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Perdomo Rivera R, Ehlers P, Ohlendorf L, Torres Rodríguez E, Villinger A, Langer P. Chemoselective Synthesis of Arylpyridines through Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodisnel Perdomo Rivera
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- University of Granma; Study Center of Applied Chemistry; Carretera de Manzanillo Km 17½ 85100 Bayamo, Granma Cuba
| | - Peter Ehlers
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; A.-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Lars Ohlendorf
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Eugenio Torres Rodríguez
- University of Granma; Study Center of Applied Chemistry; Carretera de Manzanillo Km 17½ 85100 Bayamo, Granma Cuba
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Universität Rostock; Institut für Chemie; A.-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; A.-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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Heravi MM, Ahmadi T, Ghavidel M, Heidari B, Hamidi H. Recent applications of the hetero Diels–Alder reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic utility and potential power of the Diels–Alder (D–A) reaction in organic chemistry is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
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4
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Hill TA, Shepherd NE, Diness F, Fairlie DP. Constraining cyclic peptides to mimic protein structure motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13020-41. [PMID: 25287434 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201401058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins exert their biological activities through small exposed surface regions called epitopes that are folded peptides of well-defined three-dimensional structures. Short synthetic peptide sequences corresponding to these bioactive protein surfaces do not form thermodynamically stable protein-like structures in water. However, short peptides can be induced to fold into protein-like bioactive conformations (strands, helices, turns) by cyclization, in conjunction with the use of other molecular constraints, that helps to fine-tune three-dimensional structure. Such constrained cyclic peptides can have protein-like biological activities and potencies, enabling their uses as biological probes and leads to therapeutics, diagnostics and vaccines. This Review highlights examples of cyclic peptides that mimic three-dimensional structures of strand, turn or helical segments of peptides and proteins, and identifies some additional restraints incorporated into natural product cyclic peptides and synthetic macrocyclic peptidomimetics that refine peptide structure and confer biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Hill
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 (Australia)
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Hill TA, Shepherd NE, Diness F, Fairlie DP. Fixierung cyclischer Peptide: Mimetika von Proteinstrukturmotiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201401058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Reimann S, Ehlers P, Petrosyan A, Kohse S, Spannenberg A, Surkus AE, Ghochikyan TV, Saghyan AS, Lochbrunner S, Kühn O, Ludwig R, Langer P. Site Selective Synthesis of PentaarylpyridinesviaMultiple Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gross S, Nguyen F, Bierschenk M, Sohmen D, Menzel T, Antes I, Wilson DN, Bach T. Amythiamicin D and related thiopeptides as inhibitors of the bacterial elongation factor EF-Tu: modification of the amino acid at carbon atom C2 of ring C dramatically influences activity. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1954-62. [PMID: 24106106 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Three analogues of amythiamicin D, which differ in the substitution pattern at the methine group adjacent to C2 of the thiazole ring C, were prepared by de novo total synthesis. In amythiamicin D, this carbon atom is (S)-isopropyl substituted. Two of the new analogues carry a hydroxymethyl in place of the isopropyl group, one at an S- (compound 3 a) and the other at an R-configured stereogenic center (3 b). The third analogue, 3 c, contains a benzyloxymethyl group at an S-configured stereogenic center. Compounds 3 b and 3 c showed no inhibitory effect toward various bacterial strains, nor did they influence the translation of firefly luciferase. In stark contrast, compound 3 a inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (strains NCTC and Mu50) and Listeria monocytogenes EGD. In the firefly luciferase assay it proved more potent than amythiamicin D, and rescue experiments provided evidence that translation inhibition is due to binding to the bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). The results were rationalized by structural investigations and by molecular dynamics simulations of the free compounds in solution and bound to the EF-Tu binding site. The low affinity of compound 3 b was attributed to the absence of a critical hydrogen bond, which stabilizes the conformation required for binding to EF-Tu. Compound 3 c was shown not to comply with the binding properties of the binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gross
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching (Germany)
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Just-Baringo X, Bruno P, Ottesen LK, Cañedo LM, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Baringolin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Just-Baringo X, Bruno P, Ottesen LK, Cañedo LM, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of Baringolin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:7818-21. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nicolaou K, Chen J, Edmonds D, Estrada A. Fortschritte in der Chemie und Biologie natürlicher Antibiotika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Edmonds DJ, Estrada AA. Recent advances in the chemistry and biology of naturally occurring antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:660-719. [PMID: 19130444 PMCID: PMC2730216 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the world-shaping discovery of penicillin, nature's molecular diversity has been extensively screened for new medications and lead compounds in drug discovery. The search for agents intended to combat infectious diseases has been of particular interest and has enjoyed a high degree of success. Indeed, the history of antibiotics is marked with impressive discoveries and drug-development stories, the overwhelming majority of which have their origin in natural products. Chemistry, and in particular chemical synthesis, has played a major role in bringing naturally occurring antibiotics and their derivatives to the clinic, and no doubt these disciplines will continue to be key enabling technologies. In this review article, we highlight a number of recent discoveries and advances in the chemistry, biology, and medicine of naturally occurring antibiotics, with particular emphasis on total synthesis, analogue design, and biological evaluation of molecules with novel mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Delgado O, Müller HM, Bach T. Concise total synthesis of the thiazolyl peptide antibiotic GE2270 A. Chemistry 2008; 14:2322-39. [PMID: 18270986 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The potent antibiotic thiazolylpeptide GE2270 A was synthesized starting from N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl protected valine in a longest linear sequence of 20 steps and with an overall yield of 4.8 %. Key strategy was the assembly of the 2,3,6-trisubstituted pyridine core by consecutive cross-coupling reactions starting from 2,6-dibromo-3-iodopyridine. The complete Southern fragment was installed by Negishi cross-coupling of 3-zincated 2,6-dibromopyridine at the terminal 2-iodothiazole of a trithiazole (87 %). The substituent at C-6 representing the Northern part of the molecule was introduced in form of the truncated tert-butyl 2-bromothiazole-4-carboxylate after metalation to a zinc reagent by another Negishi cross-coupling (48 %). Decisive step of the whole sequence was the macrocyclization to a 29-membered macrolactam, which was conducted as an intramolecular Stille cross-coupling occurring at C-2 of the pyridine core and providing the desired product in 75 % yield. The required stannane was obtained by amide bond formation (87 %) between a complex dithiazole fragment representing the Eastern part of GE2270 A and a 3,6-disubstituted 2-bromopyridine. Final steps included attachment of a serine-proline amide dipeptide to the Northern part of the molecule (65 %), formation of the oxazoline ring and silyl ether deprotection (55 % overall).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Delgado
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie 1, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Nicolaou KC, Dethe DH, Leung GYC, Zou B, Chen DYK. Total synthesis of thiopeptide antibiotics GE2270A, GE2270T, and GE2270C1. Chem Asian J 2008; 3:413-29. [PMID: 18188863 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200700361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The total syntheses of the thiopeptide antibiotics GE2270A (7), GE2270T (8), and GE2270C1 (9) are described. The original synthetic strategies employed utilized the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction to construct the pyridine core of the target molecules and relied on a macrolactamization process to construct the macrocycle. The hetero-Diels-Alder-based strategy finally evolved allows the introduction of all four thiazole units attached to the pyridine ring and a one-pot sequence for macrocyclization and side-chain extension, culminating in highly convergent and expedient syntheses of these molecules as exemplified by a 24-step synthesis of GE2270C1 (9).
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Hughes RA, Moody CJ. From Amino Acids to Heteroaromatics—Thiopeptide Antibiotics, Nature's Heterocyclic Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7930-54. [PMID: 17854013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, also serve as precursors to a wide range of other naturally occurring substances including alkaloids, antibiotics, and, the subject of this Review, heterocyclic peptides. Simple alpha-amino acids are converted into complex arrays of heteroaromatic rings that display interesting and potent biological activity. The thiopeptide antibiotics, with their complex molecular architectures, are wonderful examples. In this Review we show how organic chemists have developed innovative methods for the synthesis of the heterocyclic ring systems, including routes inspired by the likely biosynthetic processes, and successfully assembled such building blocks into the final target molecule by application of orthogonal protecting groups and coupling methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315-Oslo, Norway
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Hughes R, Moody C. Von Aminosäuren zu Heteroarenen – Thiopeptid-Antibiotika als heterocyclische Peptide aus der Natur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Müller HM, Delgado O, Bach T. Total Synthesis of the Thiazolyl Peptide GE2270 A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4771-4. [PMID: 17503407 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Martin Müller
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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Guthmann H, Könemann M, Bach T. Synthesis of a Cyclic Tetrameric Purine by Successive Cross-Coupling Reactions and Subsequent Pd-Catalyzed Cyclization. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Zou B, Dethe DH, Li DB, Chen DYK. Total Synthesis of Antibiotics GE2270A and GE2270T. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nicolaou KC, Zou B, Dethe DH, Li DB, Chen DYK. Total Synthesis of Antibiotics GE2270A and GE2270T. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7786-92. [PMID: 17061302 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Chemical Synthesis Laboratory@Biopolis, Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences (ICES), Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, The Helios Block, Nos. 03-08, Singapore 138667, Singapore
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