1
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Han P, Han M, Sessler JL, Lei C. Resolution of Expanded Porphyrinoids: A Path to Persistent Chirality and Appealing Chiroptical Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303058. [PMID: 37851869 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a fundamental characteristic of nature. Expanded porphyrinoids and their analogues offer an attractive platform for delving into the intricacies of chirality. Expanded porphyrinoids comprise pyrrolic macrocycles and related heterocyclic systems. As a class, expanded porphyrinoids are widely recognized for their flexible structural features, nontrivial coordination capabilities, and intriguing optical and electronic properties. With limited exceptions, their inherent conformational flexibility coupled with a low racemization barrier allows for the facile interchange between enantiomers. As a result, achieving the effective chiral resolution of individual enantiomers and the subsequent exploration of their chiroptical properties represents a significant challenge. This review summarizes strategies used to realize the chiral resolution of expanded porphyrinoids and the understanding of intrinsic chiroptical properties that has emerged from these separation efforts. It is our hope that this review will serve not only to codify our current understanding of chiral expanded porphyrinoids, but also inspire advances in the generalized area of chiral functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puren Han
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Mutian Han
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, USA
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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2
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Liang K, Chen H, Wang X, Lu T, Duan Z, Sessler JL, Lei C. Di-2,7-pyrenidecaphyrin(1.1.0.0.0.1.1.0.0.0) and Its Bis-Organopalladium Complexes: Synthesis and Chiroptical Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212770. [PMID: 36401592 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-aromatic expanded carbaporphyrinoid, incorporating two built-in 2,7-pyrenylene moieties was synthesized. The intrinsically labile structure was demonstrated by proton-triggered conformational changes between the figure-of-eight and quasi-Möbius conformers. Upon treatment with Pd(OAc)2 , the reaction produces two bis-PdII complexes with distinct coordination modes. Metal coordination serves to fix the macrocyclic frameworks with the net result that both bis-PdII complexes could be resolved by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a chiral stationary phase. The isolated enantiomers showed persistent chiroptical properties as evidenced by the intense response in the circular dichroism (CD) spectra and the record high absorption dissymmetry factors (gabs of up to 0.038) seen in the near-infrared spectral region. Moreover, the mutual interconversion of these two PdII complexes was found to be stereospecific and to favor the more stable isomers under weakly acidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejiang Liang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712-1224, USA
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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3
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Zhou W, Hao M, Lu T, Duan Z, Sarma T, Sessler JL, Lei C. Carbazole-Containing Carbadecaphyrins: Non-aromatic Expanded Porphyrins that Undergo Proton-Triggered Conformational Changes. Chemistry 2021; 27:16173-16180. [PMID: 34532908 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A pair of meso-unsubstituted expanded carbaporphyrins containing two carbazole moieties were prepared in high isolated yields (82 and 76 %, respectively). The two macrocycles, namely 3 and 4, differ with respect to their substitution at the carbazole N-atoms i. e. by H and i-Bu, respectively. As prepared in their free-base forms, macrocycles 3 and 4 adopt figure-of-eight conformations and are best characterized as 40 π-electron, non-aromatic species possessing a decaphyrin(1.1.0.0.0.1.1.0.0.0) skeleton. Protonation of 3 with either trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) or perchloric acid (HClO4 ) produces a parallelogram-shaped structure. A similar structure is produced when N-functionalized system 4 is treated with TFA. In contrast, protonation of 4 with HClO4 leads it to adopt a twisted Möbius strip-like structure in the solid state, thus allowing access to three distinct conformational states as a function of the conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Mengdi Hao
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Duan
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas, 78712-1224, United States
| | - Chuanhu Lei
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
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4
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Szyszko B, Rymut P, Matviyishyn M, Białońska A, Latos‐Grażyński L. Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control Over Multiple Conformations of Di‐2,7‐naphthihexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50–383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Paweł Rymut
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50–383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Maksym Matviyishyn
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50–383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50–383 Wrocław Poland
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5
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Szyszko B, Rymut P, Matviyishyn M, Białońska A, Latos-Grażyński L. Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control Over Multiple Conformations of Di-2,7-naphthihexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20137-20146. [PMID: 33462869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Di-2,7-naphthihexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1), a non-aromatic carba-analogue of the hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1), incorporating two built-in 2,7-naphthylene moieties was synthesized as two separate, conformationally locked stereoisomers. Both conformers followed complex protonation pathways involving structurally different species, which can be targeted under kinetic and thermodynamic control. The neutralization of the ultimate dicationic product, accessible from both stereoisomers of the free base, allowed to realize the complex conformational switching cycle involving six structurally different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Rymut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maksym Matviyishyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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6
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Shin JY, Zhang Z, Awaga K, Shinokubo H. Exploration of Li-Organic Batteries Using Hexaphyrin as an Active Cathode Material. Molecules 2019; 24:E2433. [PMID: 31269689 PMCID: PMC6651293 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium-collaborating organic batteries (Li-[28]hexs) were investigated with [28]hexaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1) as an active electrode material. Each hexaphyrin of [28]Hex cathode ideally involved four electrons per unit cycle and performed a typical charge/discharge processes of Li-organic battery. Li-[28]Hex batteries set with fast charging rates showed reasonably stable charge and discharge performances over 200 cycles even though it caused incomplete (2~3 electrons) charge/discharge cycles due to failing the complete charging process. UV absorption changes of [28]hexaphyrin in CH2Cl2 were supplementary for the electrochemical oxidation, which performed a conversion from [28]hexaphyrin to [26]hexaphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Shin
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Zhongyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kunio Awaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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7
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Isar P, Rajeswara Rao M, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Characterization, Sensing, and Coordination Properties of trans
-Homoporphodimethenes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prosenjit Isar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - M. Rajeswara Rao
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad; 580011 Dharwad Karnataka India
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8
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Vargas-Zúñiga GI, Sessler JL. Anion and Cation Complexes of Expanded Porphyrins. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Synthetic pyrrole-based anion receptors date back to the 1990s. They have been extensively developed in the context of macrocyclic systems as expanded porphyrins and calixpyrroles, and related systems. The chemistry of open-chain pyrrolic systems is, in many respects, no less venerable. It also has more direct analogy to naturally occurring pyrrole-based anion binding motifs. However, it has not been the subject of a comprehensive review. Presented herein is a summary of efforts devoted to the creation of de novo pyrrole-based receptors, as well as the anion recognition chemistry of naturally occurring pyrrolic systems as prodigiosins and their synthetic analogues.
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10
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Shivran N, Gadekar SC, Anand VG. “To Twist or Not to Twist”: Figure-of-Eight and Planar Structures of Octaphyrins. Chem Asian J 2016; 12:6-20. [PMID: 27893187 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Shivran
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Santosh C. Gadekar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Venkataramanarao G. Anand
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
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11
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Oh J, Sung YM, Kim W, Mori S, Osuka A, Kim D. Aromaticity Reversal in the Lowest Excited Triplet State of Archetypical Möbius Heteroannulenic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6487-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
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12
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Oh J, Sung YM, Kim W, Mori S, Osuka A, Kim D. Aromaticity Reversal in the Lowest Excited Triplet State of Archetypical Möbius Heteroannulenic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Woojae Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry; Graduated School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems; Yonsei University; Seoul 120-749 Korea
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13
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Setsune JI, Toda M, Yoshida T, Imamura K, Watanabe K. The Synthesis and Dynamic Structures of Multinuclear Complexes of Large Porphyrinoids Expanded by Phenylene and Thienylene Spacers. Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Yoneda T, Sung YM, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. PdIIComplexes of [44]- and [46]Decaphyrins: The Largest Hückel Aromatic and Antiaromatic, and Möbius Aromatic Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13169-73. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Yoneda T, Sung YM, Lim JM, Kim D, Osuka A. PdIIComplexes of [44]- and [46]Decaphyrins: The Largest Hückel Aromatic and Antiaromatic, and Möbius Aromatic Macrocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Gopalakrishna TY, Reddy JS, Anand VG. Antiaromatic Supramolecules: F⋅⋅⋅S, F⋅⋅⋅Se, and F⋅⋅⋅π Intermolecular Interactions in 32 π Expanded Isophlorins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Gopalakrishna TY, Reddy JS, Anand VG. Antiaromatic Supramolecules: F⋅⋅⋅S, F⋅⋅⋅Se, and F⋅⋅⋅π Intermolecular Interactions in 32 π Expanded Isophlorins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1763-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Sarma T, Panda PK. Cyclo[4]naphthobipyrroles: Naphthobipyrrole-Derived Cyclo[8]pyrroles with Strong Near-Infrared Absorptions. Chemistry 2011; 17:13987-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Stępień M, Sprutta N, Latos-Grażyński L. Figure-Eight-Strukturen, Möbius-Bänder und mehr: Konformation und Aromatizität von Porphyrinoiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Stępień M, Sprutta N, Latos-Grażyński L. Figure Eights, Möbius Bands, and More: Conformation and Aromaticity of Porphyrinoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4288-340. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Expandierte Porphyrine: überraschende Strukturen, elektronische Eigenschaften und Reaktivitäten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201003909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Saito S, Osuka A. Expanded Porphyrins: Intriguing Structures, Electronic Properties, and Reactivities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4342-73. [PMID: 21491551 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
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23
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Tanaka Y, Shinokubo H, Yoshimura Y, Osuka A. Metathesis-like Splitting Reactions of Metallated [36]Octaphyrins(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1): Experimental and Computational Investigations. Chemistry 2009; 15:5674-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Bröring M, Köhler S, Kleeberg C. Norcorrole: Observation of the Smallest Porphyrin Variant with a N4
Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5658-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Bröring M, Köhler S, Kleeberg C. Norcorrol: die kleinste Porphyrin-Strukturvariante mit N4
-Kern. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Raatikainen K, Huuskonen J, Kolehmainen E, Rissanen K. Molecular Pacman: Folding, Inclusion, and X-ray Structures of Tri- and Tetraamino Piperazine Cyclophanes. Chemistry 2008; 14:3297-305. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Shimizu S, Cho WS, Sessler J, Shinokubo H, Osuka A. meso-Aryl Substituted Rubyrin and Its Higher Homologues: Structural Characterization and Chemical Properties. Chemistry 2008; 14:2668-78. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Tanaka Y, Shin JY, Osuka A. Facile Synthesis of Largemeso-Pentafluorophenyl-Substituted Expanded Porphyrins. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Tanaka Y, Saito S, Mori S, Aratani N, Shinokubo H, Shibata N, Higuchi Y, Yoon Z, Kim K, Noh S, Park J, Kim D, Osuka A. Metalation of Expanded Porphyrins: A Chemical Trigger Used To Produce Molecular Twisting and Möbius Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:681-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Tanaka Y, Saito S, Mori S, Aratani N, Shinokubo H, Shibata N, Higuchi Y, Yoon Z, Kim K, Noh S, Park J, Kim D, Osuka A. Metalation of Expanded Porphyrins: A Chemical Trigger Used To Produce Molecular Twisting and Möbius Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Stepień M, Latos-Grazyński L, Sprutta N, Chwalisz P, Szterenberg L. Expanded Porphyrin with a Split Personality: A Hückel–Möbius Aromaticity Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7869-73. [PMID: 17607678 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stepień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Stępień M, Latos-Grażyński L, Sprutta N, Chwalisz P, Szterenberg L. Expanded Porphyrin with a Split Personality: A Hückel–Möbius Aromaticity Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gregoliński J, Lisowski J. Helicity inversion in lanthanide(III) complexes with chiral nonaaza macrocyclic ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:6122-6. [PMID: 16921573 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Gregoliński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50 383 Wrocław, Poland
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Karle IL, Venkateshwarlu P, Nagaraj R, Sarma AVS, Vijay D, Sastry NG, Ranganathan S. Diphenic acid as a general conformational lock in the design of bihelical structures. Chemistry 2007; 13:4253-63. [PMID: 17343288 PMCID: PMC2769259 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The bihelical (figure of "infinity") topology was examined from vantages of design, crystal structures, chirality, circular dichroism (CD) studies and molecular-orbital calculations. The minimalistic design envisaged the sequential linking of cystine to the anchor diphenic acid, which proved to be a general conformational lock. The bihelical compound 4 was obtained in two steps from diphenic anhydride 1 and cystine di-OMe. The chirality of 4 arises largely from the L-cystine. The bihelical compound 5 obtained from D-cystine di-OMe was found, by X-ray crystallography, CD studies, and optical rotation, to be the perfect mirror image of 4 prepared from L-cystine. The crystal structure of prototype 8, prepared by protocols used for 4 from the achiral cystine analogue cystamine, had a "U"-shaped conformation held together by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Analysis of 4 and 5 show that the pairs of nine-membered beta-turn-like constructs made compact through hydrogen bonding with DMSO hold the key for the bihelical conformation. Another factor is the need for the presence of a ligand at the Calpha position. The absence of this, as in 8, allows major flexibility in the torsional angles around this critical region, promoting flexible alternatives. The CD analysis of 4, confirmed to be bihelical by X-ray crystallography, showed a typical negative band at about 210 A attributed to the beta-turn-like motif, and in the positive-band region a peak at about 227 A, generally related to the twist of the biphenyl unit. The cystamine analogue 8, which showed a "U"-type structure, presented a CD spectrum with no typical features. The total energy, derived from theoretical calculations by using the X-ray structure data, support the bihelical structure for 4 and a "U"-shaped one for 8. The limited utility of such calculations was tested with composite 9. Composite 9, in which the anchor diphenic acid is linked to cystamine on the one hand and to cystine on the other, showed a CD spectrum similar to that of 4, and this coupled with molecular-orbital calculations, using data from 4 and 8, predict a bihelical structure for this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella L Karle
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5341, USA.
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Kamimura Y, Shimizu S, Osuka A. [40]Nonaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) and Its Heterometallic Complexes with Palladium–Carbon Bonds. Chemistry 2007; 13:1620-8. [PMID: 17121398 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
meso-Pentafluorophenyl- substituted [40]nonaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) 3 has been prepared by using a stepwise ring-size-selective synthesis, and has been reduced with NaBH(4) to [42]nonaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) 5. Structurally, 3 is characterized by a figure-of-eight shape, consisting of a porphyrin-like tetrapyrrolic segment and a hexaphyrin-like hexapyrrolic segment, whereas 5 has been found to adopt a distorted nonplanar butterfly-like shape. In the mono-metal complexes 6 and 7, a Zn(II) or Cu(II) ion is bound by the porphyrin-like tetrapyrrolic segment, maintaining the overall structure of 3. Similarly to 3, complexes 6 and 7 are interconvertible with the corresponding complexes 9 and 10 through two-electron reduction with NaBH(4) and oxidation with DDQ. The metal-free hexaphyrin-like segments of 6 and 7 have been shown to serve as a suitable platform for the complexation of two palladium ions, providing hetero-trinuclear metal complexes 11 (Zn(II)-Pd(II)-Pd(II)) and 13 (Cu(II)-Pd(II)-Pd(II)) in high yields, in which the Zn or Cu ion resides at the same porphyrin-like segment, and one Pd ion is bound in an NNCC fashion through double C--H bond activation while the other is bound in an NNC fashion with single C--H bond activation. Multi-metal complexes 11, 12, and 13 exhibit small electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps (<0.6 eV), despite their nonplanar conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiho Kamimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Gregoliński J, Lisowski J. Helicity Inversion in Lanthanide(III) Complexes with Chiral Nonaaza Macrocyclic Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Anand VG, Saito S, Shimizu S, Osuka A. Internally 1,4-Phenylene-Bridgedmeso Aryl-Substituted Expanded Porphyrins: The Decaphyrin and Octaphyrin Cases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Anand VG, Saito S, Shimizu S, Osuka A. Internally 1,4-Phenylene-Bridgedmeso Aryl-Substituted Expanded Porphyrins: The Decaphyrin and Octaphyrin Cases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7244-8. [PMID: 16229041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The acid-catalyzed condensation of pyrrole and 2,5-bis(p-tolylhydroxymethyl)thiophene yields two novel giant heteroporphyrins: 5,10,15,20,25,30, 35,40-octa(p-tolyl)-41,43,45,47-tetrathia[36]octaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) (S4OP) and 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40-octa(p-tolyl)-dihydro-41,43,45,47-tetrathia[38]octaphyrin(1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1) (S4OPH2). These tetrathiaoctaphyrins are interconvertible through dihydrogenation or dehydrogenation processes. Both compounds possess helical figure-eight geometry with two thiophene rings for S4OP or two pyrrole rings for S4OPH2 in the ribbon-crossing center as shown by NOESY experiments. The synthesis of the figure-eight tetrathiaoctaphyrin implies a prearrangement process to form helical M or P dithiatetrapyrromethanes. The P-P or M-M condensation leads to the figure-eight molecule in competition with an intramolecular ring closure. Two dithiaporphyrin-like pockets of S4OP or S4OPH2 behave as independent proton acceptors. The stepwise process yields symmetric or asymmetric cationic species that depends on whether an even or odd number of NH protons are added. Dihydrotetrathiaoctaphyrin contains 38 pi electrons in its conjugation pathway, which corresponds to the formal [4n + 2] Hückel type pi-electron formulation that is consistent with a modest diatropic ring current effect in their 1H NMR spectra. The formal 4n type pi-electron formulation for tetrathiaoctaphyrin accounts for the residual paratropic shifts. A figure-eight conveyor-belt-like movement of the whole macrocyclic ring without a racemization step is proposed to account for the dynamic properties of S4OP. The molecule shuttles between two degenerate configurations. A S4OP-S4OPH2 couple may be considered as a molecular element which, while preserving the overall figure-eight geometry, "chooses" pyrrole or thiophene rings as spacers as a function of the macrocyclic oxidation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sprutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Poland
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Ichikawa K, Izumi M, Goto D, Ito N. Selective encapsulation of chloride ions within novel cage host complexes in the presence of equimolar amounts of chloride and bromide ions. Chemistry 2001; 7:5094-8. [PMID: 11775682 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20011203)7:23<5094::aid-chem5094>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four macrotricyclic cage hosts which feature four positive binding sites oriented toward the center of the intramolecular cavity are presented as promising candidates for anion receptors and they have been expected to play a important role in the selective encapsulation of the halide ion Cl- or Br . The complementarity between a macrotricyclic quaternary ammonium ion and Cl- was achieved by fine-tuning of the four ammonium nitrogen atoms and the endocyclic methylene groups. The cage hosts [R4N4(C5H10)4(C6H12)2]4+ (abbreviated as [556]) showed perfect encapsulation of all chloride ions in acetonitrile at 0 < r= ([Cl-]o/[[556]]o) < or = 1 within the sensitivity of the 1H NMR spectra in combination with a rather slow chemical exchange of the Cl- ion in an encapsulation/decapsulation equilibrium with [556]. Further, the selective encapsulation of all the chloride ions into [556] cage occurs unambiguously at r = 1 in the presence of equimolar amounts of Br-. The structural complementarity of the newly designed [556] host prevails over the Hofmeister-series restraints determined by differences in Gibbs free energy of halide anion solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ichikawa
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Abstract
A new type of [1]rotaxanes containing two aliphatic bridges between axle and wheel is obtained in 39% yield in a one-step synthesis starting from a [2]rotaxane which contained one sulfonamide group each in both the wheel and the axle. Temperature controlled chemoselective substitution reactions first at these sulfonamide nitrogens and then subsequently at the various other carboxamide nitrogens in the wheel and axle give rise to the formation of an isomeric mixture of three double-bridged [1]rotaxanes which could be separated by HPLC. Structure determination of the main product 3a was possible by NMR experiments supported by molecular modeling calculations. Using different reaction conditions, a double-substituted but not yet bridged [2]rotaxane 4 could be isolated as an intermediate giving further evidence for the assigned structure of 3a and the way of its formation. The shape of this double-bridged [1]rotaxane 3a reminds of a self-intertwining chiral "molecular 8", in which any possible racemization due to deslipping is hindered by the two stoppers originating from the former rotaxane axle. Hence, to the best of our knowledge this is the first example of a molecule in which both concepts, cycloenantiomerism and helical chirality, are realised in one structure. Enantiomer separation of the main product was possible by further HPLC using chiral stationary phases. The Cotton effects of the circular dichrograms are different to those of the already synthesized [1]rotaxanes bearing just one aliphatic bridge between axle and wheel.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reuter
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie Universität Bonn, Germany
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Werner† A, Michels M, Zander L, Lex J, Vogel E. Cyclooctapyrrole mit 8er-Konformation: Enantiomerentrennung und Bestimmung der absoluten Konfiguration eines zweikernigen Metallkomplexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19991216)111:24<3866::aid-ange3866>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bisson AP, Lynch VM, Monahan MKC, Anslyn EV. Erkennung von Anionen in einem bicyclischen Cyclophan durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zu deren π-System - unerwartete Selektivität für Nitrat. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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47
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Eickmeier C, Franck B. Hexavinyloge Porphyrine mit aromatischen 30π-Elektronensystemen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Dahlmann U, Neidlein R. Palladium-Catalyzed Syntheses of Polyethynyl-Substituted 2,2?-Bithiophenes. Helv Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19960790318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Vogel E, Bröring M, Fink J, Rosen D, Schmickler H, Lex J, Chan KWK, Wu YD, Nendel M, Plattner DA, Houk KN. Von Porphyrin-Isomeren zu octapyrrolischen Makrocyclen mit 8er-Konformation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951072211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Bröring M, Jendrny J, Zander L, Schmickler H, Lex J, Wu YD, Nendel M, Chen J, Plattner DA, Houk KN, Vogel E. Octaphyrin-(1.0.1.0.1.0.1.0). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951072212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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