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Ultrahigh Ionic Liquid Content Supramolecular Ionogels for Quasi-Solid-State Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-Based Free-Flow Electrophoresis with Integrated Nanospray Mass-Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2766-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Benz C, Boomhoff M, Appun J, Schneider C, Belder D. Chip-basierte Freiflusselektrophorese mit integrierter Nanospray-Massenspektrometrie-Kopplung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hessel V, Kralisch D, Kockmann N, Noël T, Wang Q. Novel process windows for enabling, accelerating, and uplifting flow chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2013; 6:746-89. [PMID: 23606410 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel Process Windows make use of process conditions that are far from conventional practices. This involves the use of high temperatures, high pressures, high concentrations (solvent-free), new chemical transformations, explosive conditions, and process simplification and integration to boost synthetic chemistry on both the laboratory and production scale. Such harsh reaction conditions can be safely reached in microstructured reactors due to their excellent transport intensification properties. This Review discusses the different routes towards Novel Process Windows and provides several examples for each route grouped into different classes of chemical and process-design intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO BOX 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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Ohla S, Beyreiss R, Fritzsche S, Glaser P, Nagl S, Stockhausen K, Schneider C, Belder D. Monitoring On-Chip Pictet-Spengler Reactions by Integrated Analytical Separation and Label-Free Time-Resolved Fluorescence. Chemistry 2011; 18:1240-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Troendlin J, Rehbein J, Hiersemann M, Trapp O. Integration of Catalysis and Analysis is the Key: Rapid and Precise Investigation of the Catalytic Asymmetric Gosteli–Claisen Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16444-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetric Organocatalysis and Analysis on a Single Microfluidic Nanospray Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:9467-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Fritzsche S, Ohla S, Glaser P, Giera DS, Sickert M, Schneider C, Belder D. Asymmetrische Organokatalyse und Analyse in einem mikrofluidischen Nanospray-Chip. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bakker JJW, Zieverink MMP, Reintjens RWEG, Kapteijn F, Moulijn JA, Kreutzer MT. Heterogeneously Catalyzed Continuous-Flow Hydrogenation Using Segmented Flow in Capillary Columns. ChemCatChem 2011; 3:1155-1157. [PMID: 21822451 PMCID: PMC3149126 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J W Bakker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Martijn M P Zieverink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Raf W E G Reintjens
- R.W.E.G. Reintjens, DSM Pharmaceutical Products ASC&DP.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen (The Netherlands)
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Jacob A Moulijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
| | - Michiel T Kreutzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of TechnologyJulianalaan 136, 2628 BL (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 015 278 5006 E-mail:
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Rasheed M, Wirth T. Intelligent Microflow: Development of Self-Optimizing Reaction Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 50:357-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rasheed M, Wirth T. Intelligenter Mikrofluss: Entwicklung selbstoptimierender Reaktionssysteme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
The application of microfluidics in chemistry has gained significant importance in the recent years. Miniaturized chemistry platforms provide controlled fluid transport, rapid chemical reactions, and cost-saving advantages over conventional reactors. The advantages of microfluidics have been clearly established in the field of analytical and bioanalytical sciences and in the field of organic synthesis. It is less true in the field of inorganic chemistry and materials science; however in inorganic chemistry it has mostly been used for the separation and selective extraction of metal ions. Microfluidics has been used in materials science mainly for the improvement of nanoparticle synthesis, namely metal, metal oxide, and semiconductor nanoparticles. Microfluidic devices can also be used for the formulation of more advanced and sophisticated inorganic materials or hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abou-Hassan
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7195 PECSA, Physicochimie des Electrolytes, Colloïdes, Sciences Analytiques, 75005 Paris, France.
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Nagaki A, Kim H, Moriwaki Y, Matsuo C, Yoshida JI. A Flow Microreactor System Enables Organolithium Reactions without Protecting Alkoxycarbonyl Groups. Chemistry 2010; 16:11167-77. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hartman R, Naber J, Buchwald S, Jensen K. Multistep Microchemical Synthesis Enabled by Microfluidic Distillation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200904634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hartman R, Naber J, Buchwald S, Jensen K. Multistep Microchemical Synthesis Enabled by Microfluidic Distillation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 49:899-903. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200904634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Miller P, Jennings L, deMello A, Gee A, Long N, Vilar R. A Microfluidic Approach to the Rapid Screening of Palladium-Catalysed Aminocarbonylation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abou-Hassan A, Bazzi R, Cabuil V. Multistep Continuous-Flow Microsynthesis of Magnetic and Fluorescent γ-Fe2O3@SiO2Core/Shell Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abou-Hassan A, Bazzi R, Cabuil V. Multistep Continuous-Flow Microsynthesis of Magnetic and Fluorescent γ-Fe2O3@SiO2Core/Shell Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7180-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Martha C, Heemskerk A, Hoogendoorn JC, Elders N, Niessen W, Orru R, Irth H. High-Throughput Reaction Optimisation and Activity Screening of Ferrocene-Based Lewis Acid-Catalyst Complexes by Using Continuous-Flow Reaction Detection Mass Spectrometry. Chemistry 2009; 15:7368-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rumi L, Pfleger C, Spurr P, Klinkhammer U, Bannwarth W. Adaptation of an Exothermic and Acylazide-Involving Synthesis Sequence to Microreactor Technology. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op9000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rumi
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Technical Sciences, Kilolaboratory and Synthesis and Process Research, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Pfleger
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Technical Sciences, Kilolaboratory and Synthesis and Process Research, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Spurr
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Technical Sciences, Kilolaboratory and Synthesis and Process Research, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Klinkhammer
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Technical Sciences, Kilolaboratory and Synthesis and Process Research, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Willi Bannwarth
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Technical Sciences, Kilolaboratory and Synthesis and Process Research, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Nagaki A, Kim H, Yoshida JI. Aryllithium Compounds Bearing Alkoxycarbonyl Groups: Generation and Reactions Using a Microflow System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Nagaki A, Kim H, Yoshida JI. Aryllithium Compounds Bearing Alkoxycarbonyl Groups: Generation and Reactions Using a Microflow System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7833-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Trapp O, Weber S, Bauch S, Bäcker T, Hofstadt W, Spliethoff B. High-Throughput Kinetic Study of Hydrogenation over Palladium Nanoparticles: Combination of Reaction and Analysis. Chemistry 2008; 14:4657-66. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Reetz M. Kombinatorische Übergangsmetallkatalyse: Mischungen einzähniger Liganden zur Kontrolle der Enantio-, Diastereo- und Regioselektivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Reetz M. Combinatorial Transition-Metal Catalysis: Mixing Monodentate Ligands to Control Enantio-, Diastereo-, and Regioselectivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:2556-88. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gas chromatographic high-throughput screening techniques in catalysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:160-90. [PMID: 18035362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Discovering highly efficient catalysts is of great scientific and economical interest. Advances in high-throughput assays in combination with sophisticated analytical techniques have increased the rapidity with which catalysts can be identified and optimized. Understanding how kinetics in the mechanism of catalysis is controlled by structural parameters is essential for a directed design of catalysts. To identify such rate-controlling elementary steps and to develop and refine models, comprehensive experimental kinetic data of a broad variety of substrates are necessary. In the present article concepts of high-throughput screening techniques in catalysis using gas chromatography are reviewed in a survey covering the period from 1998 to 2007. To cover also the origins of concepts and groundbreaking experiments in this research area milestones going back to 1950 are also reviewed. The first part of the review will focus on off-line gas chromatographic analysis, the second part on on-line gas chromatographic analysis covering sequential, parallelized and high-throughput multiplexing gas chromatography. The third part presents recent advances in the integration of chemical transformation and analysis in gas chromatography. The present review article describes the state-of-the-art, scope and limitations, and applications of these different high-throughput screening approaches.
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Hoffmann P, Häusig U, Schulze P, Belder D. Microfluidic glass chips with an integrated nanospray emitter for coupling to a mass spectrometer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4913-6. [PMID: 17516595 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200605152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hoffmann
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und Biosensorik, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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Trapp O, Weber SK, Bauch S, Hofstadt W. High-Throughput Screening of Catalysts by Combining Reaction and Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:7307-10. [PMID: 17668428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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Trapp O, Weber S, Bauch S, Hofstadt W. Hochdurchsatz-Screening von Katalysatoren durch Integration von Reaktion und Analyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Sahoo HR, Kralj JG, Jensen KF. Multistep continuous-flow microchemical synthesis involving multiple reactions and separations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5704-8. [PMID: 17579912 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemantkumar R Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 66-342, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Urban PL, Bergström ET, Goodall DM, Narayanaswamy S, Bruce NC. Electrophoretic method for assessment of substrate promiscuity of a heterogeneous biocatalyst using an area imaging ultraviolet detector. Analyst 2007; 132:979-82. [PMID: 17893799 DOI: 10.1039/b710495b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a new electrophoretic set-up and method for rapid specificity screening of an immobilised enzyme against a range of substrates present in a mixture. The penicillinase-catalysed reaction is carried out on-the-fly, following separation of putative substrates and preceding separation of the reaction products. The new active pixel sensor detector gives an option of using multiple detection windows on a single flow line and enables efficient on-line monitoring of this heterogeneous biocatalytic process with multiple putative substrates injected simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UKYO10 5DD
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Sahoo H, Kralj J, Jensen K. Multistep Continuous-Flow Microchemical Synthesis Involving Multiple Reactions and Separations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Hoffmann P, Häusig U, Schulze P, Belder D. Mikrofluidische Glas-Chips mit integriertem Nanospray-Emitter zur Kopplung mit der Massenspektrometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200605152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Hamberg A, Lundgren S, Wingstrand E, Moberg C, Hult K. High-Throughput Synthesis and Analysis of Acylated Cyanohydrins. Chemistry 2007; 13:4334-41. [PMID: 17330315 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The yields and optical purities of products obtained from chiral Lewis acid/Lewis base-catalysed additions of alpha-ketonitriles to prochiral aldehydes could be accurately determined by an enzymatic method. The amount of remaining aldehyde was determined after its reduction to an alcohol, whilst the two product enantiomers were analysed after subsequent hydrolysis first by the (S)-selective Candida antarctica lipase B and then by the unselective pig liver esterase. The method could be used for analysis of products obtained from a number of aromatic aldehydes and aliphatic ketonitriles. Microreactor technology was successfully combined with high-throughput analysis for efficient catalyst optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hamberg
- School of Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, AlbaNova University Center, SE 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Urban PL, Goodall DM, Bergström ET, Bruce NC. Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzyme and its facile multiplexing using an active pixel sensor UV detector. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1162:132-40. [PMID: 17543978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) method has been developed for yeast alcohol dehydrogenase and quantification of reactant and product cofactors, NAD and NADH. The enzyme substrate ethanol (1% (v/v)) was added to the buffer (50 mM borate, pH 8.8). Results are presented for parallel capillary electrophoresis with a novel miniature UV area detector, with an active pixel sensor imaging an array of two or six parallel capillaries connected via a manifold to a single output capillary in a commercial CE instrument, allowing conversions with five different yeast alcohol dehydrogenase concentrations to be quantified in a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel L Urban
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Organische Chemie: M. T. Reetz ausgezeichnet / Materialwissenschaften: Preis für J. S. Miller / Katalyse: Starthilfe für Muñiz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200605001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Organic Chemistry: M. T. Reetz awarded / Materials Science: Prize to J. S. Miller / Catalysis: Stipend for Muñiz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200605001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ahmed-Omer B, Brandt JC, Wirth T. Advanced organic synthesis using microreactor technology. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:733-40. [PMID: 17315058 DOI: 10.1039/b615072a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic synthesis in microreactors is a novel way of performing reactions in a highly controlled way. The benefits of microreactors result from their physical properties, such as enhanced mass and heat transfer as well as regular flow profiles leading to improved yields with increased selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Ahmed-Omer
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, UK
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