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Lenz C, Wick J, Braga D, García-Altares M, Lackner G, Hertweck C, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D. Injury-Triggered Blueing Reactions of Psilocybe "Magic" Mushrooms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1450-1454. [PMID: 31725937 PMCID: PMC7004109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Upon injury, psychotropic psilocybin‐producing mushrooms instantly develop an intense blue color, the chemical basis and mode of formation of which has remained elusive. We report two enzymes from Psilocybe cubensis that carry out a two‐step cascade to prepare psilocybin for oxidative oligomerization that leads to blue products. The phosphatase PsiP removes the 4‐O‐phosphate group to yield psilocin, while PsiL oxidizes its 4‐hydroxy group. The PsiL reaction was monitored by in situ 13C NMR spectroscopy, which indicated that oxidative coupling of psilocyl residues occurs primarily via C‐5. MS and IR spectroscopy indicated the formation of a heterogeneous mixture of preferentially psilocyl 3‐ to 13‐mers and suggest multiple oligomerization routes, depending on oxidative power and substrate concentration. The results also imply that phosphate ester of psilocybin serves a reversible protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Lenz
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Wick
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Braga
- Synthetic Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - María García-Altares
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz, Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Synthetic Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz, Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology -, Hans-Knöll-Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
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Lenz C, Wick J, Braga D, García‐Altares M, Lackner G, Hertweck C, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D. Injury‐Triggered Blueing Reactions of
Psilocybe
“Magic” Mushrooms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudius Lenz
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Jonas Wick
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Daniel Braga
- Synthetic Microbiology Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans-Knöll-Institute Winzerlaer Str. 2 07745 Jena Germany
| | - María García‐Altares
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz, Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology –, Hans-Knöll-Institute Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Synthetic Microbiology Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans-Knöll-Institute Winzerlaer Str. 2 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry Leibniz, Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology –, Hans-Knöll-Institute Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology Hans-Knöll-Institute Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Germany
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Brandt P, García-Altares M, Nett M, Hertweck C, Hoffmeister D. Induced Chemical Defense of a Mushroom by a Double-Bond-Shifting Polyene Synthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5937-5941. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201700767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Brandt
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Winzerlaer Strasse 2 07745 Jena Germany
| | - María García-Altares
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering; Technical University Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology; Beutenbergstrasse 11a 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Winzerlaer Strasse 2 07745 Jena Germany
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Brandt P, García-Altares M, Nett M, Hertweck C, Hoffmeister D. Induzierte chemische Verteidigung eines Ständerpilzes durch eine doppelbindungsverschiebende Polyensynthase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201700767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Brandt
- Department Pharmazeutische Mikrobiologie am Hans-Knöll-Institut; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Winzerlaer Str. 2 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - María García-Altares
- Department Biomolekulare Chemie; Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie; Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Markus Nett
- Fakultät Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen; Technische Universität Dortmund; Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department Biomolekulare Chemie; Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie; Beutenbergstr. 11a 07745 Jena Deutschland
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmazeutische Mikrobiologie am Hans-Knöll-Institut; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Winzerlaer Str. 2 07745 Jena Deutschland
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Caspar J, Spiteller P. A free cyanohydrin as arms and armour of Marasmius oreades. Chembiochem 2015; 16:570-3. [PMID: 25630401 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyanogenic plants and fungi are widespread in nature. Although the origin of hydrocyanic acid in plants has been studied in detail, little is known about its origin in fungi. Here, we report the identification of the cyanohydrin of glyoxylic acid as the precursor of hydrocyanic acid in the fungus Marasmius oreades and several other cyanogenic fungi. Moreover, a feeding experiment revealed glycine as biosynthetic precursor of the cyanohydrin of glyoxylic acid. Thus, the cyanogenesis of M. oreades and other fungi is fundamentally different from cyanogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Caspar
- Institut für Organische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Bremen, Leobener Strasse NW2C, 28359 Bremen (Germany)
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Peters S, Jaeger RJR, Spiteller P. Benzoxepine Esters as Precursors of the Wound-Activated Chemical Defence ofMycena galopus. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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