1
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Beck A, Newton MA, Zabilskiy M, Rzepka P, Willinger MG, van Bokhoven JA. Drastic Events and Gradual Change Define the Structure of an Active Copper-Zinc-Alumina Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200301. [PMID: 35107196 PMCID: PMC9314061 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The copper-zinc-alumina (CZA) catalyst is one of the most important catalysts. Nevertheless, understanding of the complex CZA structure is still limited and hampers further optimization. Critical to the production of a highly active and stable catalyst are optimal start-up procedures in hydrogen. Here, by employing operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we follow how the industrial CZA precursor evolves into the working catalyst. Two major events in the activation drastically alter the copper- and zinc-containing components in the CZA catalyst and define the final working catalyst structure: the reduction of the starting copper(II) oxide, and the ripening and re-oxidation of zinc oxide upon the switch to catalytic conditions. These drastic events are also accompanied by other gradual, structural changes. Understanding what happens during these events is key to develop tailored start-up protocols that are aimed at maximal longevity and activity of the catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Zabilskiy
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Przemyslaw Rzepka
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Marc G Willinger
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Beck A, Newton MA, Zabilskiy M, Rzepka P, Willinger MG, Bokhoven JA. Drastische Ereignisse und langsame Transformation definieren die Struktur eines aktiven Kupfer‐Zink‐Aluminiumoxid‐Katalysators für die Methanol Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arik Beck
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Mark A. Newton
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Maxim Zabilskiy
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| | - Przemyslaw Rzepka
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen Schweiz
| | - Marc G. Willinger
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM) ETH Zurich Otto-Stern-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Jeroen A. Bokhoven
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen Schweiz
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3
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Mąkolski Ł, Szejko V, Zelga K, Tulewicz A, Bernatowicz P, Justyniak I, Lewiński J. Unravelling Structural Mysteries of Simple Organozinc Alkoxides. Chemistry 2021; 27:5666-5674. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Mąkolski
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Vadim Szejko
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karolina Zelga
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Adam Tulewicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Bernatowicz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Iwona Justyniak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Janusz Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Science Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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4
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Galani SM, Panda AB. Enhanced Thermocatalytic Activity of Porous Yellow ZnO Nanoflakes: Defect- and Morphology-Induced Perspectives. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:612-620. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil M. Galani
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI) and CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002, Gujarat India
| | - Asit Baran Panda
- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI) and CSMCRI-Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), G. B. Marg; Bhavnagar- 364002, Gujarat India
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5
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Wang H, Chen Q, Luan Q, Duan R, Guan R, Cao X, Hu X. Photocatalytic Properties Dependent on the Interfacial Defects of Intergrains within TiO
2
Mesocrystals. Chemistry 2018; 24:17105-17116. [PMID: 30203868 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Material Science & EngineeringUniversity of Jinan No.336, West Road of Nanxinzhuang Jinan Shandong 250022 P.R. China
| | - Qifeng Chen
- School of Material Science & EngineeringUniversity of Jinan No.336, West Road of Nanxinzhuang Jinan Shandong 250022 P.R. China
| | - Qingrui Luan
- School of Material Science & EngineeringUniversity of Jinan No.336, West Road of Nanxinzhuang Jinan Shandong 250022 P.R. China
| | - Ran Duan
- Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2 Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Ruifang Guan
- School of Material Science & EngineeringUniversity of Jinan No.336, West Road of Nanxinzhuang Jinan Shandong 250022 P.R. China
| | - Xingzhong Cao
- The Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences 19B Yuquan Lu, Shijingshan District Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science & EngineeringUniversity of Jinan No.336, West Road of Nanxinzhuang Jinan Shandong 250022 P.R. China
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6
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Tang J, Liu Y, Hu Y, Lv G, Yang C, Yang G. Carbothermal Reduction Induced Ti3+
Self-Doped TiO2
/GQD Nanohybrids for High-Performance Visible Light Photocatalysis. Chemistry 2018; 24:4390-4398. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of, Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials; University of, Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610054 P.R. China
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Sichuan 621900 P.R. China
| | - Yousong Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Sichuan 621900 P.R. China
| | - Yingjie Hu
- School of Environmental Science; Nanjing Xiaozhuang University; Nanjing 211171 P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Lv
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Sichuan 621900 P.R. China
| | - Chengtao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of, Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials; University of, Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610054 P.R. China
| | - Guangcheng Yang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Sichuan 621900 P.R. China
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7
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Peng YK, Fu Y, Zhang L, Teixeira IF, Ye L, He H, Tsang SCE. Probe-Molecule-Assisted NMR Spectroscopy: A Comparison with Photoluminescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Characterization Tool in Facet-Specific Photocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Kang Peng
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Yingyi Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
| | - Ivo F. Teixeira
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Heyong He
- Department of Chemistry; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 P.R. China
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8
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Martin O, Mondelli C, Cervellino A, Ferri D, Curulla-Ferré D, Pérez-Ramírez J. Operando Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction and Modulated-Excitation Infrared Spectroscopy Elucidate the CO2Promotion on a Commercial Methanol Synthesis Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11031-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Martin
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Mondelli
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institute; 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Daniel Curulla-Ferré
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C; 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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9
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Martin O, Mondelli C, Cervellino A, Ferri D, Curulla-Ferré D, Pérez-Ramírez J. Operando Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction and Modulated-Excitation Infrared Spectroscopy Elucidate the CO2Promotion on a Commercial Methanol Synthesis Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Martin
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Mondelli
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institute; 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Daniel Curulla-Ferré
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C; 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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10
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Yu F, Fang X, Jia H, Liu M, Shi X, Xue C, Chen T, Wei Z, Fang F, Zhu H, Xin H, Feng J, Wang X. Zn or O? An Atomic Level Comparison on Antibacterial Activities of Zinc Oxides. Chemistry 2016; 22:8053-8. [PMID: 27124263 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the influence of different types of atoms (Zn and O) on the antibacterial activities of nanosized ZnO was quantitatively evaluated with the aid of a 3D-printing-manufactured evaluation system. Two different outermost atomic layers were manufactured separately by using an ALD (atomic layer deposition) method. Interestingly, we found that each outermost atomic layer exhibited certain differences against gram-positive or gram-negative bacterial species. Zinc atoms as outermost layer (ZnO-Zn) showed a more pronounced antibacterial effect towards gram-negative E. coli (Escherichia coli), whereas oxygen atoms (ZnO-O) showed a stronger antibacterial activity against gram-positive S. aureus (Staphylococcus aureus). A possible antibacterial mechanism has been comprehensively discussed from different perspectives, including Zn(2+) concentrations, oxygen vacancies, photocatalytic activities and the DNA structural characteristics of different bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory on High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Jia
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for LED on Si Substrate, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P. R. China
| | - Miaoxing Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Chaowen Xue
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory on High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Fang Fang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for LED on Si Substrate, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Xin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330088, P. R. China.
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11
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Martin O, Martín AJ, Mondelli C, Mitchell S, Segawa TF, Hauert R, Drouilly C, Curulla-Ferré D, Pérez-Ramírez J. Indium Oxide as a Superior Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis by CO2 Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6261-5. [PMID: 26991730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methanol synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation is attractive in view of avoiding the environmental implications associated with the production of the traditional syngas feedstock and mitigating global warming. However, there still is a lack of efficient catalysts for such alternative processes. Herein, we unveil the high activity, 100 % selectivity, and remarkable stability for 1000 h on stream of In2 O3 supported on ZrO2 under industrially relevant conditions. This strongly contrasts to the benchmark Cu-ZnO-Al2 O3 catalyst, which is unselective and experiences rapid deactivation. In-depth characterization of the In2 O3 -based materials points towards a mechanism rooted in the creation and annihilation of oxygen vacancies as active sites, whose amount can be modulated in situ by co-feeding CO and boosted through electronic interactions with the zirconia carrier. These results constitute a promising basis for the design of a prospective technology for sustainable methanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Martin
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio J Martín
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Mondelli
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takuya F Segawa
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hauert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Drouilly
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Daniel Curulla-Ferré
- Total Research & Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- ETH Zurich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Martin O, Martín AJ, Mondelli C, Mitchell S, Segawa TF, Hauert R, Drouilly C, Curulla-Ferré D, Pérez-Ramírez J. Indium Oxide as a Superior Catalyst for Methanol Synthesis by CO2
Hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Martin
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Antonio J. Martín
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Mondelli
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Takuya F. Segawa
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Roland Hauert
- Empa; Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology; Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Drouilly
- Total Research & Technology Feluy; Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Daniel Curulla-Ferré
- Total Research & Technology Feluy; Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- ETH Zurich; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Morales MV, Asedegbega-Nieto E, Iglesias-Juez A, Rodríguez-Ramos I, Guerrero-Ruiz A. Role of Exposed Surfaces on Zinc Oxide Nanostructures in the Catalytic Ethanol Transformation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:2223-2230. [PMID: 26087720 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For a series of nanometric ZnO materials, the relationship between their morphological and surface functionalities and their catalytic properties in the selective decomposition of ethanol to yield acetaldehyde was explored. Six ZnO solids were prepared by a microemulsion-precipitation method and the thermal decomposition of different precursors and compared with a commercial sample. All these materials were characterized intensively by XRD and SEM to obtain their morphological specificities. Additionally, surface area determinations and IR spectroscopy were used to detect differences in the surface properties. The density of acid surface sites was determined quantitatively using an isopropanol dehydration test. Based on these characterization studies and on the results of the catalytic tests, it has been established that ZnO basal surfaces seem to be responsible for the production of ethylene as a minor product as well as for secondary reactions that yield acetyl acetate. Furthermore, one specific type of exposed hydroxyl groups appears to govern the surface catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- María V Morales
- Department Inorganic and Technical Chemistry, UNED, Facultad de Ciencias, Paseo Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Esther Asedegbega-Nieto
- Department Inorganic and Technical Chemistry, UNED, Facultad de Ciencias, Paseo Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain)
| | - Ana Iglesias-Juez
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid (Spain)
| | | | - Antonio Guerrero-Ruiz
- Department Inorganic and Technical Chemistry, UNED, Facultad de Ciencias, Paseo Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid (Spain).
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14
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Xu L, Ming L, Chen F. TiO2with “Fluorine-Occupied” Surface Oxygen Vacancies and Its Stably Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Li X, Zhang C, Cheng H, Lin W, Chang P, Zhang B, Wu Q, Yu Y, Zhao F. A Study on the Oxygen Vacancies in ZnPd/ZnO-Al and their Promoting Role in Glycerol Hydrogenolysis. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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17
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Abstract
A heterogeneous catalyst is a functional material that continually creates active sites with its reactants under reaction conditions. These sites change the rates of chemical reactions of the reactants localized on them without changing the thermodynamic equilibrium between the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin (Germany) http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de http://www.cec.mpg.de; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr (Germany).
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18
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Sokołowski K, Justyniak I, Bury W, Grzonka J, Kaszkur Z, Mąkolski Ł, Dutkiewicz M, Lewalska A, Krajewska E, Kubicki D, Wójcik K, Kurzydłowski KJ, Lewiński J. tert-Butyl(tert-butoxy)zinc Hydroxides: Hybrid Models for Single-Source Precursors of ZnO Nanocrystals. Chemistry 2015; 21:5488-95. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Fichtl MB, Schumann J, Kasatkin I, Jacobsen N, Behrens M, Schlögl R, Muhler M, Hinrichsen O. Counting of Oxygen Defects versus Metal Surface Sites in Methanol Synthesis Catalysts by Different Probe Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Fichtl MB, Schumann J, Kasatkin I, Jacobsen N, Behrens M, Schlögl R, Muhler M, Hinrichsen O. Counting of Oxygen Defects versus Metal Surface Sites in Methanol Synthesis Catalysts by Different Probe Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7043-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Kiss J, Frenzel J, Meyer B, Marx D. Methanol synthesis on ZnO(0001̄). II. Structure, energetics, and vibrational signature of reaction intermediates. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:044705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4813404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Dutta G, Sokol AA, Catlow CRA, Keal TW, Sherwood P. Activation of Carbon Dioxide over Zinc Oxide by Localised Electrons. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3453-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lizandara-Pueyo C, Morant-Miñana MC, Wessig M, Krumm M, Mecking S, Polarz S. Biomimetic crystallization of anisotropic zinc oxide nanoparticles in the homogeneous phase: shape control by surface additives applied under thermodynamic or kinetic control. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Meunier FC. Mixing Copper Nanoparticles and ZnO Nanocrystals: A Route towards Understanding the Hydrogenation of CO2 to Methanol? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:4053-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Meunier FC. Kupfer-Nanopartikel auf nanokristallinem Zinkoxid: ein Schlüssel zum Mechanismus der CO2-Hydrierung zu Methanol? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schmidt S, Schäper R, Schulz S, Bläser D, Wölper C. Insertion Reactions of Heterocumulenes into Zn−C Bonds: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Multinuclear Zinc Amidate Complexes. Organometallics 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/om101107e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schmidt
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Raphaela Schäper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Dieter Bläser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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Domide D, Walter O, Behrens S, Kaifer E, Himmel HJ. Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Zn/Co Carbamates: Single-Source Precursors of Nanosized Magnetic Oxides Under Mild Conditions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Polarz S, Pueyo CL, Krumm M. The molecular path to inorganic materials – Zinc oxide and beyond. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Lewiński J, Dutkiewicz M, Lesiuk M, Śliwiński W, Zelga K, Justyniak I, Lipkowski J. Solid-State Conversion of the Solvated Dimer [{tBuZn(μ-OtBu)(thf)}2] into a Long Overlooked Trimeric [{tBuZnOtBu}3] Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8266-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Lewiński J, Dutkiewicz M, Lesiuk M, Śliwiński W, Zelga K, Justyniak I, Lipkowski J. Solid-State Conversion of the Solvated Dimer [{tBuZn(μ-OtBu)(thf)}2] into a Long Overlooked Trimeric [{tBuZnOtBu}3] Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Enthaler S, Eckhardt B, Inoue S, Irran E, Driess M. Facile and Efficient Reduction of Ketones in the Presence of Zinc Catalysts Modified by Phenol Ligands. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:2027-35. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Steudel Y, Steudel R. Structural isomerism and thermodynamic properties of the methylzinc alkoxide molecules (MeZnOR)n (R = Me, tBu) and cations [(MeZnOMe)n]+ (n = 3, 4) studied by B3LYP and PCM calculations. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:6370-6. [PMID: 20469883 DOI: 10.1021/jp102214r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide is a semiconductor as well as a catalyst in important industrial processes, and alkylzinc alkoxide species of the type (RZnOR)(n) are precursors for the preparation of nanoscaled zinc oxide particles. In this work, the structures, thermodynamic properties, dipole moments, and molecular vibrations of substituted zinc oxide molecules and cations have been studied by density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G(2df,p) level. The neutral tetramers (MeZnOMe)(4) and (MeZnO(t)Bu)(4) are cubane-like species of T(d) symmetry in the gas phase, whereas the cation [(MeZnOMe)(4)](+) is approximately of C(3v) symmetry due to a Jahn-Teller distortion. For the neutral trimers (MeZnOMe)(3) and (MeZnO(t)Bu)(3) two structural isomers of almost identical energy were located on the potential energy surfaces: A closo-cluster with eight ZnO bonds is most stable both as isolated molecule and in a polarizable continuum, but a roof-shaped structure with seven ZnO bonds differs in enthalpy by less than 8 kJ mol(-1). In the case of the analogous cation [(MeZnOMe)(3)](+), the isomer with the roof-shaped Zn(3)O(3) skeleton is 31.7 kJ mol(-1) more stable in the gas phase than the cluster isomer. A particularly long Zn-C bond in the most stable cationic tri- and tetramers explains the loss of a methyl group, observed mass spectrometrically after electron impact ionization. The dissociation of the tetramers (MeZnOMe)(4) and (MeZnO(t)Bu)(4) into 4/3 trimers is endothermic and endergonic, but less so for the tert-butyl derivative compared to the all-methyl cluster. This destabilizing effect of tert-butyl substituents on the tri- and tetrameric clusters follows also from the larger internuclear distances between the non-hydrogen atoms in the structures of (MeZnO(t)Bu)(n) (n = 3 and 4) compared to the analogous all-methyl derivatives. Remarkable differences of the atomic charges of the carbon atoms of methyl or tert-butyl groups attached to oxygen have been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Steudel
- Institut für Chemie, Sekretariat C2, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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33
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Dreher MA, Krumm M, Lizandara-Pueyo C, Polarz S. Chromium containing zinc oxide materials from organobimetallic precursors. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2232-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b916253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Lizandara-Pueyo C, van den Berg MWE, De Toni A, Goes T, Polarz S. Nucleation and growth of ZnO in organic solvents--an in situ study. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 130:16601-10. [PMID: 19554730 DOI: 10.1021/ja804071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
ZnO is a metal oxide material which possesses versatile properties and applications. Therefore, the target-oriented preparation of ZnO has become a major issue. Many preparation techniques involve bottom-up methods from precursor solutions. In the current contribution, a special precursor system is described that enables a fine-control of kinetic parameters for the nucleation and growth of ZnO in various organic solvents. A large variety of analytical techniques could be applied in an in situ fashion to probe for the ZnO formation at all times and all length scales. Among the analytical techniques are UV/vis, Raman, Fluorescence, X-ray absorption, 1H NMR-spectroscopy, dynamic light-scattering, and TEM. Three different regimes for nucleation and growth with different characteristics could be identified. Furthermore, the effect of different parameters on the resulting ZnO particle size was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lizandara-Pueyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Thomas A, Driess M. Brückenschlag in der Katalyse: Immobilisierung von molekularen Katalysatoren in funktionellen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Thomas A, Driess M. Bridging the Materials Gap in Catalysis: Entrapment of Molecular Catalysts in Functional Supports and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1890-2. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Lewiński J, Suwała K, Kubisiak M, Ochal Z, Justyniak I, Lipkowski J. Oxygenation of a Me2Zn/α-Diimine System: A Unique Zinc Methylperoxide Cluster and Evidence for Its Sequential Decomposition Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lewiński J, Suwała K, Kubisiak M, Ochal Z, Justyniak I, Lipkowski J. Oxygenation of a Me2Zn/α-Diimine System: A Unique Zinc Methylperoxide Cluster and Evidence for Its Sequential Decomposition Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7888-91. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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de la Rica R, Matsui H. Urease as a Nanoreactor for Growing Crystalline ZnO Nanoshells at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5415-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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de la Rica R, Matsui H. Urease as a Nanoreactor for Growing Crystalline ZnO Nanoshells at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Domide D, Kaifer E, Mautz J, Walter O, Behrens S, Himmel H. Synthesis and Characterisation of Some New Zinc Carbamate Complexes Formed by CO2Fixation and Their Use as Precursors for ZnO Particles under Mild Conditions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200701308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Rohe B, Weiss R, Vukojević S, Baltes C, Muhler M, Tausch M, Epple M. CuO/ZnO Nanoparticles in a Matrix of Amorphous Silica as High-Surface Precursors for Methanol Synthesis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200601084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Polarz S, Regenspurger R, Hartmann J. Self-Assembly of Methylzinc–Polyethylene Glycol Amphiphiles and Their Application to Materials Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Polarz S, Regenspurger R, Hartmann J. Self-Assembly of Methylzinc–Polyethylene Glycol Amphiphiles and Their Application to Materials Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:2426-30. [PMID: 17328016 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Polarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78547 Konstanz, Germany.
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