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Chen N, Xu HC. Electrochemically Driven Radical Reactions: From Direct Electrolysis to Molecular Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2306-2319. [PMID: 33734572 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organic radicals are versatile synthetic intermediates that provide reactivities and selectivities complementary to ionic species. Despite its long history, electrochemically driven radical reactions remain limited in scope. In the past few years, there have been dramatic increase in research activity in organic electrochemistry. We have been developing electrochemical and electrophotocatalytic methods for the generation and synthetic utilization of organic radicals. In our studies, various radical species such as alkene and arene radical cations and carbon- and heteroatom-centered radicals are generated from readily available precursors through direct electrolysis, molecular electrocatalysis or molecular electrophotocatalysis. These radical species undergo various inter- and intramolecular oxidative transformations to rapidly increase molecular complexity. The simultaneous occurrence of anodic oxidation and cathodic proton reduction allows the oxidative reactions to proceed through H2 evolution without external chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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2
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Wang S, Wang H, Wang S, Zhong X, Bu F, Cong H, Lei A. Electrochemical Oxidative Carbon‐Atom Difunctionalization: Towards Multisubstituted Imino Sulfide Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Huamin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei P. R. China
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3
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Guan Z, Zhu S, Wang S, Wang H, Wang S, Zhong X, Bu F, Cong H, Lei A. Electrochemical Oxidative Carbon-Atom Difunctionalization: Towards Multisubstituted Imino Sulfide Ethers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1573-1577. [PMID: 33006414 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ethers (C-O/S) are ubiquitously found in a wide array of functional molecules and natural products. Nonetheless, the synthesis of imino sulfide ethers, containing an N(sp2 )=C(sp2 )-O/S fragment, still remains a challenge because of its sensitivity to acid. Developed here in is an unprecedented electrochemical oxidative carbon-atom difunctionalization of isocyanides, providing a series of novel multisubstituted imino sulfide ethers. Under metal-free and external oxidant-free conditions, isocyanides react smoothly with simple and readily available mercaptans and alcohols. Importantly, the procedure exhibited high stereoselectivities, excellent functional-group tolerance, and good efficiency on large-scale synthesis, as well as further derivatization of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Guan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shuxiang Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Huamin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Faxiang Bu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hengjiang Cong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, P. R. China
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Wang P, Gao X, Huang P, Lei A. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Alkenes with H
2
Evolution. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Xinlong Gao
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) College of Chemistry and Molecular SciencesWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 P. R. China
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5
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Electrochemical Synthesis of [1,2,3]Triazolo[1,5‐
a
]pyridines through Dehydrogenative Cyclization. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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6
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Electrifying Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5594-5619. [PMID: 29292849 PMCID: PMC5969240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 804] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The direct synthetic organic use of electricity is currently experiencing a renaissance. More synthetically oriented laboratories working in this area are exploiting both novel and more traditional concepts, paving the way to broader applications of this niche technology. As only electrons serve as reagents, the generation of reagent waste is efficiently avoided. Moreover, stoichiometric reagents can be regenerated and allow a transformation to be conducted in an electrocatalytic fashion. However, the application of electroorganic transformations is more than minimizing the waste footprint, it rather gives rise to inherently safe processes, reduces the number of steps of many syntheses, allows for milder reaction conditions, provides alternative means to access desired structural entities, and creates intellectual property (IP) space. When the electricity originates from renewable resources, this surplus might be directly employed as a terminal oxidizing or reducing agent, providing an ultra-sustainable and therefore highly attractive technique. This Review surveys recent developments in electrochemical synthesis that will influence the future of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate CenterStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Graduate School Materials Science in MainzStaudingerweg 955128MainzGermany
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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Wiebe A, Gieshoff T, Möhle S, Rodrigo E, Zirbes M, Waldvogel SR. Elektrifizierung der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Wiebe
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Tile Gieshoff
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Michael Zirbes
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Max Planck Graduate Center; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Deutschland
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
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Lu Z, Yang M, Chen P, Xiong X, Li A. Total Synthesis of Hapalindole-Type Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13840-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Lu Z, Yang M, Chen P, Xiong X, Li A. Total Synthesis of Hapalindole-Type Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Elsler B, Schollmeyer D, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Metall- und reagensfreie hochselektive anodische Kreuzkupplung von Phenolen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Elsler B, Schollmeyer D, Dyballa KM, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Metal- and reagent-free highly selective anodic cross-coupling reaction of phenols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5210-3. [PMID: 24644088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The direct oxidative cross-coupling of phenols is a very challenging transformation, as homo-coupling is usually strongly preferred. Electrochemical methods circumvent the use of oxidizing reagents or metal catalysts and are therefore highly attractive. Employing electrolytes with a high capacity for hydrogen bonding, such as methanol with formic acid or 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, a direct electrolysis in an undivided cell provides mixed 2,2'-biphenols with high selectivity. This mild method tolerates a variety of moieties, for example, tert-butyl groups, which are not compatible with other strong electrophilic media but vital for later catalytic applications of the formed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Elsler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz (Germany) http//www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
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Dong Y, Liu B, Chen P, Liu Q, Wang M. Palladium-Catalyzed CS Activation/Aryne Insertion/Coupling Sequence: Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Quinolinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3442-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Dong Y, Liu B, Chen P, Liu Q, Wang M. Palladium-Catalyzed CS Activation/Aryne Insertion/Coupling Sequence: Synthesis of Functionalized 2-Quinolinones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Redden A, Perkins RJ, Moeller KD. Oxidative cyclization reactions: controlling the course of a radical cation-derived reaction with the use of a second nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12865-8. [PMID: 24254900 PMCID: PMC4374546 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Construction of new ring systems: Oxidative cyclizations (see picture; RVC=reticulated vitreous carbon) have been conducted that use two separate intramolecular nucleophiles to trap an enol ether-derived radical cation intermediate. The reactions provide a means for rapidly trapping the radical cation intermediate in a manner that avoids competitive decomposition reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Redden
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63130 (USA)
| | - Robert J. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63130 (USA)
| | - Kevin D. Moeller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, MO 63130 (USA)
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Redden A, Perkins RJ, Moeller KD. Oxidative Cyclization Reactions: Controlling the Course of a Radical Cation-Derived Reaction with the Use of a Second Nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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