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Template Synthesis (Self-Assembly) of Macrocycles: Theory and Practice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154829. [PMID: 35956780 PMCID: PMC9369941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Dankert F, Donsbach C, Rienmüller J, Richter RM, von Hänisch C. Alkaline Earth Metal Template (Cross-)Coupling Reactions with Hybrid Disila-Crown Ether Analogues. Chemistry 2019; 25:15934-15943. [PMID: 31596978 PMCID: PMC6916185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline earth metal iodides were used as templates for the synthesis of novel silicon‐based ligands. Siloxane moieties were (cross‐)coupled and ion‐specific, silicon‐rich crown ether analogues were obtained. The reaction of 1,2,7,8‐tetrasila[12]crown‐4 (I) and 1,2‐disila[9]crown‐3 (II) with MgI2 yielded exclusively [Mg(1,2,7,8‐tetrasila[12]crown‐4)I2] (1). The larger Ca2+ ion was then employed for cross‐coupling of I and II and yielded the complex [Ca(1,2,7,8‐tetrasila[15]crown‐5)I2] (2). Cross‐coupling of I and 1,2,4,5‐tetrasila[9]crown‐3 (III) with SrI2 enables the synthesis of the silicon‐dominant 1,2,4,5,10,11‐hexasila[15]crown‐5 ether complex of SrI2 (3). Further, the compounds [Sr(1,2,10,11‐tetrasila[18]crown‐6)I2] (4), [Sr(1,2,13,14‐tetrasila[24]crown‐8)I2] (5), and [Sr(1,2,13,14‐tetrasila‐dibenzo[24]crown‐8)I2] (6) were obtained by coupling I, 1,2‐disila[12]crown‐4 (IV) or 1,2‐disila‐benzo[12]crown‐4 (V), respectively. Using various anions, the (cross‐)coupled ligands were also observed in an X‐ray structure within the mentioned complexes. These template‐assisted (cross‐)couplings of various ligands are the first of their kind and a novel method to obtain macrocycles and/or their metal complexes to be established. Further, the Si−O bond activations presented herein might be of importance for silane or even organic functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dankert
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Donsbach
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Rienmüller
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roman M Richter
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Mikhailov OV. Molecular structures of M(II) chelates with compartmental (N,N)-, (N,O)- and (N,S)-donor ligands and articulated metal chelate cycles. REV INORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMolecular structures of variousd-element M(II) ion chelates with compartmental (N,N)-, (N,O)-, and (N,S)-donor atomic ligands forming as a result of complexing with M(II) three or four articulated metal chelate cycles have been systematized and discussed in detail. It has been shown that, on the whole, such metalmacrocyclic compounds, as a rule, have molecular structures with non-coplanar chelate nodes and non-coplanar macrocycles. The review covers the period 2000–2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Mikhailov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kazan National Research Technological University, K. Marx Street 68, 420015 Kazan, Russia
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Mikhailov OV. Quantum-chemical models of the molecular structures of open-chain and macrocyclic d-metal chelates with (N,O)- and (N,S)-donor polydentate ligands. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023617130058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang Y, Sun J, Liu Z, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Symbiotic Control in Mechanical Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12387-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST); P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 KSA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- PanaceaNano, Inc.; 2265 East Foothill Boulevard Pasadena CA 91107 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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Wang Y, Sun J, Liu Z, Nassar MS, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Symbiotic Control in Mechanical Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Junling Sun
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Majed S. Nassar
- Joint Center of Excellence in Integrated Nano-Systems (JCIN); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST); P.O. Box 6086 Riyadh 11442 KSA
| | - Youssry Y. Botros
- PanaceaNano, Inc.; 2265 East Foothill Boulevard Pasadena CA 91107 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry; Northwestern University; 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
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Yamada Y, Kato T, Tanaka K. Assembly of Multi-Phthalocyanines on a Porphyrin Template by Fourfold Rotaxane Formation. Chemistry 2016; 22:12371-80. [PMID: 27417388 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A stacked assembly composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines was prepared through fourfold rotaxane formation. Two phthalocyanine molecules, bearing four 24-crown-8 units, were assembled onto a porphyrin template incorporating four sidechains with two dialkylammonium ions each through pseudorotaxane formation between crown ether units and ammonium ions. The Staudinger phosphite reaction, as the stoppering reaction, resulted in the formation of the stacked heterotrimer composed of a porphyrin and two phthalocyanines connected through a fourfold rotaxane structure. UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of the heterotrimer indicated that there is a significant electronic interaction between the two phthalocyanine units due to the close stacking. The electrochemical oxidation process of the stacked heterotrimer was studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of a dinuclear Cu(II) complex, in which two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were assembled on a metal-free porphyrin template, revealed that two Cu(II) phthalocyanines were located within the stacking distance, which resulted in an antiferromagnetic interaction between the two S=1/2 spins in the ground state of the Cu(2+) ions in the heterotrimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidanihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Naogya, 464-8602, Japan.
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Schweez C, Shushkov P, Grimme S, Höger S. Synthesis and Dynamics of Nanosized Phenylene-Ethynylene-Butadiynylene Rotaxanes and the Role of Shape Persistence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schweez
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
| | - Philip Shushkov
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry; Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Beringstrasse 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn; Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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Schweez C, Shushkov P, Grimme S, Höger S. Synthesis and Dynamics of Nanosized Phenylene-Ethynylene-Butadiynylene Rotaxanes and the Role of Shape Persistence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3328-33. [PMID: 26836984 PMCID: PMC4797704 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetylene‐based [2]rotaxanes were synthesized by a covalent‐template approach by aminolysis of the corresponding prerotaxanes. The wheel and the bulky stoppers are made of phenylene–ethynylene–butadiynylene macrocycles of the same size. The stoppers are large enough to enable the synthesis and purification of the rotaxane. However, the wheel unthreads from the axle at elevated temperatures. The deslipping kinetics and the activation parameters were determined. We described theoretically the unthreading by state‐of‐the‐art DFT‐based molecular‐mechanics models and a string method for the simulation of rare events. This approach enabled us to characterize in detail the unthreading mechanism, which involves the folding of the stopper during its passage through the wheel opening, a process that defies intuitive geometrical considerations. The conformational and energetic features of the transition allowed us to infer the molecular residues controlling the disassembly timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schweez
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philip Shushkov
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany.
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenanes: fifty years of molecular links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6110-50. [PMID: 25951013 PMCID: PMC4515087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenane: fünfzig Jahre molekulare Verschlingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang CT, Shiu LC, Shiu KB. Alkaline-Earth Metal Cations as Structure Building Blocks for Molecular Cages with Entrapment and Controlled Release of Quintuple Ionic Aggregates. Chemistry 2015; 21:7026-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hafezi N, Holcroft JM, Hartlieb KJ, Dale EJ, Vermeulen NA, Stern CL, Sarjeant AA, Stoddart JF. Modulating the binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inside a hexacationic cage by anion-π interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:456-61. [PMID: 25410825 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the template-directed synthesis of BlueCage(6+), a macrobicyclic cyclophane composed of six pyridinium rings fused with two central triazines and bridged by three paraxylylene units. These moieties endow the cage with a remarkably electron-poor cavity, which makes it a powerful receptor for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Upon forming a 1:1 complex with pyrene in acetonitrile, however, BlueCage⋅6 PF6 exhibits a lower association constant Ka than its progenitor ExCage⋅6 PF6. A close inspection reveals that the six PF6(-) counterions of BlueCage(6+) occupy the cavity in a fleeting manner as a consequence of anion-π interactions and, as a result, compete with the PAH guests. This conclusion is supported by a one order of magnitude increase in the Ka value for pyrene in BlueCage(6+) when the PF6(-) counterions are replaced by much bulkier anions. The presence of anion-π interactions is supported by X-ray crystallography, and confirms the presence of a PF6(-) counterion inside its cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema Hafezi
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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Hafezi N, Holcroft JM, Hartlieb KJ, Dale EJ, Vermeulen NA, Stern CL, Sarjeant AA, Stoddart JF. Modulating the Binding of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Inside a Hexacationic Cage by Anion-π Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Avestro AJ, Gardner DM, Vermeulen NA, Wilson EA, Schneebeli ST, Whalley AC, Belowich ME, Carmieli R, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Gated electron sharing within dynamic naphthalene diimide-based oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4442-9. [PMID: 24623608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The controlled self-assembly of well-defined and spatially ordered π-systems has attracted considerable interest because of their potential applications in organic electronics. An important contemporary pursuit relates to the investigation of charge transport across noncovalently coupled components in a stepwise fashion. Dynamic oligorotaxanes, prepared by template-directed methods, provide a scaffold for directing the construction of monodisperse one-dimensional assemblies in which the functional units communicate electronically through-space by way of π-orbital interactions. Reported herein is a series of oligorotaxanes containing one, two, three and four naphthalene diimide (NDI) redox-active units, which have been shown by cyclic voltammetry, and by EPR and ENDOR spectroscopies, to share electrons across the NDI stacks. Thermally driven motions between the neighboring NDI units in the oligorotaxanes influence the passage of electrons through the NDI stacks in a manner reminiscent of the conformationally gated charge transfer observed in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa-Jennifer Avestro
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems (CCIS) and Argonne-Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA) http://chemgroups.northwestern.edu/wasielewski http://stoddart.northwestern.edu
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Avestro AJ, Gardner DM, Vermeulen NA, Wilson EA, Schneebeli ST, Whalley AC, Belowich ME, Carmieli R, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Gated Electron Sharing Within Dynamic Naphthalene Diimide-Based Oligorotaxanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Grunder S, Valente C, Whalley AC, Sampath S, Portmann J, Botros YY, Stoddart JF. Molecular Gauge Blocks for Building on the Nanoscale. Chemistry 2012; 18:15632-49. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ke C, Smaldone RA, Kikuchi T, Li H, Davis AP, Stoddart JF. Quantitative Emergence of Hetero[4]rotaxanes by Template-Directed Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:381-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ke C, Smaldone RA, Kikuchi T, Li H, Davis AP, Stoddart JF. Quantitative Emergence of Hetero[4]rotaxanes by Template-Directed Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Boyle MM, Gassensmith JJ, Whalley AC, Forgan RS, Smaldone RA, Hartlieb KJ, Blackburn AK, Sauvage JP, Stoddart JF. Stereochemistry of molecular figures-of-eight. Chemistry 2012; 18:10312-23. [PMID: 22836716 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A trans isomer of a figure-of-eight (Fo8) compound was prepared from an electron-withdrawing cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) derivative carrying trans-disposed azide functions between its two phenylene rings. Copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloadditions with a bispropargyl derivative of a polyether chain, interrupted in its midriff by an electron-donating 1,5-dioxynaphthalene unit acting as the template to organize the reactants prior to the onset of two click reactions, afforded the Fo8 compound with C(i) symmetry. Exactly the same chemistry is performed on the cis-bisazide of the tetracationic cyclophane to give a Fo8 compound with C(2) symmetry. Both of these Fo8 compounds exist as major and very minor conformational isomers in solution. The major conformation in the trans series, which has been characterized by X-ray crystallography, adopts a geometry which maximizes its C-H···O interactions, while maintaining its π···π stacking and C-H···π interactions. Ab initio calculations at the M06L level support the conformational assignments to the major and minor isomers in the trans series. Dynamic (1)H NMR spectroscopy, supported by 2D (1)H NMR experiments, indicates that the major and minor isomers in both the cis and trans series equilibrate in solution on the (1)H NMR timescale rapidly above and slowly below room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Boyle
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3133, USA
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Gallina ME, Baytekin B, Schalley C, Ceroni P. Light-Harvesting in Multichromophoric Rotaxanes. Chemistry 2011; 18:1528-35. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Forgan RS, Wang C, Friedman DC, Spruell JM, Stern CL, Sarjeant AA, Cao D, Stoddart JF. Donor-Acceptor Ring-in-Ring Complexes. Chemistry 2011; 18:202-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategien und Taktiken für die metallgesteuerte Synthese von Rotaxanen, Knoten, Catenanen und Verschlingungen höherer Ordnung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Beves JE, Blight BA, Campbell CJ, Leigh DA, McBurney RT. Strategies and tactics for the metal-directed synthesis of rotaxanes, knots, catenanes, and higher order links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9260-327. [PMID: 21928462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than a quarter of a century after the first metal template synthesis of a [2]catenane in Strasbourg, there now exists a plethora of strategies available for the construction of mechanically bonded and entwined molecular level structures. Catenanes, rotaxanes, knots and Borromean rings have all been successfully accessed by methods in which metal ions play a pivotal role. Originally metal ions were used solely for their coordination chemistry; acting either to gather and position the building blocks such that subsequent reactions generated the interlocked products or by being an integral part of the rings or "stoppers" of the interlocked assembly. Recently the role of the metal has evolved to encompass catalysis: the metal ions not only organize the building blocks in an entwined or threaded arrangement but also actively promote the reaction that covalently captures the interlocked structure. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that currently exist for forming mechanically bonded molecular structures with metal ions and details the tactics that the chemist can utilize for creating cross-over points, maximizing the yield of interlocked over non-interlocked products, and the reactions-of-choice for the covalent capture of threaded and entwined intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Wallfisch BC, Egger T, Heilmayer W, Kappe CO, Wentrup C, Gloe K, Belaj F, Klintschar G, Kollenz G. 2,6,9-Trioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nona-3,7-dienes and 2,4,6,8-Tetraoxaadamantanes: Novel Chiral Spacer Units in Macrocyclic Polyethers. Supramol Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/1061027021000003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C. Wallfisch
- a Institute of Chemistry , Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Tamara Egger
- a Institute of Chemistry , Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Werner Heilmayer
- a Institute of Chemistry , Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- a Institute of Chemistry , Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Curt Wentrup
- b Department of Chemistry , The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Karsten Gloe
- c Institute of Inorganic Chemistry , Technical University , Dresden, D-01062, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Belaj
- a Institute of Chemistry , Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Gerd Klintschar
- a Institute of Chemistry , Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Gert Kollenz
- a Institute of Chemistry , Karl-Franzens University Graz , Heinrichstrasse 28, Graz, A-8010, Austria
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Meyer CD, Forgan RS, Chichak KS, Peters AJ, Tangchaivang N, Cave GWV, Khan SI, Cantrill SJ, Stoddart JF. The Dynamic Chemistry of Molecular Borromean Rings and Solomon Knots. Chemistry 2010; 16:12570-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cari D. Meyer
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Ross S. Forgan
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3133 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
| | - Kelly S. Chichak
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Andrea J. Peters
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Nicholas Tangchaivang
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Gareth W. V. Cave
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS (UK)
| | - Saeed I. Khan
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - Stuart J. Cantrill
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- The California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095‐1569 (USA), Fax: (+1) 310‐206‐5621
- Center for the Chemistry of Integrated Systems and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208‐3133 (USA), Fax: (+1) 847‐491‐1009
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Prins L, Scrimin P. “Covalent Capture”: Verschmelzung von kovalenter und nichtkovalenter Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Prins L, Scrimin P. Covalent Capture: Merging Covalent and Noncovalent Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2288-306. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chapter 6 Salt‐Induced Morphological Transitions in Nonequimolar Catanionic Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1554-4516(09)09006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2048] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ottens-hildebrandt S, Meier S, Nieger M, Vögtle F, Weber E. A new tetra-lactam host compound and its complexes with ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide. Supramol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10610279508029485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ottens-hildebrandt
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 , Bonn , Germany
| | - Stephan Meier
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 , Bonn , Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- b Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 , Bonn , Germany
| | - Fritz Vögtle
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, D-53121 , Bonn , Germany
| | - Edwin Weber
- c Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29, D-09596 , Freiberg/Sachs , Germany
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Bru M, Alfonso I, Burguete MI, Luis SV. Anion-Templated Syntheses of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bru M, Alfonso I, Burguete MI, Luis SV. Anion-Templated Syntheses of Pseudopeptidic Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:6155-9. [PMID: 16906618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bru
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, UAMOA, Universidad Jaume I/CSIC, Avd. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain
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Chand DK, Biradha K, Kawano M, Sakamoto S, Yamaguchi K, Fujita M. Dynamic Self-Assembly of an M3L6 Molecular Triangle and an M4L8 Tetrahedron from Naked PdII Ions and Bis(3-pyridyl)-Substituted Arenes. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:82-90. [PMID: 17441041 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pyridine-appended nonchelating bidentate ligands 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)benzene (1) and 4,4'-bis(3-pyridyl) biphenyl (2) were complexed with a naked Pd(II) ion for the construction of molecular cage compounds. Prior to these experiments, the complexation of the ligands with cis-[Pd(en)(NO3)2] was also examined, because self-assemblies from the cis-protected Pd(II) ion were expected to be simple motifs that constitute the assemblies from naked Pd(II) ion. The structures of the self-assembled compounds resulting from 1 and [Pd(en)(NO3)2] depended on the solvent employed. In aqueous solution, an M2L2 trenchlike compound was obtained. In dimethyl sulfoxide, however, a mixture of the M2L2 trench and an M3L3 macrocycle was found in equilibrium, the dynamic nature of which was confirmed by the concentration-dependent nature of the species. At higher concentration, an M4L4 macrocycle was mostly observed. The complexation of 1 with naked Pd(II) ions was expected to produce novel structures that are combinations of the M(n)L(n) type frameworks. A peculiar tetrahedral M4L8 assembly was obtained quantitatively from 1 and Pd(NO3)2, rather than the smallest possible M3L6 double-walled triangle. Interestingly, the use of Pd(CF3SO3)2 resulted in the sole formation of the latter structure. Thus, the anion is important as a template in the formation of these assemblies. Ligand 2, which contains an extra p-phenylene unit compared to 1, behaved in a similar manner when treated with [Pd(en)(NO3)2], but showed subtle differences with naked Pd(II) ions. With Pd(NO3)2, 2 gave mostly a tetrahedron along with a double-walled triangle. With Pd(CF3SO3)2, this longer ligand formed a double-walled triangle with a negligible amount of tetrahedra. A single discrete assembly of a perfect tetrahedron was obtained from 2 and Pd(II) ions by choosing p-tosylate as a counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillip K Chand
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, the University of Tokyo and CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Lukin O, Vögtle F. Knotting and threading of molecules: chemistry and chirality of molecular knots and their assemblies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:1456-77. [PMID: 15704147 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
How and why do molecules tangle or thread? Investigations of molecular knots (knotanes) may shed some light on the mechanisms of (supra)molecular templation and the folding of molecules that result in intertwining. The topological chirality of these fascinating molecules leads to new types of isomerism and paves the way to nanosized molecular motors. Their preparation and derivatization makes high demands on modern synthetic methods and analytical separation since molecular knots are formed in a more or less planned design based on metal coordination or hydrogen-bonding patterns. This Review describes the development of templation techniques for the synthesis of knotanes and their chiral resolution as well as their selective functionalization and use as building blocks in the synthesis of higher knotane assemblies. Such assemblies can possess linear, branched, or even macrocyclic structures which, on the one hand, introduce unprecedented isomeric compositions that arise from multiple topological stereogenic units and, on the other, define new types of artificial macromolecules beyond polymers and dendritic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lukin
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Rucareanu S, Schuwey A, Gossauer A. One-step template-directed synthesis of a macrocyclic tetraarylporphyrin hexamer based on supramolecular interactions with a C3-symmetric tetraarylporphyrin trimer. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:3396-413. [PMID: 16522121 DOI: 10.1021/ja057117d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Taking into consideration the model geometry of the macrocyclic hexaporphyrin 1 as a host molecule, the structure of a benzene-centered porphyrin trimer bearing pyridine rings at the apical positions has been designed with the aim to use the latter as a template for the synthesis of its own host. Indeed, in the presence of the porphyrin trimer 5, the yield of the cyclization of a linear porphyrin hexamer, as a precursor of 1, could be improved from 8 to 30% (variable yield) to 50% (reproducible yield). Even the condensation of equimolecular amounts of porphyrin monomers 20b and 21b in the presence of 5 led--probably through a loose preorganized complex between the latter and the Zn(II) chelate 20b--to the formation of 1 in only five steps from 19, as compared with 13 steps of the synthesis via linear porphyrin hexamer in the absence of template. As evidenced by 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of the supramolecular complex between 5 and an analogue of 1b in which all H-atoms at the pyrrole rings have been replaced by deuterium, in the presence of unlabeled 1b, a rapid dissociation and recombination of the host and guest molecules forming the supramolecular complex takes place even at low temperature (-40 degrees C). As at 55 degrees C all six Zn(II) porphyrinate rings of the complex 1b + 5 become magnetically equivalent in the 500 MHz 1H NMR time scale, approximate kinetic data for the ligand exchange process could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Rucareanu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Vögtle F, Ahuis F, Baumann S, Sessler JL. Porphyrin Blocking Groups in Amide-Based Rotaxanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Fürstner A, Seidel G, Kopiske C, Krüger C, Mynott R. Syntheses, Structures, and Complexation Properties of Photoresponsive Crownophanes. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Jäger R, Händel M, Harren J, Vögtle F, Rissanen K. Chemistry with Roataxanes: Intra- and Intermolecularly Covalently Linked Rotaxanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Siepen A, Zett A, Vögtle F. A Transannularly Bridged Bis(calix[4]arene) Forming a Multiple Ansa Compound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.199619960518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Demirel G, Ozçetin G, Turan E, Caykara T. pH/Temperature - Sensitive Imprinted Ionic Poly(N-tert-butylacrylamide-co-acrylamide/maleic acid) Hydrogels for Bovine Serum Albumin. Macromol Biosci 2005; 5:1032-7. [PMID: 16208634 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200500085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have prepared pH/temperature-sensitive imprinted ionic poly(N-tert-butylacrylamide-co-acrylamide/maleic acid) [P(TBA-co-AAm/MA)] hydrogels for bovine serum albumin (BSA) by using molecular imprinting method. BSA adsorption from aqueous BSA solutions was investigated with two types of hydrogel systems prepared by non-imprinted and imprinted methods. Hydrogels imprinted with BSA showed higher adsorption capacity and specificity for BSA than hydrogels prepared by the usual procedure. At all studied conditions, the highest BSA adsorption was observed in the hydrogel imprinted with 8.63 wt.-% BSA. In addition, the imprinted hydrogels exhibited both for good selectivity BSA and high adsorption rate depending on the number of BSA-sized cavities. Adsorption studies showed that other stimuli, such as pH, temperature and initial BSA concentration also influenced the BSA adsorption capacity of both non-imprinted and imprinted hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Demirel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Art and Science, Gazi University, 06500 Besevler Ankara, Turkey
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Aricó F, Chang T, Cantrill SJ, Khan SI, Stoddart JF. Template-Directed Synthesis of Multiply Mechanically Interlocked Molecules Under Thermodynamic Control. Chemistry 2005; 11:4655-66. [PMID: 15887196 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The template-directed construction of crown-ether-like macrocycles around secondary dialkylammonium ions (R2NH2+) has been utilized for the expedient (one-pot) and high-yielding synthesis of a diverse range of mechanically interlocked molecules. The clipping together of appropriately designed dialdehyde and diamine compounds around R2NH2+-containing dumbbell-shaped components proceeds through the formation, under thermodynamic control, of imine bonds. The reversible nature of this particular reaction confers the benefits of "error-checking" and "proof-reading", which one usually associates with supramolecular chemistry and strict self-assembly processes, upon these wholly molecular systems. Furthermore, these dynamic covalent syntheses exploit the efficient templating effects that the R2NH2+ ions exert on the macrocyclization of the matched dialdehyde and diamine fragments, resulting not only in rapid rates of reaction, but also affording near-quantitative conversion of starting materials into the desired interlocked products. Once assembled, these "dynamic" interlocked compounds can be "fixed" upon reduction of the reversible imine bonds (by using BH3.THF) to give kinetically stable species, a procedure that can be performed in the same reaction vessel as the inital thermodynamically controlled assembly. Isolation and purification of the mechanically interlocked products formed by using this protocol is relatively facile, as no column chromatography is required. Herein, we present the synthesis and characterization of 1) a [2]rotaxane, 2) a [3]rotaxane, 3) a branched [4]rotaxane, 4) a bis [2]rotaxane, and 5) a novel cyclic [4]rotaxane, demonstrating, in incrementally more complex systems, the efficacy of this one-pot strategy for the construction of interlocked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Aricó
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095-1569, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Blankenstein
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France, Fax: +33‐1‐69‐07‐72‐47
- Current address: Sanofi‐Aventis, Sanofi‐Synthelabo Recherche, Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91835 Chilly Mazarin, France
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette, France, Fax: +33‐1‐69‐07‐72‐47
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Lukin O, Vögtle F. Verknoten und Durchfädeln von Molekülen: Chemie und Chiralität molekularer Knoten und ihrer Ensembles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ghosh P, Federwisch G, Kogej M, Schalley CA, Haase D, Saak W, Lützen A, Gschwind RM. Controlling the rate of shuttling motions in [2]rotaxanes by electrostatic interactions: a cation as solvent-tunable brake. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2691-700. [PMID: 16032347 DOI: 10.1039/b506756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of rotaxanes, with phenolic axle centerpieces and tetralactam macrocycles as the wheels, has been prepared in good yields. The threaded rotaxane structure is confirmed in the gas phase by tandem mass spectrometric experiments through a detailed fragmentation pattern analysis, in solution by NMR spectroscopy, and in the solid state through X-ray crystallography. A close inspection of the 1H,1H NOESY and 1H,1H ROESY NMR data reveals the wheel to travel along the axle between two degenerate diamide "stations" close to the two stoppers. By deprotonation of a phenolic OH group in the axle centerpiece with Schwesinger's P1 base, surprisingly no additional shuttling station is generated at the axle center, although the wheel could form rather strong hydrogen bonds with the phenolate. Instead, the wheel continues to travel between the two diamide stations. Experimental data from 1H,1H NOESY spectra, together with theoretical calculations, show that strong electrostatic interactions between the phenolate moiety and the P1 cation displace the wheel from the "phenolate station". The cation acts as a "brake" for the shuttling movement. Instead of suppressing the shuttling motion completely, as observed in other rotaxanes, our rotaxane is the first system in which electrostatic interactions modulate the speed of the mechanical motion between a fast and a slow motion state as a response to a reversible external stimulus. By tuning these electrostatic interactions through solvent effects, the rate of movement can be influenced significantly, when for example different amounts of DMSO are added to dichloromethane. Besides the shuttling motion, circumrotation of the wheel around the axle is observed and analyzed by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. Force field and AM1 calculations are in good agreement with the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyut Ghosh
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Hof
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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