form bilayers. Using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small angle X-ray diffraction, we have investigated bilayers formed entirely of these molecules. Small angle X-ray diffraction experiments strongly indicated that these bilayers are interdigitated at 98% relative humidity in the gel phase. The slight differences in the structures of the ether lipids affect their thermal behavior and packing properties. Of the three, (R)-Lyso-PAF shows the highest phase transition temperature, broadest phase transition peak and smallest enthalpy change. These characteristics may be attributed to hydrogen bonding of the -OH group at sn-2 position of its glycerol backbone to water or to other (R)-Lyso-PAF molecules. The interdigitated structure shows that these bilayers are similar to lipid bilayers and suggests that these molecules could easily insert themselves into membranes to reach their respective active sites or to perturb the membranes. The packing and thermal characteristics of (R)-Lyso-PAF may help explain its biological inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Xie
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269, USA
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15
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De Meulenaer B, Van der Meeren P, Vanderdeelen J, Baert L. Optimization of a chromatographic method for the gram-scale preparative fractionation of soybean phospholipids. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02269715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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A simple and cost-effective gram-scale chromatographic method for the purification of soybean phospholipids. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02660725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Optimization of a chromatographic method for the gram-scale preparative fractionation of soybean phospholipids. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02688081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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19
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Enantiomerically pure (R)- and (S)-3-benzyloxy-2,3-dihydrofuran: Versatile precursors for the synthesis of protected glycerinaldehydes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)80064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Krafft MP, Giulieri F, Riess JG. Können einkettige perfluorierte Amphiphile allein Vesikel und andere organisierte supramolekulare Verbände bilden? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Lemmen P, Werner B. Synthesis of rac-1-(9-o-carboranyl)nonyl-2-methyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (B-Et-11-OMe), a potential boron carrier for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Chem Phys Lipids 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(92)90096-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Bauer F, Rueß KP, Liefländer M. Zur stereoselektiven Synthese von 2-O-Benzyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycerol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199219920110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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24
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Mancini I, Guella G, Pietra F. Synthesis of the Bretonins, Polyolefinic Esterified Glyceryl Ethers of an Unidentified Sponge from the North-Brittany Sea: Absolute Configuration and Novel Structure Assignment. Helv Chim Acta 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19910740504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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A synthesis of phospholipids using a phosphite-triester approach and uniformly cleavable β-halogenated protecting groups. Chem Phys Lipids 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(90)90134-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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D�rfler HD, Meyer W, Miethe P, Hentschel M. Phase diagram of the system dihexadecylphosphatidylcholine/dihexadecyl-phosphatidic acid/water/NaOH at pH=14. Colloid Polym Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01513199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Kaatze U, Lautscham K. High-frequency ultrasonic absorption spectroscopy on aqueous suspensions of phospholipid bilayer vesicles. Biophys Chem 1988; 32:153-60. [PMID: 3251564 DOI: 10.1016/0301-4622(88)87002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Between 1 MHz and 3 GHz the ultrasonic absorption coefficient has been precisely measured as a function of frequency for some aqueous suspensions of single-walled phospholipid bilayer vesicles. All solutions of the specially purified phospholipids clearly show excess absorption, reflecting three molecular relaxation processes with discrete relaxation times. Typical values for these times are 50, 3 and 0.5 ns. The attempt is made to relate these relaxation processes to mechanisms of rotational isomerization in the hydrocarbon chains. Some other molecular mechanisms which could also contribute to the ultrasonic excess absorption spectra are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kaatze
- Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, F.R.G
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28
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Synthesis of enantiomerically pure glyceryl esters and ethers. II. Methods employing the precursor 3,4-isopropylidene-D-mannitol. Chem Phys Lipids 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(88)90031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Eibl H, Woolley P. A general synthetic method for enantiomerically pure ester and ether lysophospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(88)90033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Ringsdorf H, Schlarb B, Venzmer J. Molekulare Architektur und Funktion von polymeren orientierten Systemen – Modelle für das Studium von Organisation, Oberflächenerkennung und Dynamik bei Biomembranen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19881000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Neumüller W, Fleer EA, Unger C, Eibl H. Enzymatic acylation of ether and ester lysophospholipids in rat liver microsomes. Lipids 1987; 22:808-12. [PMID: 3444370 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The acylation of lysophospholipids by rat liver acyltransferases was studied. A comparison between ester and ether lysophospholipids as substrates revealed large differences in substrate properties. For instance, oleic acid from oleoyl-CoA and arachidonic acid from arachidonoyl-CoA were not incorporated into 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine under experimental conditions that allowed an optimal transfer of oleic acid and arachidonic acid to 1-O-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. However, we observed an acyl-CoA-independent transfer of arachidonic acid from 1-O-stearoyl-2-O-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoinositol to 1-O-octadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Neumüller
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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32
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Schick HD, Berdel WE, Fromm M, Fink U, Jehn U, Ulm K, Reichert A, Eibl H, Unger C, Rastetter J. Cytotoxic effects of ether lipids and derivatives in human nonneoplastic bone marrow cells and leukemic cells in vitro. Lipids 1987; 22:904-10. [PMID: 3444383 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 2-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-LPC), the alkyl lysophospholipid derivatives (ALP) 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3) and 1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-trimethyl-ammonio-hexanol, the 2-acetamide analog of platelet-activating factor (PAF) 1-O-octadecyl-2-acetamide-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the thioether lysophospholipid derivative (TLP) BM 41.440 and the ether-linked lipoidal amine CP-46,665 on tritiated thymidine uptake and trypan blue dye exclusion were tested in vitro in various freshly explanted cell samples from human nonneoplastic bone marrow and human leukemias. In both assay systems, a dose range of 1-20 micrograms/ml of the compounds was tested after 24, 48 and 72 hr of coincubation with the cells. The trypan blue dye exclusion revealed statistically significant preferential cytotoxicity in leukemic cells for three compounds with the order of quantitative selectiveness: ET-18-OCH3 greater than BM41.440 greater than 2-acetamide analog of PAF. CP-46,665 was the most toxic compound, but did not reveal significant differences between nonneoplastic bone marrow and leukemic cells when added in concentrations greater than 1 microgram/ml. The trimethyl-ammonio-hexanol compound showed only minor activity in the majority of tests, when added at concentrations less than 20 micrograms/ml. 2-LPC was rather ineffective. The tritiated thymidine uptake showed only preferential antiproliferative effects towards leukemic cells of ET-18-OCH3 and, sometimes, within the dose time frame tested of BM 41.440. All compounds tested except 2-LPC and the trimethyl-ammonio-hexanol compound were active also in this assay (inhibition of uptake greater than 50% of the controls).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Schick
- Department of Medicine I, Technische Universitaet, Munich; Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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Koetting J, Unger C, Eibl H. A continuous assay for O-alkylglycerol monooxygenase (E.C. 1.14.16.5). Lipids 1987; 22:824-30. [PMID: 3444373 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The antitumor activity of alkyl lysophospholipids has raised some questions concerning the degradation of O-alkyl bonds in naturally occurring ether lipids. In this report, we describe the first continuous assay for O-alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO), the only enzyme known to cleave the O-alkyl bond in saturated ether lipids and ether phospholipids. AGMO activity was monitored at 340 nm by coupling the NADH redox reaction to the tetrahydropteridine cofactor of the rat liver microsomal enzyme. Turnover rates as low as 0.6 nmol/min could be measured. Using radiolabeled substrates, the products were identified with a TLC-Linear-Analyzer. The only interference with this assay can arise from other reducing agents, e.g. dithiothreitol. The assay was used to develop protocols for the solubilization of AGMO from membrane preparations in the presence of detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Koetting
- Max-Planck-Institut fuer biophysikalische, Chemie, Am Fassberg, Goettingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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34
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Kötting J, Unger C, Eibl H. Substrate specificity of O-alkylglycerol monooxygenase (E.C. 1.14.16.5), solubilized from rat liver microsomes. Lipids 1987; 22:831-5. [PMID: 3444374 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic alkyl lysophospholipids (ALP) show antineoplastic activity. In the present discussion, the cytotoxicity of ALP is attributed to their accumulation in tumor cells. Some neoplastic cell species, in contrast to normal cells, cannot metabolize ALP because of a lack of O-alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) activity. To understand the metabolic fate of ether lipids and ether-linked phospholipids, AGMO substrate specificity studies were undertaken. Thirty-five different natural and synthetic ether lipids and their metabolites (including a thioether) were tested as substrates for AGMO. The study revealed that the potent cytostatic substance, 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine is not a substrate for AGMO. Therefore, its selective toxicity to tumor cells cannot be based on the differences in direct detoxification of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine by AGMO in normal and malignant cells. However, 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerol, which can be formed by phospholipase C hydrolysis, is a good substrate for AGMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kötting
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikal, Chemie Am Fassberg, Goettingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Schmidt N, Gercken G, Konig WA. Enantioselective capillary 988 chromatography of 1,2-isopropylidene glycerol and O-alkylatedglycerol derivatives. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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36
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Aksoy M, Berger MR, Schmähl D. The influence of different levels of dietary fat on the incidence and growth of MNU-induced mammary carcinoma in rats. Nutr Cancer 1987; 9:227-35. [PMID: 3601688 DOI: 10.1080/01635588709513931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the influence of isocalorically fed diets (containing different amounts of fat) on tumor incidence and parameters of fat metabolism in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Comparisons are made between rats induced with methylnitrosourea (25 mg/kg body wt) and untreated controls (Group I). The animals received either control diets (3.9% fat by weight, Groups I and II) or fat-enriched diets (10.7%, Group III; 15.6%, Group IV; 21.4%, Group V) over a period of 180 days. At the termination of the experiment, intake of the diet containing 10.7% fat by weight (24% fat per total calories) was associated with the highest tumor incidence. Comparing the different diets, liver lipid concentrations in the individual groups increased with increasing dietary fat, whereas the total lipid in plasma decreased. During the feeding period, total lipid of the liver and plasma, and plasma cholesterol, increased in all groups, but triglycerides of plasma decreased. However, when plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were calculated as a relative amount of total lipid in plasma, cholesterol was found to be significantly decreased in Groups III and IV, and triglycerides were increased in Group III but decreased significantly in Groups I, II, and V at the end of the experiment.
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1-O,N-ditritylglycerophosphoethanolamine, a novel intermediate for the facile preparation of mixed-acid phosphatidylethanolamines. Chem Phys Lipids 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(87)90018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Polymerizable lipid analogues of diacetylenic phosphonic acids. Synthesis, spreading behaviour and polymerization at the gas-water interface. Chem Phys Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Eibl H, Woolley P. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure glyceryl esters and ethers. I. Methods employing the precursor 1,2-isopropylidene-sn-glycerol. Chem Phys Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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41
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Nuhn P, Brezesinski G, Dobner B, Förster G, Gutheil M, Dörfler HD. Synthesis, calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction of lecithins containing branched fatty acid chains. Chem Phys Lipids 1986; 39:221-36. [PMID: 3698145 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lecithins with branched fatty acid chains were synthesized and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The influence of three chemical alterations on the phase transition parameters were investigated: length of the branches in 2-position of the acyl chains, position of the branches in the acyl chains, and position of the branched fatty acid chains in the glycerol backbone. The results show that the branched phosphatidylcholines (PCs) have a reduced gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm) compared to the corresponding straight-chain PCs. Depending on both the length of the branches in 2-position of the acyl chains and the position of the branches in the acyl chains, the Tm-values pass through a minimum. The systematic change of the main-transition temperatures Tm is connected with a modified structural polymorphism. If the length of the branches increases three types of polymorphism were observed.
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42
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Gunawan J, Harder A, Debuch H. Studies on the phase transitions of lysoderivatives of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids from human brain. Chem Phys Lipids 1986; 39:125-33. [PMID: 3948289 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phase transition temperature of 1,2-distearoylglycerophosphocholine is reduced in presence of equimolar amounts of 1-O-(1'-alkenyl)-glycerophosphoethanolamine (ethanolamine lysoplasmalogen) from 53.3 degrees C-54.1 degrees C to 44.0 degrees C-44.9 degrees C at different pH (4.0; 7.2; 9.0; 10.5). 1-Acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine leads to a smaller reduction of the 1,2-distearoyl-glycerophosphocholine transition temperature: 45.0 degrees C-46.2 degrees C at the same pH-values. 1-Alkyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (hydrogenated ethanolamine lysoplasmalogen) possesses a transition temperature, which is 3.3 degrees C-4.9 degrees C higher than the hydrogenated 1-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine at each pH investigated. At pH 9.0 and, more pronounced, at pH 10.5 we find a reduction of the transition temperature for both these substances, whereas their transition temperature is nearly unchanged at pH 4.0 and 7.2. Our results clearly show that the ether-bonding in the lysoderivative of plasmalogen is responsible for the closer packing compared to the 1-acyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine.
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Pascher I, Sundell S, Eibl H, Harlos K. The single crystal structure of octadecyl-2-methyl-glycero-phosphocholine monohydrate. A multilamellar structure with interdigitating head groups and hydrocarbon chains. Chem Phys Lipids 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(86)90099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jain MK, Jahagirdar DV, Van Linde M, Roelofsen B, Eibl H. Solute-induced acceleration of transbilayer movement and its implications on models of blood-brain barrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 818:356-64. [PMID: 4041443 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hexylglycerol accelerates the transbilayer (flip-flop) movement of phospholipids, lysophospholipids and peptides. For example, lysophosphatidylcholine added to dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles activates the action of pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 (Jain and DeHaas (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 736, 157-162) This activating effect is dissipated slowly after mixing, and no activation is observed when the lysophospholipid molecules are equally distributed on both sides of the bilayer. The half time for transbilayer movement of lysophosphatidylcholine is about 7 h, and it is accelerated over 100-fold in the presence of n-hexylglycerol, as well as by a variety of other amphipathic solutes including n-alkanols, ketamine, and flufenamic acid. Hexylglycerol also accelerates the rate of transbilayer movement of an amphipathic hexapeptide bocLALALW, as well as of the phosphatidylcholine molecules in erythrocyte membrane. These effects are observed without any change in the gross bilayer organization as judged by 31P-NMR. Biophysical significance of such solute induced acceleration of transbilayer movement of amphipathic solutes is discussed to account for the effect of alkylglycerols on blood brain barrier.
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Whitesides GM, Wong CH. Enzymes as Catalysts in Synthetic Organic Chemistry [New Synthetic Methods (53)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.198506173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Septinus M, Berthold T, Naujok A, Zimmermann HW. [Hydrophobic acridine dyes for fluorescent staining of mitochondria in living cells. 3. Specific accumulation of the fluorescent dye NAO on the mitochondrial membranes in HeLa cells by hydrophobic interaction. Depression of respiratory activity, changes in the ultrastructure of mitochondria due to NAO. Increase of fluorescence in vital stained mitochondria in situ by irradiation]. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1985; 82:51-66. [PMID: 2579934 DOI: 10.1007/bf00502091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic fluorescence dye 10-n-nonyl-acridinium-orange-chloride, NAO, stains specifically the mitochondria of living HeLa-cells. A dye concentration of 1 X 10(-8) M is sufficient for vital staining and at 5 X 10(-7) M an incubation time less than 1 min is enough to generate the bright green fluorescence of the mitochondria. The retention of NAO by the mitochondria is longer than 7 days. The dye accumulation is not affected by the ionophores valinomycin, nigericin, gramicidin, the uncoupling agents DNP, CCCP or by ouabain. In contrast to Rh 123 the trans-membrane potential is not the driving force of the NAO accumulation. We assume that NAO is bound to the hydrophobic lipids and proteins in the mitochondrial membranes by hydrophobic interaction. With valinomycin, 500 ng/ml, 10 min, the mitochondria in HeLa-cells swell. Now it is possible to observe some details in the enlarged mitochondria by light microscopy. After vital staining with NAO, 5 X 10(-7) M, 10 min, the periphery of the swollen mitochondria shows an intense green fluorescence, the inner part is dark. Obviously the dye is bound to the membranes. By electron microscopy it can be shown that the valinomycin treated and NAO stained mitochondria have outer and inner membranes and cristae. They differ from untreated mitochondria mainly in the size. After incubation of the HeLa-cells with relatively high NAO concentrations, 5 X 10(-6) M, 10 min, the mitochondria show a weak orange fluorescence. It is generated by the dimers D of NAO. Therefore the dye concentration in the mitochondrial membranes is locally very high and causes dye dimerisation. The weak orange fluorescence is instable and disappears within a few seconds. Instead we observe a green fluorescence with growing intensity that is generated by the monomers M of NAO. The intensity has its maximum value after a few seconds. Using low NAO concentrations for incubation, 1 X 10(-7) M, 10 min, we observe only the green fluorescence with increasing intensity. In this case the orange fluorescence is too weak for observation (concentration quenching). It can be shown by experiments and quantum mechanics that the orange fluorescence is assigned to an optical forbidden, the green fluorescence to an allowed electronic transition of D or M respectively. Our results indicate a dissoziation of D in 2 M by irradiation of the mitochondria under the fluorescence microscope.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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