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Giri R, Mosiagin I, Franzoni I, Nötel NY, Patra S, Katayev D. Photoredox Activation of Anhydrides for the Solvent-Controlled Switchable Synthesis of gem-Difluoro Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209143. [PMID: 35997088 PMCID: PMC9826529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of the gem-difluoromethylene (CF2 ) group into organic frameworks is highly sought due to the influence of this unit on the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of molecules. Herein we report an operationally simple, mild, and switchable protocol to access various gem-difluoro compounds that employs chlorodifloroacetic anhydride (CDFAA) as a low-cost and versatile fluoroalkylating reagent. Detailed mechanistic studies revealed that electron-transfer photocatalysis triggers mesolytic cleavage of a C-Cl bond generating a gem-difluoroalkyl radical. In the presence of alkene, this radical species acts as a unique intermediate that, under solvent-controlled reaction conditions, delivers a wide range of gem-difluorinated γ-lactams, γ-lactones, and promotes oxy-perfluoroalkylation. These protocols are flow- and batch-scalable, possess excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, and can be used for the late-stage diversification of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Giri
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ivan Mosiagin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ivan Franzoni
- NuChem Sciences Inc.2350 Rue Cohen, Suite 201Saint-LaurentQuebecH4R 2N6Canada
- Present address: Valence Discovery Inc.6666 Rue St-Urbain, Suite 200MontrealQuebecH2S 3H1Canada
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Subrata Patra
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of FribourgChemin du Musée 91700FribourgSwitzerland
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Giri R, Mosiagin I, Franzoni I, Nötel NY, Patra S, Katayev D. Photoredox Activation of Anhydrides for the Solvent‐Controlled Switchable Synthesis of gem‐Difluoro Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Giri
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Chemistry Department Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
| | - Ivan Mosiagin
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Chemistry Department Chemin du Musée9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
| | - Ivan Franzoni
- Valence Discovery Inc. Research Department 6666 Rue St-Urbain, Suite 200Montreal H2S 3H1 Quebec CANADA
| | - Nicolas Yannick Nötel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10 8093 Zürich SWITZERLAND
| | - Subrata Patra
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Chemistry Department Chemin du Musée9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
| | - Dmitry Katayev
- University of Fribourg: Universite de Fribourg Department of Chemistry Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg SWITZERLAND
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3
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Xie D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fu Z, Niu D. Alkyl/Glycosyl Sulfoxides as Radical Precursors and Their Use in the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204922. [PMID: 35641436 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report here the use of simple and readily available alkyl sulfoxides as precursors to radicals and their application in the preparation of pyridine derivatives. We show that alkyl sulfoxides, N-methoxy pyridinium salts and fluoride anions form electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes in solution, which, upon visible light irradiation, undergo a radical chain process to afford various pyridine derivatives smoothly. This reaction displays broad scope with respect to both sulfoxides and N-methoxy pyridiniums. The synthetic versatility of sulfoxides as a handle in chemistry adds to their power as radical precursors. Glycosyl sulfoxides are converted to the corresponding pyridyl C-glycosides with high stereoselectivities. Computational and experimental studies provide insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xie
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 17 Renmin Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Xie D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fu Z, Niu D. Alkyl/Glycosyl Sulfoxides as Radical Precursors and Their Use in the Synthesis of Pyridine Derivatives**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Xie
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Dawen Niu
- Department of Emergency State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital and School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University No. 17 Renmin Nan Road Chengdu 610041 China
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox-Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21116-21149. [PMID: 33629454 PMCID: PMC8382814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photomediated Giese reactions are at the forefront of radical chemistry, much like the classical tin-mediated Giese reactions were nearly forty years ago. With the global recognition of organometallic photocatalysts for the mild and tunable generation of carbon-centered radicals, chemists have developed a torrent of strategies to form previously inaccessible radical intermediates that are capable of engaging in intermolecular conjugate addition reactions. This Review summarizes advances in photoredox-mediated Giese reactions since 2013, with a focus on the breadth of methods that provide access to crucial carbon-centered radical intermediates that can engage in radical conjugate addition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, NC, 27708-0354, USA
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Gant Kanegusuku AL, Roizen JL. Recent Advances in Photoredox‐Mediated Radical Conjugate Addition Reactions: An Expanding Toolkit for the Giese Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry Duke University Box 90346 Durham NC 27708-0354 USA
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André‐Joyaux E, Kuzovlev A, Tappin NDC, Renaud P. A General Approach to Deboronative Radical Chain Reactions with Pinacol Alkylboronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emy André‐Joyaux
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Andrey Kuzovlev
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D. C. Tappin
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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André‐Joyaux E, Kuzovlev A, Tappin NDC, Renaud P. A General Approach to Deboronative Radical Chain Reactions with Pinacol Alkylboronic Esters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13859-13864. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emy André‐Joyaux
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Andrey Kuzovlev
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D. C. Tappin
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- University of Bern Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
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Abadie B, Jardel D, Pozzi G, Toullec P, Vincent JM. Dual Benzophenone/Copper-Photocatalyzed Giese-Type Alkylation of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Chemistry 2019; 25:16120-16127. [PMID: 31595555 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed Giese-type alkylations of C(sp3 )-H bonds are very attractive reactions in the context of atom-economy in C-C bond formation. The main limitation of such reactions is that when using highly polymerizable olefin acceptors, such as unsubstituted acrylates, acrylonitrile, or methyl vinyl ketone, radical polymerization often becomes the dominant or exclusive reaction pathway. Herein, we report that the polymerization of such olefins is strongly limited or suppressed when combining the photocatalytic activity of benzophenone (BP) with a catalytic amount of Cu(OAc)2 . Under mild and operationally simple conditions, the Giese adducts resulting from the C(sp3 )-H functionalization of amines, alcohols, ethers, and cycloalkanes could be synthesized. Preliminary mechanistic studies have revealed that the reaction does not proceed through a radical chain, but through a dual BP/Cu photocatalytic process, in which both CuII and low-valent CuI/0 species, generated in situ by reduction by the BP ketyl radical, may react with α-keto or α-cyano intermediate radicals, thus preventing polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Abadie
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR5255, Université Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Damien Jardel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR5255, Université Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Patrick Toullec
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR5255, Université Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc Vincent
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR5255, Université Bordeaux, 33405, Talence, France
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10
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Chowdhury SR, Hoque IU, Maity S. TBAI/TBHP-Promoted Generation of Malonyl Radicals: Oxidative Coupling with Styrenes Leads to γ-Keto Diesters. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2824-2828. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad; Dhanbad 826004 JH India
| | - Injamam Ul Hoque
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad; Dhanbad 826004 JH India
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad; Dhanbad 826004 JH India
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11
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Zhang N, Samanta SR, Rosen BM, Percec V. Single Electron Transfer in Radical Ion and Radical-Mediated Organic, Materials and Polymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5848-958. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400689s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shampa R. Samanta
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Brad M. Rosen
- DuPont Titanium Technologies, Chestnut Run Plaza, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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12
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Gupta S, Do Y, Lee JH, Lee M, Han J, Rhee YH, Park J. Novel Catalyst System for Hydrostannation of Alkynes. Chemistry 2014; 20:1267-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Oderinde MS, Organ MG. Pronounced Solvent Effect on the Hydrostannylation of Propargylic Alcohol Derivatives withnBu3SnH/Et3B at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2013; 19:2615-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Oderinde MS, Organ MG. Studies on the Mechanism of B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Hydrostannylation of Propargylic Alcohol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9834-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Oderinde MS, Organ MG. Studies on the Mechanism of B(C6F5)3-Catalyzed Hydrostannylation of Propargylic Alcohol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Oderinde MS, Hunter HN, Organ MG. Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Stereoselectivity in the Hydrostannylation of Propargylic Alcohol Derivatives Using AIBN and Et3B as Promotors. Chemistry 2012; 18:10817-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sun CL, Gu YF, Wang B, Shi ZJ. Direct Arylation of Alkenes with Aryl Iodides/Bromides through an Organocatalytic Radical Process. Chemistry 2011; 17:10844-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Streuff J. A titanium(III)-catalyzed redox umpolung reaction for the reductive cross-coupling of enones with acrylonitriles. Chemistry 2011; 17:5507-10. [PMID: 21488110 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Streuff
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany.
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Pintauer T. Catalyst Regeneration in Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Atom‐Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) and Cyclization (ATRC) Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Pintauer
- Duquesne University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA, Fax: +1‐412‐396‐5683
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Eckenhoff WT, Pintauer T. Copper Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) and Cyclization (ATRC) Reactions in the Presence of Reducing Agents. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940903238759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Kurteva VB, Afonso CAM. Synthesis of Cyclopentitols by Ring-Closing Approaches. Chem Rev 2009; 109:6809-57. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanya B. Kurteva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, and CQFM, Centro de Química-Física Molecular, IN - Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, and CQFM, Centro de Química-Física Molecular, IN - Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Pintauer T, Eckenhoff W, Ricardo C, Balili M, Biernesser A, Noonan S, Taylor M. Highly Efficient Ambient-Temperature Copper-Catalyzed Atom-Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) in the Presence of Free-Radical Initiator (V-70) as a Reducing Agent. Chemistry 2009; 15:38-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang J, Brookhart M. Reduction of Alkyl Halides by Triethylsilane Based on a Cationic Iridium Bis(phosphinite) Pincer Catalyst: Scope, Selectivity and Mechanism. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pintauer T, Matyjaszewski K. Atom transfer radical addition and polymerization reactions catalyzed by ppm amounts of copper complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:1087-97. [PMID: 18497922 DOI: 10.1039/b714578k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, copper-catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has had a tremendous impact on the synthesis of polymeric materials with well defined compositions, architectures and functionalities. Apart from synthetic aspects of ATRP, considerable effort has also been devoted to structural and mechanistic understanding of copper complexes involved in ATRP, as well as development of methodologies to decrease the amount of catalyst needed in these systems. This tutorial review reports on recent advances in the area of catalyst regeneration in ATRP and mechanistically similar atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) using environmentally benign reducing agents. The outlined processes termed ARGET (activators regenerated by electron transfer) and ICAR (initiators for continuous activator regeneration) ATRP enable the synthesis of well-defined (co)polymers and single addition adducts using very low concentrations of copper catalysts (1-100 ppm). Recent developments in this area could have profound industrial implications on the synthesis of well-defined polymeric materials and small organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Pintauer
- Duquesne University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 600 Forbes Avenue, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Eckenhoff WT, Garrity ST, Pintauer T. Highly Efficient Copper-Mediated Atom-Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) in the Presence of Reducing Agent. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200701144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tzvetkov NT, Mattay J. Synthesis and photoinitiated radical cyclization of allyl- and propynyloxymethyl substituted cyclopentanones to tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furanols. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Synthesis of cyclopropyl silyl ethers and their facile ring opening by photoinduced electron transfer as key step in radical/radical cationic cascade reactions. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon‐Centered Radicals to Alkenes—An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-%23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland) Fax: (+41) 1‐6356856
| | - Leo Radom
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra, ACT 0200 (Australia)
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31
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Fischer H, Radom L. Was steuert die Additionen kohlenstoffzentrierter Radikale an Alkene? - Antworten auf experimenteller und theoretischer Grundlage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20010417)113:8<1380::aid-ange1380>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Fischer H, Radom L. Factors Controlling the Addition of Carbon-Centered Radicals to Alkenes-An Experimental and Theoretical Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:1340-1371. [PMID: 11317286 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20010417)40:8<1340::aid-anie1340>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The successful exploitation of syntheses involving the generation of new carbon-carbon bonds by radical reactions rests on some prior knowledge of the rate constants for the addition of carbon-centered radicals to alkenes and other unsaturated molecules, and of the factors controlling them. Two former classical reviews in Angewandte Chemie by Tedder (1982) and by Giese (1983) provided mechanistic insight and led to various qualitative rules on the complex interplay of enthalpic, polar, and steric effects. In the meantime, the field has experienced very rapid progress: many more experimental absolute rate constants have become available, and there have been major advances in the efficiency and reliability of quantum-chemical methods for the accurate calculation of transition structures, reaction barriers, and reaction enthalpies. Herein we review this progress, recommend suitable experimental and theoretical procedures, and display representative data series for radical additions to alkenes. On this basis, and guided by the pictorial tool of the state-correlation diagram for radical additions, we then offer a new and more stringent quantification of the controlling factors. Our analysis leads to a partial revision of the previous qualitative rules, and it more clearly exhibits the interplay of the reaction enthalpy effects, polar charge-transfer contributions, and steric substituent effects on the reaction energy barrier. The various contributions are cast into the form of new, simple, and physically meaningful but non-linear, predictive equations for the preestimation of rate constants. These equations prove successful in several tests but call for additional theoretical and experimental foundation. The kinetics of related reactions such as polymer propagation, copolymerization, and the addition of radicals to alkynes and aromatic compounds is shown to follow the same principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Fischer
- Physikalisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
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Approach towards an EPC synthesis of nodusmicin. Part 5: 1 Stereoselective introduction of a side chain at the cis -decalin part of nodusmicin. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gansäuer A, Bluhm H. Reagent-controlled transition-metal-catalyzed radical reactions. Chem Rev 2000; 100:2771-88. [PMID: 11749305 DOI: 10.1021/cr9902648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Gansäuer
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Takai K, Matsukawa N, Takahashi A, Fujii T. Drei-Komponenten-Kupplung von Alkyliodiden, 1,3-Dienen und Carbonylverbindungen durch aufeinanderfolgende Bildung von radikalischen und anionischen Spezies mit CrCl2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19980116)110:1/2<160::aid-ange160>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Linker T, Hartmann K, Sommermann T, Scheutzow D, Ruckdeschel E. Übergangsmetall-induzierte Radikalreaktionen als einfacher Zugang zu 2-C-Analoga von Kohlenhydraten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961081526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Maercker A, Wunderlich H, Girreser U. Polylithiumorganic compounds — 23. 3,4-Dilithio-1,2-butadienes by addition of lithium metal to 1,4-unsymmetrically substituted butatrienes. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kneer G, Mattay J, Heidbreder A, Raabe G, Krebs B, L�ge M. Stereoselective Radical Additions using chiral 1,3-dioxolanones derived from lactic and malic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19953370126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Mulzer J, Kermanchahi AK, Buschmann J, Luger P. Asymmetric Synthesis ofent-Corey Lactone Alcohol and its 12-(all-cis)- and 11-Epimers via Free Radical 5-exo-trig-C, C Cyclization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199419940602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tashtoush HI, Sustmann R. Free-Radical Coupling of Alkyl and Aryl Halides with Electron-Deficient Alkenes Mediated by Chromium(II) Complexes[1]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19931260736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Debart F, Vasseur JJ, Sanghvi YS, Dan Cook P. Intermolecular radical CC bond formation: Synthesis of a novel dinucleoside linker for non-anionic antisense oligonucleosides. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)79047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tashtoush HI, Sustmann R. Chromium(II)-Mediated Intermolecular Free-Radical Carbon — Carbon Bond Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19921250146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Paulsen H, Matschulat P. Synthese vonC-Glycosiden derN-Acetylneuraminsäure und weiteren Derivaten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199119910188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jockers H, Schmid RD, Rieger H, Krohn K. Synthese langkettiger Benzo- und Naphthochinonaldehyde als Substrate für bakterielle Luciferasen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199119910155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Velázquez S, Huss S, Camarasa MJ. Stereoselective synthesis of [3.3.0] fused lactones (γ-butyrolactones) of sugars and nucleosides by free radical intramolecular cyclization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1039/c39910001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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