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Kumawat RL, Jena MK, Mittal S, Pathak B. Advancement of Next-Generation DNA Sequencing through Ionic Blockade and Transverse Tunneling Current Methods. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401112. [PMID: 38716623 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
DNA sequencing is transforming the field of medical diagnostics and personalized medicine development by providing a pool of genetic information. Recent advancements have propelled solid-state material-based sequencing into the forefront as a promising next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, offering amplification-free, cost-effective, and high-throughput DNA analysis. Consequently, a comprehensive framework for diverse sequencing methodologies and a cross-sectional understanding with meticulous documentation of the latest advancements is of timely need. This review explores a broad spectrum of progress and accomplishments in the field of DNA sequencing, focusing mainly on electrical detection methods. The review delves deep into both the theoretical and experimental demonstrations of the ionic blockade and transverse tunneling current methods across a broad range of device architectures, nanopore, nanogap, nanochannel, and hybrid/heterostructures. Additionally, various aspects of each architecture are explored along with their strengths and weaknesses, scrutinizing their potential applications for ultrafast DNA sequencing. Finally, an overview of existing challenges and future directions is provided to expedite the emergence of high-precision and ultrafast DNA sequencing with ionic and transverse current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar L Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Milan Kumar Jena
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Sneha Mittal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
| | - Biswarup Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 453552, India
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Cao X, Guo Y, Feng Y, Liu X, Yao F, Chen T, Tian L, Kang X. Recognition Receptor for Methylated Arginine at the Single Molecular Level. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6989-6995. [PMID: 37083370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the various types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), methylation is the simple functionalized one that regulates the functions of proteins and affects interactions of protein-protein and protein-DNA/RNA, which will further influence diverse cellular processes. The methylation modification has only a slight effect on the size and hydrophobicity of proteins or peptides, and it cannot change their net charges at all, so the methods for recognizing methylated protein are still limited. Here, we designed a recognition receptor consisting of a α-hemolysin (α-HL) nanopore and polyamine decorated γ-cyclodextrin (am8γ-CD) to differentiate the methylation of peptide derived from a heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein at the single molecule level. The results indicate that the modification of a methyl group enhances the interaction between the peptide and the recognition receptor. The results of molecular simulations were consistent with the experiments; the methylated peptide interacts with the receptor strongly due to the more formation of hydrogen bonds. This proposed strategy also can be used to detect PTM in real biological samples and possesses the advantages of low-cost and high sensitivity and is label-free. Furthermore, the success in the construction of this recognition receptor will greatly facilitate the investigation of pathogenesis related to methylated arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xingtong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Fujun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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Cao Z, Yadav P, Barati Farimani A. Which 2D Material is Better for DNA Detection: Graphene, MoS 2, or MXene? NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7874-7881. [PMID: 36165777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite much research on characterizing 2D materials for DNA detection with nanopore technology, a thorough comparison between the performance of different 2D materials is currently lacking. In this work, using extensive molecular dynamics simulations, we compare nanoporous graphene, MoS2 and titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2) for their DNA detection performance and sensitivity. The ionic current and residence time of DNA are characterized in each nanoporous materials by performing hundreds of simulations. We devised two statistical measures including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the absolute pairwise difference to compare the performance of nanopores. We found that graphene nanopore is the most sensitive membrane for distinguishing DNA bases. The MoS2 is capable of distinguishing the A and T bases from the C and G bases better than graphene and MXene. Physisorption and the orientation of DNA in nanopores are further investigated to provide molecular insight into the performance characteristics of different nanopores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Prakarsh Yadav
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Amir Barati Farimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Ahmed YW, Alemu BA, Bekele SA, Gizaw ST, Zerihun MF, Wabalo EK, Teklemariam MD, Mihrete TK, Hanurry EY, Amogne TG, Gebrehiwot AD, Berga TN, Haile EA, Edo DO, Alemu BD. Epigenetic tumor heterogeneity in the era of single-cell profiling with nanopore sequencing. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:107. [PMID: 36030244 PMCID: PMC9419648 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing has brought the technology to the next generation in the science of sequencing. This is achieved through research advancing on: pore efficiency, creating mechanisms to control DNA translocation, enhancing signal-to-noise ratio, and expanding to long-read ranges. Heterogeneity regarding epigenetics would be broad as mutations in the epigenome are sensitive to cause new challenges in cancer research. Epigenetic enzymes which catalyze DNA methylation and histone modification are dysregulated in cancer cells and cause numerous heterogeneous clones to evolve. Detection of this heterogeneity in these clones plays an indispensable role in the treatment of various cancer types. With single-cell profiling, the nanopore sequencing technology could provide a simple sequence at long reads and is expected to be used soon at the bedside or doctor's office. Here, we review the advancements of nanopore sequencing and its use in the detection of epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannis Wondwosen Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Berhan Ababaw Alemu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Addisu Bekele
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Tebeje Gizaw
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Fekadie Zerihun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endriyas Kelta Wabalo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Maria Degef Teklemariam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tsehayneh Kelemu Mihrete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Yibru Hanurry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tensae Gebru Amogne
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Assaye Desalegne Gebrehiwot
- Department of Medical Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamirat Nida Berga
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ebsitu Abate Haile
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dessiet Oma Edo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bizuwork Derebew Alemu
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
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Wloka C, Mutter NL, Soskine M, Maglia G. Alpha-Helical Fragaceatoxin C Nanopore Engineered for Double-Stranded and Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wloka
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Lisa Mutter
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Misha Soskine
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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Wloka C, Mutter NL, Soskine M, Maglia G. Alpha-Helical Fragaceatoxin C Nanopore Engineered for Double-Stranded and Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12494-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wloka
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Natalie Lisa Mutter
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Misha Soskine
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maglia
- Chemical Biology I; Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB); University of Groningen; 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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Comer J, Aksimentiev A. DNA sequence-dependent ionic currents in ultra-small solid-state nanopores. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9600-13. [PMID: 27103233 PMCID: PMC4860951 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01061j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of ionic currents through nanopores partially blocked by DNA have emerged as a powerful method for characterization of the DNA nucleotide sequence. Although the effect of the nucleotide sequence on the nanopore blockade current has been experimentally demonstrated, prediction and interpretation of such measurements remain a formidable challenge. Using atomic resolution computational approaches, here we show how the sequence, molecular conformation, and pore geometry affect the blockade ionic current in model solid-state nanopores. We demonstrate that the blockade current from a DNA molecule is determined by the chemical identities and conformations of at least three consecutive nucleotides. We find the blockade currents produced by the nucleotide triplets to vary considerably with their nucleotide sequences despite having nearly identical molecular conformations. Encouragingly, we find blockade current differences as large as 25% for single-base substitutions in ultra small (1.6 nm × 1.1 nm cross section; 2 nm length) solid-state nanopores. Despite the complex dependence of the blockade current on the sequence and conformation of the DNA triplets, we find that, under many conditions, the number of thymine bases is positively correlated with the current, whereas the number of purine bases and the presence of both purines and pyrimidines in the triplet are negatively correlated with the current. Based on these observations, we construct a simple theoretical model that relates the ion current to the base content of a solid-state nanopore. Furthermore, we show that compact conformations of DNA in narrow pores provide the greatest signal-to-noise ratio for single base detection, whereas reduction of the nanopore length increases the ionic current noise. Thus, the sequence dependence of the nanopore blockade current can be theoretically rationalized, although the predictions will likely need to be customized for each nanopore type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, P-213 Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL, USA.
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Bhattacharya S, Yoo J, Aksimentiev A. Water Mediates Recognition of DNA Sequence via Ionic Current Blockade in a Biological Nanopore. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4644-51. [PMID: 27054820 PMCID: PMC4849127 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electric field-driven translocation of DNA strands through biological nanopores has been shown to produce blockades of the nanopore ionic current that depend on the nucleotide composition of the strands. Coupling a biological nanopore MspA to a DNA processing enzyme has made DNA sequencing via measurement of ionic current blockades possible. Nevertheless, the physical mechanism enabling the DNA sequence readout has remained undetermined. Here, we report the results of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations that elucidated the physical mechanism of ionic current blockades in the biological nanopore MspA. We find that the amount of water displaced from the nanopore by the DNA strand determines the nanopore ionic current, whereas the steric and base-stacking properties of the DNA nucleotides determine the amount of water displaced. Unexpectedly, we find the effective force on DNA in MspA to undergo large fluctuations, which may produce insertion errors in the DNA sequence readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bhattacharya
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana{Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Jejoong Yoo
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana{Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Center for the Physics of Living Cells
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana{Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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Jin Q, Fleming AM, Johnson RP, Ding Y, Burrows CJ, White HS. Base-excision repair activity of uracil-DNA glycosylase monitored using the latch zone of α-hemolysin. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:19347-53. [PMID: 24295110 PMCID: PMC3905681 DOI: 10.1021/ja410615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanopores have been investigated as a simple and label-free tool to characterize DNA nucleotides when a ssDNA strand translocates through the constriction of the pore. Here, a wild-type α-hemolysin protein nanopore was used to monitor DNA repair enzyme activity based on base-specific interactions of dsDNA with the vestibule constriction "latch", a previously unrecognized sensing zone in α-hemolysin specific for dsDNA structure. The presence of a single abasic site within dsDNA that is in proximity to the latch zone (±2 nucleotides) results in a large increase in ion channel current, allowing accurate quantitation of the kinetics of base repair reactions involving an abasic site product. Taking advantage of the high resolution for abasic site recognition, the rate of uracil-DNA glycosylase hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond, converting 2'-deoxyuridine in DNA to an abasic site, was continuously monitored by electrophoretically capturing reaction substrate or product dsDNA in the ion channel vestibule. Our work suggests use of the nanopore as an enzymology tool and provides a means to identify single base structural changes in dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Aaron M. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Robert P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Yun Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Cynthia J. Burrows
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
| | - Henry S. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt City, Utah 84112-0850, United States
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Ying YL, Zhang J, Gao R, Long YT. Nanopore-Based Sequencing and Detection of Nucleic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13154-61. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Wells DB, Belkin M, Comer J, Aksimentiev A. Assessing graphene nanopores for sequencing DNA. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:4117-23. [PMID: 22780094 PMCID: PMC3434709 DOI: 10.1021/nl301655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Using all-atom molecular dynamics and atomic-resolution Brownian dynamics, we simulate the translocation of single-stranded DNA through graphene nanopores and characterize the ionic current blockades produced by DNA nucleotides. We find that transport of single DNA strands through graphene nanopores may occur in single nucleotide steps. For certain pore geometries, hydrophobic interactions with the graphene membrane lead to a dramatic reduction in the conformational fluctuations of the nucleotides in the nanopores. Furthermore, we show that ionic current blockades produced by different DNA nucleotides are, in general, indicative of the nucleotide type, but very sensitive to the orientation of the nucleotides in the nanopore. Taken together, our simulations suggest that strand sequencing of DNA by measuring the ionic current blockades in graphene nanopores may be possible, given that the conformation of DNA nucleotides in the nanopore can be controlled through precise engineering of the nanopore surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Wells
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
| | - Maxim Belkin
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
| | - Aleksei Aksimentiev
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 W. Green St., Urbana, IL
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New Fellows Elected to The Royal / Society: H. Bayley, J. W. Goodby, C. P. Grey, I. Manners. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Membranes form natural barriers that need to be permeable to diverse matter like ions and substrates. This permeability is controlled by ion-channel proteins, which have attracted great interest for pharmaceutical applications. Ion-channel engineering (ICE) modifies biological ion channels by chemical/biological synthetis means. The goal is to obtain ion channels with modified or novel functionality. Three functional strategies exist. The first is the manipulation of the wider pores with robust β-barrel structures, such as those of α-hemolysin and porins. The second engineering approach focuses on the modification of narrow (mostly α-helical) pores to understand selectivity and modes of action. A third functional approach addresses channel gating by (photo)triggering the biological receptor that controls the channel. Several synthetis strategies have been developed and successfully utilized for the synthetic modification of biological ion-channels: the S-alkylation of specifically introduced Cys, protein semisynthesis by native chemical ligation, protein semisynthesis by protein trans-splicing, as well as nonsense-suppression methods. Structural studies (X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy) are necessary to support the functional studies and to afford predictable engineering. The reprogramming and re-engineering of channels can be used for sensing applications, treatment of channelopathies, chemical neurobiology, and providing novel lead compounds for targeting ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Grosse
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Chu J, González-López M, Cockroft SL, Amorin M, Ghadiri MR. Real-time monitoring of DNA polymerase function and stepwise single-nucleotide DNA strand translocation through a protein nanopore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:10106-9. [PMID: 21105031 PMCID: PMC3132071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201005460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M. Reza Ghadiri
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecule Biology and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Chu J, González-López M, Cockroft SL, Amorin M, Ghadiri MR. Real-Time Monitoring of DNA Polymerase Function and Stepwise Single-Nucleotide DNA Strand Translocation through a Protein Nanopore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201005460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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