1
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Mazars F, Hrubaru M, Tumanov N, Wouters J, Delaude L. Synthesis of Azolium‐2‐dithiocarboxylate Zwitterions under Mild, Aerobic Conditions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François Mazars
- Laboratory of Catalysis MolSys Research Unit Université de Liège Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a) Allée du six Août 13 4000 Liège Belgium
| | - Madalina Hrubaru
- Center for Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitescu” Romanian Academy Spl Independentei Bucureşti, 202B 060023 Bucharest Romania
| | - Nikolay Tumanov
- Department of Chemistry Université de Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry Université de Namur Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Lionel Delaude
- Laboratory of Catalysis MolSys Research Unit Université de Liège Institut de Chimie Organique (B6a) Allée du six Août 13 4000 Liège Belgium
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2
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Evans KJ, Campbell CL, Haddow MF, Luz C, Morton PA, Mansell SM. Lithium Complexes with Bridging and Terminal NHC Ligands: The Decisive Influence of an Anionic Tether. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieren J. Evans
- Institute of Chemical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | | | - Mairi F. Haddow
- Institute of Chemical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | - Christian Luz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | - Paul A. Morton
- Institute of Chemical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
| | - Stephen M. Mansell
- Institute of Chemical Sciences Heriot‐Watt University EH14 4AS Edinburgh UK
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3
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Paul M, Neudörfl JM, Berkessel A. Breslow Intermediates from a Thiazolin-2-ylidene and Fluorinated Aldehydes: XRD and Solution-Phase NMR Spectroscopic Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10596-10600. [PMID: 31131519 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first generation and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of a crystalline Breslow intermediate (BI) derived from a thiazolin-2-ylidene, that is, the aromatic heterocycle present in vitamin B1 , is reported. Key to success was the combined use of pentafluorobenzaldehyde and a thiazolin-2-ylidene carrying an enol-stabilizing dispersion energy donor as N-substituent. A so-called primary intermediate (PI) could be isolated in protonated form (pPI) as well and analyzed by XRD. Furthermore, the first stable BI derived from an aromatic thiazolin-2-ylidene and an aliphatic aldehyde (trifluoroacetaldehyde) was prepared and characterized by NMR spectroscopy in solution. When switching to a saturated thiazolidin-2-ylidene, reaction with pentafluorobenzaldehyde afforded a new BI in solution (NMR spectroscopy). Attempts to crystallize the latter BI resulted in the isolation of a novel thiazolidin-2-ylidene dimer that had undergone rearrangement to a hexahydro[1,4]-thiazino[3,2-b]-1,4-thiazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Paul
- Cologne University, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-M Neudörfl
- Cologne University, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Cologne University, Department of Chemistry, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Paul M, Neudörfl J, Berkessel A. Breslow Intermediates from a Thiazolin‐2‐ylidene and Fluorinated Aldehydes: XRD and Solution‐Phase NMR Spectroscopic Characterization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Paul
- Cologne UniversityDepartment of Chemistry Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Jörg‐M. Neudörfl
- Cologne UniversityDepartment of Chemistry Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Cologne UniversityDepartment of Chemistry Greinstrasse 4 50939 Cologne Germany
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5
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Evans KJ, Mansell SM. Synergic Deprotonation Generates Alkali-Metal Salts of Tethered Fluorenide-NHC Ligands Co-Complexed to Alkali-Metal Amides. Chemistry 2019; 25:3766-3769. [PMID: 30667554 PMCID: PMC6492165 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synergic combinations of alkali-metal hydrocarbyl/amide reagents were used to synthesise saturated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands tethered to a fluorenide anion through deprotonation of a spirocyclic precursor, whereas conventional bases were not successful. The Li2 derivatives displayed a bridging amide between two Li atoms within the fluorenide-NHC pocket, whereas the Na2 and K2 analogues displayed extended solid-state structures with the fluorenide-NHC ligand chelating one alkali metal centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieren J. Evans
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
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6
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Paul M, Detmar E, Schlangen M, Breugst M, Neudörfl JM, Schwarz H, Berkessel A, Schäfer M. Intermediates of N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Dimerization Probed in the Gas Phase by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry: C-H⋅⋅⋅:C Hydrogen Bonding Versus Covalent Dimer Formation. Chemistry 2019; 25:2511-2518. [PMID: 30488654 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs, :C) can interact with azolium salts (C-H+ ) by either forming a hydrogen-bonded aggregate (CHC+ ) or a covalent C-C bond (CCH+ ). In this study, the intramolecular NHC-azolium salt interactions of aromatic imidazolin-2-ylidenes and saturated imidazolidin-2-ylidenes have been investigated in the gas phase by traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TW IMS) and DFT calculations. The TW IMS experiments provided evidence for the formation of these important intermediates in the gas phase, and they identified the predominant aggregation mode (hydrogen bond vs. covalent C-C) as a function of the nature of the interacting carbene-azolium pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Detmar
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Breugst
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg-Martin Neudörfl
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albrecht Berkessel
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 4, 50939, Cologne, Germany
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7
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Marchenko A, Koidan G, Hurieva A, Vlasenko Y, Rozhenko AB, Sotiropoulos J, Kostyuk A. Transformation Routes of P
V
‐ and P
III
‐
N
‐Substituted Acyclic Diaminocarbenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy Marchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska 5 02660 Kyiv 94 Ukraine
| | - Georgyi Koidan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska 5 02660 Kyiv 94 Ukraine
| | - Anastasiya Hurieva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska 5 02660 Kyiv 94 Ukraine
| | - Yurii Vlasenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska 5 02660 Kyiv 94 Ukraine
| | - Alexander B. Rozhenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska 5 02660 Kyiv 94 Ukraine
| | - Jean‐Marc Sotiropoulos
- CNRS/UNIV PAU & PAYS ADOUR UMR CNRS 5254) Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico‐Chimie pour l′Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM Hélioparc 64053 Pau Cedex 09 France
| | - Aleksandr Kostyuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Murmanska 5 02660 Kyiv 94 Ukraine
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8
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Kim Y, Lee E. Stable Organic Radicals Derived from N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:19110-19121. [PMID: 30058298 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsuk Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and ComplexityInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Center for Self-assembly and ComplexityInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of ChemistryPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials SciencePohang University of Science and Technology Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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9
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Song H, Kim H, Lee E. Coumaraz-2-on-4-ylidene: Ambiphilic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with a Tunable Electronic Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8603-8607. [PMID: 29767421 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a coumaraz-2-on-4-ylidene (1) as a new example of an ambiphilic N-heterocyclic carbene, having electronic properties that can be fine-tuned, is reported. The N-carbamic and aryl groups on the carbene carbon center provide exceptionally high electrophilicity and nucleophilicity simultaneously to the carbene center, as evidenced by the 77 Se NMR chemical shifts of their selenoketone derivatives and the CO stretching strengths of their rhodium carbonyl complexes. Since the precursors of 1 could be synthesized from various functionalized Schiff bases in a practical and scalable manner, the electronic properties of 1 can be fine-tuned in a quantitative and predictable way by using the Hammett σ constant of the functional groups on aryl ring. The facile electronic tuning capability of 1 may be applicable to eliciting novel properties in main-group and transition-metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Song
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.,Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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10
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Song H, Kim H, Lee E. Coumaraz‐2‐on‐4‐ylidene: Ambiphilic N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes with a Tunable Electronic Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Song
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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11
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Jolly PI, Marczyk A, Małecki P, Ablialimov O, Trzybiński D, Woźniak K, Osella S, Trzaskowski B, Grela K. Azoliniums, Adducts, NHCs and Azomethine Ylides: Divergence in Wanzlick Equilibrium and Olefin Metathesis Catalyst Formation. Chemistry 2018; 24:4785-4789. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201706036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip I. Jolly
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Marczyk
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Osman Ablialimov
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Silvio Osella
- Centre of New Technologies; University of Warsaw; S. Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzaskowski
- Centre of New Technologies; University of Warsaw; S. Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre; University of Warsaw; Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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12
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Tintori G, Nabokoff P, Buhaibeh R, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Broggi J, Vanelle P. Base-Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air-Stable Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3148-3153. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Pierre Nabokoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Ruqaya Buhaibeh
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - David Bergé-Lefranc
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD; Laboratoire IMBE UMR 7263; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
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13
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Tintori G, Nabokoff P, Buhaibeh R, Bergé-Lefranc D, Redon S, Broggi J, Vanelle P. Base-Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air-Stable Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tintori
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Pierre Nabokoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Ruqaya Buhaibeh
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - David Bergé-Lefranc
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD; Laboratoire IMBE UMR 7263; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Sébastien Redon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Julie Broggi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR; Faculté de Pharmacie; Marseille France
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14
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Munz D, Chu J, Melaimi M, Bertrand G. NHC‐CAAC Heterodimers with Three Stable Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Munz
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Jiaxiang Chu
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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15
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Munz D, Chu J, Melaimi M, Bertrand G. NHC‐CAAC Heterodimers with Three Stable Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12886-90. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Munz
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Jiaxiang Chu
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Guy Bertrand
- Joint UCSD-CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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16
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Haslinger S, Kück JW, Anneser MR, Cokoja M, Pöthig A, Kühn FE. Formation of Highly Strained N-Heterocycles via Decomposition of Iron N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: The Value of Labile FeC Bonds. Chemistry 2015; 21:17860-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Schulz T, Weismann D, Wallbaum L, Guthardt R, Thie C, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. New Stable and Persistent Acyclic Diaminocarbenes. Chemistry 2015; 21:14107-21. [PMID: 26307236 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The portfolio of acyclic diaminocarbenes (ADACs) has been substantially expanded, owing to the synthesis of eleven new formamidinium salts, mostly of the type [(iPr2N)CH(NRR')][PF6], for use as immediate carbene precursors. The corresponding ADACs (iPr2N)C(NRR') were sufficiently stable for isolation in the case of NRR' = 2-methylpiperidino (13), 3-methylpiperidino (14), 4-methylpiperidino (15), morpholino (17) and NiPrPh (20), but had to be trapped in situ in the case of NRR' = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino (12) and NiPrMe (19). The tetraaryl-substituted ADACs (Ph2N)2C (22) and (Ph2N)C[N(C6F5)2] (24) also could only be generated and trapped in situ. Trapping with elemental selenium was particularly efficient, affording the corresponding selenourea derivative in all cases, whereas trapping with [{Rh(μ-Cl)(cod)}2] did not work for 12 and 24. The (77)Se NMR chemical shifts, δ((77)Se), of the selenourea compounds derived from the new ADACs lie in the range 450-760 ppm, which indicates a much higher electrophilicity and π-accepting capability of ADACs in comparison with NHCs, which typically exhibit δ((77)Se)<200 ppm. The extreme low-field shift of 758 ppm observed for 12Se can be rationalised by the results of DFT calculations, which revealed that ADAC 12 has a minimum energy conformation with the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino unit perpendicular to the N2C plane, which suppresses the π donation of this amino group and causes an unusually low LUMO energy and high electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schulz
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany)
| | - Daniel Weismann
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany)
| | - Lars Wallbaum
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany)
| | - Robin Guthardt
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany)
| | - Charlotte Thie
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany)
| | - Michael Leibold
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany)
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany)
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- University of Kassel, Institute of Chemistry, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132 Kassel (Germany).
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18
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Fukushima T, Fukuda R, Kobayashi K, Caramori GF, Frenking G, Ehara M, Tanaka K. Proton-Induced Generation of Remote N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Ru Complexes. Chemistry 2014; 21:106-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Karmakar S, Datta A. Tunneling Assists the 1,2-Hydrogen Shift in N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Karmakar S, Datta A. Tunneling Assists the 1,2-Hydrogen Shift in N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9587-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Weinstein CM, Martin CD, Liu LL, Bertrand G. Cross‐Coupling Reactions between Stable Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory M. Weinstein
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
- Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX (USA)
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
| | - Guy Bertrand
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
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22
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Weinstein CM, Martin CD, Liu LL, Bertrand G. Cross‐Coupling Reactions between Stable Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:6550-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cory M. Weinstein
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
- Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX (USA)
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
| | - Guy Bertrand
- Joint UCSD‐CNRS Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0343 (USA)
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23
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Broggi J, Terme T, Vanelle P. Organic Electron Donors as Powerful Single-Electron Reducing Agents in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:384-413. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Broggi J, Terme T, Vanelle P. Organische Elektronendonoren als leistungsfähige Ein-Elektronen-Reduktionsmittel in der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Nawaz F, Mohanan K, Charles L, Rajzmann M, Bonne D, Chuzel O, Rodriguez J, Coquerel Y. Temporary Intramolecular Generation of Pyridine Carbenes in Metal‐Free Three‐Component CH Bond Functionalisation/Aryl‐Transfer Reactions. Chemistry 2013; 19:17578-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Nawaz
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France)
| | - Kishor Mohanan
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France)
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille (France)
| | - Michel Rajzmann
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France)
| | - Damien Bonne
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France)
| | - Olivier Chuzel
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France)
| | - Jean Rodriguez
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France)
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille (France)
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26
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Molitor S, Gessner VH. Reactivity of Stabilized Li/Cl Carbenoids towards Lewis Base Adducts of BH3: BH Bond Activation versus Carbene Dimerization. Chemistry 2013; 19:11858-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Mayer UFJ, Murphy E, Haddow MF, Green M, Alder RW, Wass DF. A New Class of Remote N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with Exceptionally Strong σ-Donor Properties: Introducing Benzo[c]quinolin-6-ylidene. Chemistry 2013; 19:4287-99. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Varnado CD, Jr., Rosen EL, Collins MS, Lynch VM, Bielawski CW. Synthesis and study of olefin metathesis catalysts supported by redox-switchable diaminocarbene[3]ferrocenophanes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:13251-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Huertos MA, Pérez J, Riera L. Double Activation of an N-Alkylimidazole. Chemistry 2012; 18:9530-3. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Siemeling U. Singlet Carbenes Derived from Ferrocene and Closely Related Sandwich Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Martin D, Lassauque N, Donnadieu B, Bertrand G. A cyclic diaminocarbene with a pyramidalized nitrogen atom: a stable N-heterocyclic carbene with enhanced electrophilicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:6172-5. [PMID: 22565863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Martin
- UCR-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 2957), Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
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32
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Martin D, Lassauque N, Donnadieu B, Bertrand G. A Cyclic Diaminocarbene with a Pyramidalized Nitrogen Atom: A Stable N-Heterocyclic Carbene with Enhanced Electrophilicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Siemeling U, Färber C, Bruhn C, Fürmeier S, Schulz T, Kurlemann M, Tripp S. Group 10 Metal Complexes of a Ferrocene‐Based N‐Heterocyclic Carbene: Syntheses, Structures and Catalytic Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Siemeling
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Christian Färber
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sven Fürmeier
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Tim Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Michael Kurlemann
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Sandra Tripp
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Kassel, Heinrich‐Plett‐Str. 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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34
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Grimme S, Huenerbein R, Ehrlich S. On the Importance of the Dispersion Energy for the Thermodynamic Stability of Molecules. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1258-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Grimme
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D‐48149 Münster (Germany), Fax:(+49) 251‐83‐36515
| | - Robert Huenerbein
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D‐48149 Münster (Germany), Fax:(+49) 251‐83‐36515
| | - Stephan Ehrlich
- Theoretische Organische Chemie, Organisch‐Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D‐48149 Münster (Germany), Fax:(+49) 251‐83‐36515
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35
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Abstract
Quantification and variation of characteristic properties of different ligand classes is an exciting and rewarding research field. N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are of special interest since their electron richness and structure provide a unique class of ligands and organocatalysts. Consequently, they have found widespread application as ligands in transition-metal catalysis and organometallic chemistry, and as organocatalysts in their own right. Herein we provide an overview on physicochemical data (electronics, sterics, bond strength) of NHCs that are essential for the design, application, and mechanistic understanding of NHCs in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dröge
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Organic chemistry is often considered a difficult subject requiring great effort to achieve expert status. Only once this level has been reached, judging, deciding, and recalling chemical information will be fast and guided by heuristic strategies. These principles, used intuitively, improve the efficiency and speed of problem-solving and decision-making procedures. Establishing these strategies in teaching and learning chemistry should significantly help students acquire well-structured procedural knowledge early in their education. In an attempt to improve conceptual thinking in teaching organic chemistry, in this contribution we develop a heuristic view of addition reactions and propose a new way of perceiving this class of organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Graulich
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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37
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Melaimi M, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Stable cyclic carbenes and related species beyond diaminocarbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8810-49. [PMID: 20836099 PMCID: PMC3130005 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 912] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The success of homogeneous catalysis can be attributed largely to the development of a diverse range of ligand frameworks that have been used to tune the behavior of various systems. Spectacular results in this area have been achieved using cyclic diaminocarbenes (NHCs) as a result of their strong σ-donor properties. Although it is possible to cursorily tune the structure of NHCs, any diversity is still far from matching their phosphorus-based counterparts, which is one of the great strengths of the latter. A variety of stable acyclic carbenes are known, but they are either reluctant to bind metals or they give rise to fragile metal complexes. During the last five years, new types of stable cyclic carbenes, as well as related carbon-based ligands (which are not NHCs), and which feature even stronger σ-donor properties have been developed. Their synthesis and characterization as well as the stability, electronic properties, coordination behavior, and catalytic activity of the ensuing complexes are discussed, and comparisons with their NHC cousins are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohand Melaimi
- UCR-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 2957), Departement of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
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38
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Hobbs MG, Knapp CJ, Welsh PT, Borau-Garcia J, Ziegler T, Roesler R. Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with N,N′-Bis(fluoroaryl) and N,N′-Bis(perfluoroaryl) Substituents. Chemistry 2010; 16:14520-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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39
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Guisado-Barrios G, Bouffard J, Donnadieu B, Bertrand G. Crystalline 1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes: new stable mesoionic carbenes (MICs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:4759-62. [PMID: 20509134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Guisado-Barrios
- UCR-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (UMI 2957), Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
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40
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Abdellah I, Lepetit C, Canac Y, Duhayon C, Chauvin R. Imidazoliophosphines are True N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)-Phosphenium Adducts. Chemistry 2010; 16:13095-108. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Melaimi M, Soleilhavoup M, Bertrand G. Stabile cyclische Carbene und verwandte Spezies jenseits der Diaminocarbene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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42
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45
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Guisado-Barrios G, Bouffard J, Donnadieu B, Bertrand G. Crystalline 1H-1,2,3-Triazol-5-ylidenes: New Stable Mesoionic Carbenes (MICs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Abdellah I, Debono N, Canac Y, Vendier L, Chauvin R. Resolution of the Atropochiral Biminap Ligand and Applications in Asymmetric Catalysis. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1225-31. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Ullah F, Kühl O, Rehman W, Jones PG, Heinicke J. Novel highly electron-deficient quinoxaline-annulated 1,3,2-diazagermol- and diazastannol-2-ylidenes, stabilized as LiCl adducts. Polyhedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Siemeling U, Färber C, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Mücke P, Winter RF, Sarkar B, von Hopffgarten M, Frenking G. Six-Membered N-Heterocyclic Carbenes with a 1,1′-Ferrocenediyl Backbone: Bulky Ligands with Strong Electron-Donor Capacity and Unusual Non-Innocent Character. Eur J Inorg Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200900863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Asay M, Donnadieu B, Schoeller W, Bertrand G. Synthesis of Allenylidene Lithium and Silver Complexes, and Subsequent Transmetalation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:4796-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Asay M, Donnadieu B, Schoeller W, Bertrand G. Synthesis of Allenylidene Lithium and Silver Complexes, and Subsequent Transmetalation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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