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Luo M, Long L, Zhang H, Yang Y, Hua Y, Liu G, Lin Z, Xia H. Reactions of Isocyanides with Metal Carbyne Complexes: Isolation and Characterization of Metallacyclopropenimine Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1822-1825. [PMID: 28106395 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
η2-Iminoketenyl species have often been postulated as the intermediates in nucleophile-induced carbyne-isocyanide C-C coupling processes. However, such species are elusive. Here we report direct formation of η2-iminoketenyl complexes from reactions of metallapentalyne with isocyanides. Our studies show that steric effects of N-substituents of the isocyanides play an important role in the stability of the three-membered metallacycles of the η2-iminoketenyl complexes. Sterically bulky isocyanides, such as tert-butyl or 1-adamantyl isocyanides, inhibit bending at the isocyanide nitrogen atoms, a requirement for formation of η2-iminoketenyl structures. Reactions of metallapentalyne with excess isocyanide allow the metal-bridged metallaindene derivativesto be isolated as a result of the isocyanide insertion into the M-Cα σ bond of metallapentalyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lipeng Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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Yu S, Sun R, Chen H, Xie X, Liu Y. Zirconium-Mediated Multicomponent Reactions of 1,3-Butadiynes with Ylidenemalononitriles to Form Functionalized 1,8-Naphthyridine and Cyclopenta[b]pyridine Derivatives. Chemistry 2014; 21:1420-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yu S, Xiong M, Xie X, Liu Y. Insertion of Nitriles into Zirconocene 1-aza-1,3-diene Complexes: Chemoselective Synthesis of N-H and N-Substituted Pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Becker L, Strehler F, Korb M, Arndt P, Spannenberg A, Baumann W, Lang H, Rosenthal U. Unusual nitrile-nitrile and nitrile-alkyne coupling of Fc-C≡N and FC-C≡C-C≡N. Chemistry 2014; 20:3061-8. [PMID: 24615841 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the Group 4 metallocene alkyne complexes, [Cp*2M(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3)] (1 a: M=Ti, 1 b: M=Zr, Cp*=η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), with the ferrocenyl nitriles, Fc-CN and Fc-C≡C-C≡N (Fc=Fe(η5-C5H5)(η5-C5H4)), is described. In case of Fc-C≡N an unusual nitrile–nitrile C-C homocoupling was observed and 1-metalla-2,5-diaza-cyclopenta-2,4-dienes (3 a, b) were obtained. As the first step of the reaction with 1 b, the nitrile was coordinated to give [Cp*2Zr(η2-Me3SiC2SiMe3)(N≡C-Fc)] (2 b). The reactions with the 3-ferrocenyl-2-propyne-nitrile FcC≡C-C≡N lead to an alkyne–nitrile C-C coupling of two substrates and the formation of 1-metalla-2-aza-cyclopenta-2,4-dienes (4 a, b). For M=Zr, the compound is stabilized by dimerization as evidenced by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The electrochemical behavior of 3 a, b and 4 a, b was investigated, showing decomposition after oxidation, leading to different redox-active products.
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Yu S, Xiong M, Xie X, Liu Y. Insertion of nitriles into zirconocene 1-aza-1,3-diene complexes: chemoselective synthesis of N-H and N-substituted pyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11596-9. [PMID: 25205544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The direct insertion of nitriles into zirconocene-1-aza-1,3-diene complexes provides an efficient, chemoselective, and controllable synthesis of N-H and N-substituted pyrroles upon acidic aqueous work-up. The outcome of the reaction (that is, the formation of N-H or N-substituted pyrroles) results from the different cyclization patterns, which depend on the relative stability and reactivity of the enamine-imine tautomers formed by hydrolysis of the diazazirconacycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032 (P. R. China)
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Yu S, You X, Liu Y. Unexpected zirconium-mediated multicomponent reactions of conjugated 1,3-butadiynes and monoynes with acyl cyanide derivatives. Chemistry 2012; 18:13936-40. [PMID: 23019049 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Going ber(zirc): zirconium-butadiyne complexes react with acyl cyanide derivatives through diverse reaction pathways. The complexes react with two molecules of carbamoyl cyanide to form 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one-derivatives containing azazirconacycles. Reactions with either aroyl cyanides or alkyl cyanoformates lead to azazirconacyclopentenes containing a quaternary carbon center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
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Zhang WX, Zhang S, Xi Z. Zirconocene and Si-tethered diynes: a happy match directed toward organometallic chemistry and organic synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:541-51. [PMID: 21612215 DOI: 10.1021/ar200078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing reactive organometallic intermediates is critical for understanding the mechanistic aspects of metal-mediated organic reactions. Moreover, the isolation of reactive organometallic intermediates can often result in the ability to design new synthetic methods. In this Account, we outline synthetic methods that we developed for a variety of diverse Zr/Si organo-bimetallic compounds and Si/N heteroatom-organic compounds through the detailed study of zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused compounds. Two basic components are involved in this chemistry. The first is the Si-tethered diyne, which owes its rich reactive palette to the combination of the Si-C bond and the C≡C triple bond. The second is the low-valent zirconocene species Cp(2)Zr(II), which has proven very useful in organic synthesis. The reaction of these two components affords the zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused compound, which is the key reactive Zr/Si organo-bimetallic intermediate discussed here. We discuss the three types of reactions that have been developed for the zirconacyclobutene-silacyclobutene fused intermediate. The reaction with nitriles (the C≡N triple bond) is introduced in the first section. In this one-pot reaction, up to four different components can be combined: the Si-tethered diyne can be reacted with three identical nitriles, with differing nitriles, or with a nitrile and other unsaturated organic substrates such as formamides, isocyanides, acid chlorides, aldehydes, carbodiimides, and azides. Several unexpected multiring, fused Zr/Si organo-bimetallic intermediates were isolated and characterized. A wide variety of N-heterocycles, such as 5-azaindole, pyrrole, and pyrroloazepine derivatives, were obtained. We then discuss the reaction with alkynes (the C≡C triple bond). A consecutive skeletal rearrangement, differing from that observed in the reactions with nitriles, takes place in this reaction. Finally, we discuss the reaction with the C═X substrates (where X is O or N), including ketones, aldehydes, and isocyanides. Oxa- and azazirconacycles are formed via a new skeletal rearrangement. Our results show that the zirconocene and the Si-tethered diyne cooperate as a "chemical transformer" after treatment with various substrates, leading to a diverse range of cyclic Zr/Si organo-bimetallic compounds. This mechanism-derived synthesis of organometallic and organic compounds demonstrates that the investigation of metal-mediated reactions and the isolation of reactive organometallic intermediates not only contribute to the understanding of complex reactions but can also lead to the discovery of synthetically useful methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Zhang S, Zhang WX, Zhao J, Xi Z. One-Pot Selective Syntheses of 5-Azaindoles through Zirconocene-Mediated Multicomponent Reactions with Three Different Nitrile Components and One Alkyne Component. Chemistry 2011; 17:2442-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang S, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Efficient one-pot synthesis of N-containing heterocycles by multicomponent coupling of silicon-tethered diynes, nitriles, and isocyanides through intramolecular cyclization of iminoacyl-Zr intermediates. Chemistry 2010; 16:8419-26. [PMID: 20544754 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An efficient multicomponent synthesis of 5-azaindoles and dihydropyrrolo[3,2-c]azepines was achieved by zirconocene-mediated coupling of silicon-tethered diynes, nitriles, and isocyanides. The synthesis, structures, and intramolecular cyclization of mono- and bis(iminoacyl)--Zr intermediates were investigated to elucidate the reaction process. Upon hydrolysis, the isolated mono(iminoacyl)--Zr intermediates underwent intramolecular cyclization to afford tetrasubstituted 5-azaindoles, whereas intramolecular cyclization of bis(iminoacyl)--Zr intermediates led to the formation of dihydropyrrolo[3,2-c]azepines. The structure of a bis(iminoacyl)--Zr intermediate, formed through insertion of two molecules of CyNC into the Zr--C bond, and structures of two dihydropyrrolo[3,2-c]azepines were characterized by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Zhang S, Sun X, Zhang WX, Xi Z. One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Azaindoles and Pyrroles from One Molecule of a Silicon-Tethered Diyne and Three or Two Molecules of Organonitriles Mediated by Zirconocene. Chemistry 2009; 15:12608-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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