1
|
Ivanov NM, Baltussen MG, Regueiro CLF, Derks MTGM, Huck WTS. Computing Arithmetic Functions Using Immobilised Enzymatic Reaction Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215759. [PMID: 36562219 PMCID: PMC10108092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Living systems use enzymatic reaction networks to process biochemical information and make decisions in response to external or internal stimuli. Herein, we present a modular and reusable platform for molecular information processing using enzymes immobilised in hydrogel beads and compartmentalised in a continuous stirred tank reactor. We demonstrate how this setup allows us to perform simple arithmetic operations, such as addition, subtraction and multiplication, using various concentrations of substrates or inhibitors as inputs and the production of a fluorescent molecule as the readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita M Ivanov
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Mathieu G Baltussen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | | | - Max T G M Derks
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen (The, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Filipov Y, Domanskyi S, Wood ML, Gamella M, Privman V, Katz E. Experimental Realization of a High-Quality Biochemical XOR Gate. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2908-2915. [PMID: 28745425 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report an experimental realization of a biochemical XOR gate function that avoids many of the pitfalls of earlier realizations based on biocatalytic cascades. Inputs-represented by pairs of chemicals-cross-react to largely cancel out when both are nearly equal. The cross-reaction can be designed to also optimize gate functioning for noise handling. When not equal, the residual inputs are further processed to result in the output of the XOR type, by biocatalytic steps that allow for further gate-function optimization. The quality of the realized XOR gate is theoretically analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Filipov
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.,Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Sergii Domanskyi
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Mackenna L Wood
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Maria Gamella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Vladimir Privman
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Enzyme‐Based Logic Gates and Networks with Output Signals Analyzed by Various Methods. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1688-1713. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
4
|
Fratto BE, Guz N, Fallon TT, Katz E. An Enzyme-based 1:2 Demultiplexer Interfaced with an Electrochemical Actuator. Chemphyschem 2016; 18:1721-1725. [PMID: 27481283 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-based 1:2 demultiplexer is designed in a flow system composed of three cells where each one is modified with a different enzyme: hexokinase, glucose dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The Input signal activating the biocatalytic cascade is represented by glucose, while the Address signal represented by ATP is responsible for directing the Input signal to one of the output channels, depending on the logic value of the Address. The biomolecular 1:2 demultiplexer is extended to include two electrochemical actuators releasing entrapped DNA molecules in the active output channel. The modular design of the system allows for easy exchange and extension of the functional elements. The present demultiplexer can be easily integrated in various biomolecular logic systems, including different logic gates based on the enzyme- or DNA-based reactions, as well as containing different chemical actuators, for example, with a biomolecular release function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Fratto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Nataliia Guz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Tyler T Fallon
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliveira E, Santos SM, Núñez C, Capelo JL, Lodeiro C. An unusual highly emissive water-soluble iridium lissamine-alanine complex and its use in a molecular logic gate. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1254-8. [PMID: 26671832 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03666f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of iridium(iii) with a new lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl derivative, bearing alanine as a building block, (1) with an orange emission in water results in a green highly emissive Ir@1 complex at room temperature. The new Ir@1 complex can sense the toxic Hg(2+) metal ion and cysteine. Based on such properties, a new sophisticated molecular logic gate with three inputs was designed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Oliveira
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. and ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sérgio M Santos
- Department of Chemistry and CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cristina Núñez
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. and Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Luis Capelo
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. and ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal. and ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fratto BE, Lewer JM, Katz E. An Enzyme-Based Half-Adder and Half-Subtractor with a Modular Design. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2210-7. [PMID: 27037520 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A half-adder and a half-subtractor have been realized using enzymatic reaction cascades performed in a flow cell device. The individual cells were modified with different enzymes and assembled in complex networks to perform logic operations and arithmetic functions. The modular design of the logic devices allowed for easy re-configuration, enabling them to perform various functions. The final output signals, represented by redox species [Fe(CN)6 ](3-/4-) or NADH/NAD(+) , were analyzed optically to derive the calculation results. These output signals might be applicable in the future for actuation processes, for example, substance release activated by logically processed signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Fratto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Jessica M Lewer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fratto BE, Katz E. Reversible Logic Gates Based on Enzyme-Biocatalyzed Reactions and Realized in Flow Cells: A Modular Approach. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1405-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
8
|
Claussen JC, Algar WR, Hildebrandt N, Susumu K, Ancona MG, Medintz IL. Biophotonic logic devices based on quantum dots and temporally-staggered Förster energy transfer relays. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12156-12170. [PMID: 24056977 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03655c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrating photonic inputs/outputs into unimolecular logic devices can provide significantly increased functional complexity and the ability to expand the repertoire of available operations. Here, we build upon a system previously utilized for biosensing to assemble and prototype several increasingly sophisticated biophotonic logic devices that function based upon multistep Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) relays. The core system combines a central semiconductor quantum dot (QD) nanoplatform with a long-lifetime Tb complex FRET donor and a near-IR organic fluorophore acceptor; the latter acts as two unique inputs for the QD-based device. The Tb complex allows for a form of temporal memory by providing unique access to a time-delayed modality as an alternate output which significantly increases the inherent computing options. Altering the device by controlling the configuration parameters with biologically based self-assembly provides input control while monitoring changes in emission output of all participants, in both a spectral and temporal-dependent manner, gives rise to two input, single output Boolean Logic operations including OR, AND, INHIBIT, XOR, NOR, NAND, along with the possibility of gate transitions. Incorporation of an enzymatic cleavage step provides for a set-reset function that can be implemented repeatedly with the same building blocks and is demonstrated with single input, single output YES and NOT gates. Potential applications for these devices are discussed in the context of their constituent parts and the richness of available signal.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pei H, Liang L, Yao G, Li J, Huang Q, Fan C. Reconfigurable three-dimensional DNA nanostructures for the construction of intracellular logic sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9020-4. [PMID: 22887892 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Right out of the (logic) gate: Logic gates made from 3D DNA nanotetrahedra were constructed that are responsive to various ions, small molecules, and short strands of DNA. By including dynamic sequences in one or more edges of the tetrahedra, a FRET signal can be generated in the manner of AND, OR, XOR, and INH logic gates, as well as a half-adder circuit. These DNA logic gates were also applied to intracellular detection of ATP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Pei
- Laboratory of Physical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pei H, Liang L, Yao G, Li J, Huang Q, Fan C. Reconfigurable Three-Dimensional DNA Nanostructures for the Construction of Intracellular Logic Sensors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
11
|
Guliyev R, Ozturk S, Kostereli Z, Akkaya EU. From Virtual to Physical: Integration of Chemical Logic Gates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Guliyev R, Ozturk S, Kostereli Z, Akkaya EU. From Virtual to Physical: Integration of Chemical Logic Gates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9826-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Chuang MC, Windmiller JR, Santhosh P, Ramírez GV, Katz E, Wang J. High-fidelity determination of security threats via a Boolean biocatalytic cascade. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3087-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
Sreejith S, Divya KP, Manojkumar TK, Ajayaghosh A. Multiple Analyte Response and Molecular Logic Operations by Excited-State Charge-Transfer Modulation in a Bipyridine Integrated Fluorophore. Chem Asian J 2010; 6:430-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
18
|
Dadon Z, Samiappan M, Safranchik EY, Ashkenasy G. Light-Induced Peptide Replication Controls Logic Operations in Small Networks. Chemistry 2010; 16:12096-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
Pistol C, Mao V, Thusu V, Lebeck AR, Dwyer C. Encoded multichromophore response for simultaneous label-free detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:843-850. [PMID: 20349447 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200901996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of molecularly precise nanostructures is widely expected to form the basis of future high-speed integrated circuits, but the technologies suitable for such circuits are not well understood. In this work, DNA self-assembly is used to create molecular logic circuits that can selectively identify specific biomolecules in solution by encoding the optical response of near-field coupled arrangements of chromophores. The resulting circuits can detect label-free, femtomole quantities of multiple proteins, DNA oligomers, and small fragments of RNA in solution via ensemble optical measurements. This method, which is capable of creating multiple logic-gate-sensor pairs on a 2 x 80 x 80-nm DNA grid, is a step toward more sophisticated nanoscale logic circuits capable of interfacing computers with biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Pistol
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, 130 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu Y, Offenhäusser A, Mayer D. An Electrochemically Transduced XOR Logic Gate at the Molecular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2595-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
21
|
Liu Y, Offenhäusser A, Mayer D. An Electrochemically Transduced XOR Logic Gate at the Molecular Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Katz E, Pita M. Biofuel Cells Controlled by Logically Processed Biochemical Signals: Towards Physiologically Regulated Bioelectronic Devices. Chemistry 2009; 15:12554-64. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Zhou J, Melman G, Pita M, Ornatska M, Wang X, Melman A, Katz E. Biomolecular Oxidative Damage Activated by Enzymatic Logic Systems: Biologically Inspired Approach. Chembiochem 2009; 10:1084-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
24
|
Silvi S, Constable EC, Housecroft CE, Beves JE, Dunphy EL, Tomasulo M, Raymo FM, Credi A. All-optical integrated logic operations based on chemical communication between molecular switches. Chemistry 2009; 15:178-85. [PMID: 19021180 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Molecular logic gates process physical or chemical "inputs" to generate "outputs" based on a set of logical operators. We report the design and operation of a chemical ensemble in solution that behaves as integrated AND, OR, and XNOR gates with optical input and output signals. The ensemble is composed of a reversible merocyanine-type photoacid and a ruthenium polypyridine complex that functions as a pH-controlled three-state luminescent switch. The light-triggered release of protons from the photoacid is used to control the state of the transition-metal complex. Therefore, the two molecular switching devices communicate with one another through the exchange of ionic signals. By means of such a double (optical-chemical-optical) signal-transduction mechanism, inputs of violet light modulate a luminescence output in the red/far-red region of the visible spectrum. Nondestructive reading is guaranteed because the green light used for excitation in the photoluminescence experiments does not affect the state of the gate. The reset is thermally driven and, thus, does not involve the addition of chemicals and accumulation of byproducts. Owing to its reversibility and stability, this molecular device can afford many cycles of digital operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Klein M, Lansbergen GP, Mol JA, Rogge S, Levine RD, Remacle F. Reconfigurable Logic Devices on a Single Dopant Atom-Operation up to a Full Adder by Using Electrical Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:162-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
26
|
Trapp O. Messen auf molekularer Ebene - Chemie an der Schnittstelle zur Informationstechnologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200802807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
27
|
Trapp O. Sensing on a Molecular Level-Chemistry at the Interface of Information Technology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:8158-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200802807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
Qian J, Xu Y, Qian X, Zhang S. Molecular Logic Operations Based on Surfactant Nanoaggregates. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:1891-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Strack G, Pita M, Ornatska M, Katz E. Boolean Logic Gates that Use Enzymes as Input Signals. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1260-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Voelcker NH, Guckian KM, Saghatelian A, Ghadiri MR. Sequence-addressable DNA logic. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:427-31. [PMID: 18350554 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Voelcker
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rurack K, Trieflinger C, Koval'chuck A, Daub J. An Ionically Driven Molecular IMPLICATION Gate Operating in Fluorescence Mode. Chemistry 2007; 13:8998-9003. [PMID: 17705328 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetrically core-extended boron-dipyrromethene (BDP) dye was equipped with two electron-donating macrocyclic binding units with different metal ion preferences to operate as an ionically driven molecular IMPLICATION gate. A Na(+)-responsive tetraoxa-aza crown ether (R(2)) was integrated into the extended pi system of the BDP chromophore to trigger strong intramolecular charge transfer (ICT(2)) fluorescence and guarantee cation-induced spectral shifts in absorption. A dithia-oxa-aza crown (R(1)) that responds to Ag(+) was attached to the meso position of BDP in an electronically decoupled fashion to independently control a second ICT(1) process of a quenching nature. The bifunctional molecule is designed in such a way that in the absence of both inputs, ICT(1) does not compete with ICT(2) and a high fluorescence output is obtained (In(A)=In(B)=0-->Out=1). Accordingly, binding of only Ag(+) at R(1) (In(A)=1, In(B)=0) as well as complexation of both receptors (In(A)=In(B)=1) also yields Out=1. Only for the case in which Na(+) is bound at R(2) and R(1) is in its free state does quenching occur, which is the distinguishing characteristic for the In(A)=0 and In(B)=1-->Out=0 state that is required for a logic IMPLICATION gate and Boolean operations such as IF-THEN or NOT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Rurack
- Div. I.5 Bioanalytik, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Richard Willstätter Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shinzi Ogasawara
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pischel U. Chemical Approaches to Molecular Logic Elements for Addition and Subtraction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4026-40. [PMID: 17385771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200603990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and supramolecular logic gates are candidates for computation at the nanoscale level. Nowadays all common logic operations can be mimicked with molecular devices based on chemical approaches. One step further towards molecular systems with increased logic capabilities is the addition or subtraction of binary digits. This Minireview describes recent developments to attain this goal, including bioinspired systems based on DNA and enzymes. Furthermore, chemical molecular logic gates are discussed and compared critically with regard to alternative concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Pischel
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pischel U. Chemische Strategien für den Aufbau molekularer Logikelemente zur Addition und Subtraktion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200603990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
37
|
Gianneschi N, Ghadiri M. Design of Molecular Logic Devices Based on a Programmable DNA-Regulated Semisynthetic Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200700047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
38
|
Gianneschi NC, Ghadiri MR. Design of molecular logic devices based on a programmable DNA-regulated semisynthetic enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3955-8. [PMID: 17427900 PMCID: PMC2790070 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Gianneschi
- Dr. N. C. Gianneschi, Prof. Dr. M. R. Ghadiri, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2798
| | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Dr. N. C. Gianneschi, Prof. Dr. M. R. Ghadiri, Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-784-2798, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|