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Mallette AJ, Shilpa K, Rimer JD. The Current Understanding of Mechanistic Pathways in Zeolite Crystallization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3416-3493. [PMID: 38484327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Zeolite catalysts and adsorbents have been an integral part of many commercial processes and are projected to play a significant role in emerging technologies to address the changing energy and environmental landscapes. The ability to rationally design zeolites with tailored properties relies on a fundamental understanding of crystallization pathways to strategically manipulate processes of nucleation and growth. The complexity of zeolite growth media engenders a diversity of crystallization mechanisms that can manifest at different synthesis stages. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of classical and nonclassical pathways associated with the formation of (alumino)silicate zeolites. We begin with a brief overview of zeolite history and seminal advancements, followed by a comprehensive discussion of different classes of zeolite precursors with respect to their methods of assembly and physicochemical properties. The following two sections provide detailed discussions of nucleation and growth pathways wherein we emphasize general trends and highlight specific observations for select zeolite framework types. We then close with conclusions and future outlook to summarize key hypotheses, current knowledge gaps, and potential opportunities to guide zeolite synthesis toward a more exact science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kumari Shilpa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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2
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Matinfar M, Nychka JA. A review of sodium silicate solutions: Structure, gelation, and syneresis. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 322:103036. [PMID: 37952363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Sodium silicate solutions, also known as waterglass, have been found to have remarkable utility in a variety of applications. The cumulative weight of evidence from 70 years of varied analysis indicates that silicate solutions consist of a wide range of species, from monomers through oligomers, up to colloids. Moreover, the structure and distribution of these species are greatly dependent upon many parameters, such as solute concentrations, silica to alkali ratio, pH, and temperature. The most interesting and characteristic property of silicate solutions is their ability to form silica gels. Overall, despite extensive research using different spectroscopic and scattering techniques, many questions related to sodium silicate's dynamic structure, stability, polymerization, and gelation remain difficult to answer. The multitude of simultaneous reactions which restructure the silicate species at the atomic scale in response to variation in solution and environmental parameters, makes it difficult to investigate the individual events using only experimental data. Molecular modelling provides an alternative way to study the unknown areas in the aqueous silicate and silica gel systems, generating key insights into the chemical reactions at microscopic length scales. However, sufficient sampling remains a challenge for the practical use of molecular simulation for these systems. Based on both experimental and modelling studies, this review provides a detailed discussion over the structure and speciation of sodium silicate solutions, their gelation mechanism and kinetics, and the syneresis phenomenon. The goal is not only to review the current level of understanding of sodium silicate solutions, silica gels and characterization techniques suitable for studying them, but also to identify the gaps in the literature and open up opportunities for advancing knowledge about these complex systems. We believe that the future direction of research should be toward correlating atomistic, molecular, and meso-scale level details of interactions and reactions in silicate solution and establishing a fundamental understanding of its gelation mechanism and kinetics. We believe that this knowledge could eliminate the "trial and error" approach in manufacturing, and improve structural control in the synthesis of important materials derived from these solutions, such as silica gels and zeolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Matinfar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - John A Nychka
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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3
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Hajiabadi SH, Khalifeh M, van Noort R, Silva Santos Moreira PH. Review on Geopolymers as Wellbore Sealants: State of the Art Optimization for CO 2 Exposure and Perspectives. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:23320-23345. [PMID: 37426265 PMCID: PMC10323953 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Wellbores used in underground production and storage activities, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), are typically sealed using sealants based on Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). However, leakage along these seals or through them during CCS operations can pose a significant threat to long-term storage integrity. In this review paper, we explore the potential of geopolymer (GP) systems as alternative sealants in wells exposed to CO2 during CCS. First, we discuss how key parameters control the mechanical properties, permeability, and chemical durability of GPs based on different starting materials as well as their optimum values. These parameters include the chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size, and particle shape of the precursor materials; the composition of the hardener; the chemistry of the full system (particularly the Si/Al, Si/(Na+K), Si/Ca, Si/Mg, and Si/Fe ratios); the water content of the mix; and the conditions under which curing occurs. Next, we review existing knowledge on the use of GPs as wellbore sealants to identify key knowledge gaps and challenges and the research needed to address these challenges. Our review shows the great potential of GPs as alternative wellbore sealant materials in CCS (as well as other applications) due to their high corrosion durability, low matrix permeability, and good mechanical properties. However, important challenges are identified that require further research, such as mix optimization, taking into account curing and exposure conditions and available starting materials; the development of optimalization workflows, along with building larger data sets on how the identified parameters affect GP properties, can streamline this optimization for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hasan Hajiabadi
- Department
of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mahmoud Khalifeh
- Department
of Energy and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Reinier van Noort
- Department
of Reservoir Technology, Institute for Energy
Technology, Postbox 40, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
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Hong S, Mallette AJ, Neeway JJ, Motkuri RK, Rimer JD, Mpourmpakis G. Understanding formation thermodynamics of structurally diverse zeolite oligomers with first principles calculations. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1301-1315. [PMID: 36625388 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02764j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of many zeolitic processes, including nucleation and interzeolite transformation, are not fully understood owing to complex growth mixtures that obfuscate in situ monitoring of molecular events. In this work, we provide insights into zeolite chemistry by investigating the formation thermodynamics of small zeolitic species using first principles calculations. We systematically study how formation energies of pure-silicate and aluminosilicate species differ by structure type and size, temperature, and the presence of alkali or alkaline earth metal cations (Na+, K+, and Ca2+). Highly condensed (cage-like) species are found to be strongly preferred to simple rings in the pure-silicate system, and this thermodynamic preference increases with temperature. Introducing aluminum leads to more favorable formation thermodynamics for all species. Moreover, for species with a low Si/Al ratio (≤2), a thermodynamic preference does not exist among structure types; instead, a pool of diverse aluminosilicate structures compete in formation. Metal cation effects strongly depend on the presence of aluminum, cage size, cation type, and location, since each of these factors can alter electrostatic interactions between cations and zeolitic species. We reveal that confined metal cations may destabilize pure-silicate cages due to localized interactions; conversely, they stabilize aluminosilicates due to strong cation-framework attractions in sufficiently large cages. Importantly, this work rationalizes a series of experimental observations and can potentially guide efforts for controlling zeolite nucleation/crystallization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungil Hong
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - James J Neeway
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Radha Kishan Motkuri
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Giannis Mpourmpakis
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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5
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Mallette AJ, Hong S, Freeman EE, Saslow SA, Mergelsberg S, Motkuri RK, Neeway JJ, Mpourmpakis G, Rimer JD. Heteroatom Manipulation of Zeolite Crystallization: Stabilizing Zn-FAU against Interzeolite Transformation. JACS AU 2022; 2:2295-2306. [PMID: 36311839 PMCID: PMC9597603 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of metastable zeolites is often restricted to a limited range of synthesis conditions, which is exemplified in commercial syntheses lacking organics to stabilize the crystal structure. In the absence of an organic structure-directing agent, interzeolite transformation is a common phenomenon that can lead to undesirable products or impurities. Many studies have investigated the substitution of Si and Al in zeolite frameworks with alternative elements (heteroatoms) as a means of tailoring the properties of zeolites; however, relatively few studies have systematically explored the impact of heteroatoms on interzeolite transformations and their concomitant effects on zeolite crystallization. In this study, we examine methods to prepare isostructures of faujasite (FAU), which is one of the most commercially relevant zeolites and also a thermodynamically metastable structure. A survey of multivalent elements revealed that zinc is capable of stabilizing FAU at high temperatures and inhibiting its frequent transformation to zeolite gismondine (GIS). Using combined experimental and computational studies, we show that zinc alters the chemical nature of growth mixtures by sequestering silicates. Zinc heteroatoms incorporate in the FAU framework with a loading-dependent coordination. Our collective findings provide an improved understanding of driving forces for the FAU-to-GIS interzeolite transformation where we observe that heteroatoms (e.g., zinc) can stabilize zeolite FAU over a broad range of synthesis conditions. Given the growing interest in heteroatom-substituted zeolites, this approach to preparing zinc-containing FAU may prove applicable to a broader range of zeolite structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Mallette
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Sungil Hong
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Emily E. Freeman
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sarah A. Saslow
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Radha K. Motkuri
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - James J. Neeway
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Giannis Mpourmpakis
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Rimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Blukis R, Schindler M, Couasnon T, Benning LG. Mechanism and Control of Saponite Synthesis from a Self-Assembling Nanocrystalline Precursor. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7678-7688. [PMID: 35708331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Saponite is a clay mineral of the smectite group that finds applications in the chemical industry as a catalyst or catalyst precursor as well as in nanocomposites used for structural or catalytic applications. Saponite of controlled composition, crystallinity, particle size, and morphology would be highly beneficial to industry; however, such materials are not found in a sufficiently pure form in nature. Synthetic methods to produce saponite with specific properties are currently lacking as the understanding of the mechanisms controlling its formation, crystalline properties and particle morphology, is limited. Understanding the saponite formation mechanism is crucial for the development of a highly tuned and controlled synthesis leading to materials with specific properties. Here, we report a new chemical reaction mechanism explaining the nucleation and kinetics of saponite growth at different pHs, at 95-100 °C, and under the influence of pH-modifying additives explored via a combination of X-ray scattering methods and infrared spectroscopy. Our results show that the main factor affecting the nucleation and growth kinetics of saponite is the pH, which has a particularly significant impact on the rate of initial nucleation. Non-uniform reactivity of the aluminosilicate gel also significantly affects saponite growth kinetics and causes a change in the rate-determining step as seen in graphical abstract. The most crystalline saponite is obtained when the nucleation is suppressed by a low initial pH (<7), but the reaction is performed at a higher pH of about 9. The stacking of the saponite sheets can be further improved by a separate postsynthesis treatment with an alkali (NaOH) solution. A simple, ambient pressure method for synthesizing a highly crystalline saponite is proposed that could be easily upscaled for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberts Blukis
- German Research Center for Geosciences, GFZ, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - Maria Schindler
- German Research Center for Geosciences, GFZ, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - Thaïs Couasnon
- German Research Center for Geosciences, GFZ, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - Liane G Benning
- German Research Center for Geosciences, GFZ, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam 14473, Germany
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Morales JM, El Haskouri J, Guillem C, Hany R, Ros-Lis JV, Beltrán D, Beltrán A, Amorós P. Control of the pore wall thickness and thermal stability in low-cost bimodal porous silicas. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang M, Zhang L, Guo K, Lin Y, Meng X, Huang P, Wei Y, Zhang R. Ionothermal Synthesis of Germanosilicate Zeolites Constructed with Double-Four-Ring Structure-Building Units in the Presence of Organic Base. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:621-626. [PMID: 30667595 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization chemistry of silica-based zeolites in ionic liquids remains highly puzzling and interesting in the field of zeolite science. Herein, we report the successful ionothermal synthesis of germanosilicate zeolites. The ionothermal templating effect with respect to the structure, alkalinity and concentration of organic additives was comparatively studied. The results showed that a small amount of organic base could effectively aid the dissolution of silica source and facilitate the crystallization of germanosilicate zeolites with ionic liquid as template. Remarkably, STW and IRR structures constructed with double-four-ring (D4R) structure-building units were ionothermally prepared using 1-ethyl/butyl-3-methyl imidazolium and 1-benzyl-3-methyl imidazolium ionic liquids as template, respectively. Ionothermal synthesis tailored with organic base showed suitable chemistry for the formation of germanium-containing siliceous D4R units. This finding will be helpful for the rational exploration of novel extra-large-pore zeolitic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- SynCat@Beijing, Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Ke Guo
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yutong Lin
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ying Wei
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Runduo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Lin Y, Zhang L, Guo K, Wang M, Wei Y. Co-Structure-Directing Effect in Ionothermal Synthesis of Extra-Large-Pore Aluminophosphate Zeotype with −CLO Topology. Chemistry 2018; 24:2410-2417. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis; College of Chemical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- SynCat@Beijing; Synfuels China Technology Co. Ltd; Beijing 101400 P. R. China
| | - Ke Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis; College of Chemical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis; College of Chemical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Ying Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis; College of Chemical Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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10
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Assembly of a Pentagonal Polyoxomolybdate Building Block, [Mo6O21]6-, into Crystalline MoV Oxides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Knight CTG, Balec RJ, Kinrade SD. Aqueous Alkali-Metal Silicate Anions Containing Fully Condensed Four-Coordinate Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Knight CTG, Balec RJ, Kinrade SD. Aqueous Alkali-Metal Silicate Anions Containing Fully Condensed Four-Coordinate Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9900-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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