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Gulati U, Gandhi R, Laha JK. Benzylic Methylene Functionalizations of Diarylmethanes. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3135-3161. [PMID: 32794651 PMCID: PMC7436909 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diarylmethanes are cardinal scaffolds by virtue of their unique structural feature including the presence of a benzylic CH2 group that can be easily functionalized to generate a variety of fascinating molecules holding immense importance in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. While the originally developed protocols for benzylic C-H functionalization in diarylmethanes employing base-mediated and metal-catalyzed strategies are still actively used, they are joined by a new array of metal-free conditions, offering milder and benign conditions. With the recent surge of interest towards the synthesis of functionalized diarylmethanes, numerous choices are now available for a synthetic organic chemist to transform the benzylic C-H bond to C-C or C-X bond offering the synthesis of any molecule of choice. This review highlights benzylic methylene (CH2 ) functionalizations of diaryl/heteroarylmethanes utilizing various base-mediated, transition-metal-catalyzed, and transition-metal free approaches for the synthesis of structurally diverse important organic molecules, often with a high chemo-, regio- and enantio-selectivity. This review also attempts to provide analysis of the scope and limitations, mechanistic understanding, and sustainability of the transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upma Gulati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S., Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Radhika Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S., Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Joydev K Laha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S., Nagar, 160062, Punjab, India
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2
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Umeno K, Oishi T. Synthesis and Stereochemistry of the C30−C63 Section of Karlotoxin 2. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Umeno
- Department of Chemistry Faculty and Graduate School of Science Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Tohru Oishi
- Department of Chemistry Faculty and Graduate School of Science Kyushu University 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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3
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Liu Y, Zhai D, Zhang X, Guan B. Potassium‐Zincate‐Catalyzed Benzylic C−H Bond Addition of Diarylmethanes to Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dan‐Dan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiang‐Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Bing‐Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollege of ChemistryNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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4
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Liu YF, Zhai DD, Zhang XY, Guan BT. Potassium-Zincate-Catalyzed Benzylic C-H Bond Addition of Diarylmethanes to Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8245-8249. [PMID: 29394001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of the benzylic C-H bond of diarylmethanes is an important strategy for the synthesis of diarylmethine-containing compounds. However, the methods developed to date for this purpose require a stoichiometric amount (usually more) of either a strong base or an oxidant. Reported here is the first catalytic benzylic C-H bond addition of diarylmethanes to styrenes and conjugated dienes. A potassium zincate complex, generated from potassium benzyl and zinc amide, acts as a catalyst and displays good activity and chemoselectivity. Considering the atom economy of the reaction and the ready availability of the catalyst, this reaction constitutes a practical, efficient method for diarylalkane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhai
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bing-Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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5
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Rohrs TM, Qin Q, Floreancig PE. Re 2
O 7
-Mediated Dehydrative Cyclization Reactions: Total Synthesis of Herboxidiene and Its 12-Desmethyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M. Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Paul E. Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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Rohrs TM, Qin Q, Floreancig PE. Re 2 O 7 -Mediated Dehydrative Cyclization Reactions: Total Synthesis of Herboxidiene and Its 12-Desmethyl Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10900-10904. [PMID: 28686815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Re2 O7 catalysis effects efficient and stereoselective dehydrative cyclization reactions from monoallylic diols, with stereocontrol arising from thermodynamic equilibration. This method was applied to a rapid synthesis of the spliceosome inhibitor herboxidiene. The route was also utilized for the synthesis of an analogue that highlights the importance of a single methyl group in biasing the conformation in the acyclic region of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Rohrs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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7
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Audubert C, Gamboa Marin OJ, Lebel H. Batch and Continuous-Flow One-Pot Processes using Amine Diazotization to Produce Silylated Diazo Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Lebel
- Département de chimie; Université de Montréal; Canada
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8
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Audubert C, Gamboa Marin OJ, Lebel H. Batch and Continuous-Flow One-Pot Processes using Amine Diazotization to Produce Silylated Diazo Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6294-6297. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Lebel
- Département de chimie; Université de Montréal; Canada
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9
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Yashiro K, Ito S, Kayaki S, Sakata K, Mizota I, Hachiya I, Shimizu M. Titanium tetraiodide-mediated diastereoselective iodo-aldol and Mannich reactions of γ-alkoxy-α,β-alkynyl ketone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hog DT, Huber FME, Jiménez-Osés G, Mayer P, Houk KN, Trauner D. Evolution of a Unified Strategy for Complex Sesterterpenoids: Progress toward Astellatol and the Total Synthesis of (-)-Nitidasin. Chemistry 2015; 21:13646-65. [PMID: 26300211 PMCID: PMC4696511 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Astellatol and nitidasin belong to a subset of sesterterpenoids that share a sterically encumbered trans-hydrindane motif with an isopropyl substituent. In addition, these natural products feature intriguing polycyclic ring systems, posing significant challenges for chemical synthesis. Herein, the evolution of our stereoselective strategy for isopropyl trans-hydrindane sesterterpenoids is detailed. These endeavors included the synthesis of several building blocks, enabling studies toward all molecules of this terpenoid subclass, and of advanced intermediates of our initial route toward a biomimetic synthesis of astellatol. These findings provided the basis for a second-generation and a third-generation approach toward astellatol that eventually culminated in the enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-nitidasin. In particular, a series of substrate-controlled transformations to install the ten stereogenic centers of the target molecule was orchestrated and the carbocyclic backbone was forged in a convergent fashion. Furthermore, the progress toward the synthesis of astellatol is disclosed and insights into some observed yet unexpected diastereoselectivities by detailed quantum-mechanical calculations are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Hog
- Department for Chemistry and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 München (Germany)
- Present address: Bayer Health Care, Bayer Pharma AG, BPH-GDD-CGEI-MCB-MCII, Müllerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Florian M E Huber
- Department for Chemistry and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 München (Germany)
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA).
| | - Peter Mayer
- Department for Chemistry and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 München (Germany)
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095 (USA)
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department for Chemistry and Center of Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandstr. 5-13, 81377 München (Germany).
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11
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Zheng B, Jia T, Walsh PJ. A General and Practical Palladium-Catalyzed Direct α-Arylation of Amides with Aryl Halides. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:165-178. [PMID: 24765060 PMCID: PMC3994175 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An efficient system for the direct catalytic intermolecular α-arylation of acetamide derivatives with aryl bromides and chlorides is presented. The palladium catalyst is supported by Kwong's indole-based phosphine ligand and provides monoarylated amides in up to 95% yield. Excellent chemoselectivities (>10:1) in the mono- and diarylation with aryl bromides were achieved by careful selection of bases, solvents, and stoichiometry. Under the coupling conditions, the weakly acidic α-protons of amides (pKa up to 35) were reversibly depotonated by LiO t Bu, NaO t Bu, or NaN(SiMe3)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Tiezheng Jia
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Hachiya I, Ito S, Kayaki S, Shimizu M. Diastereoselective Iodoaldol Reaction of γ-Alkoxy-α,β-Alkynyl Ketone Derivatives Promoted by Titanium Tetraiodide. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Lumbroso A, Cooke ML, Breit B. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Allylic Alcohols and Derivatives and their Applications in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1890-932. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Lumbroso A, Cooke ML, Breit B. Katalytische asymmetrische Synthese von Allylalkoholen und Allylalkohol-Derivaten und deren Anwendung in der organischen Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Xie Y, Floreancig PE. Cascade approach to stereoselective polycyclic ether formation: epoxides as trapping agents in the transposition of allylic alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:625-8. [PMID: 23172717 PMCID: PMC3857712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Complexity from simplicity: polycyclic ethers are synthesized by cascade reactions involving the use of epoxides as electrophilic traps in the transposition of allylic alcohols. Stereogenic centers are created by functionalizing prochiral sites under thermodynamic control, and remote stereoinduction can be achieved through the use of ketones as conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Xie
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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16
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Xie Y, Floreancig PE. Cascade Approach to Stereoselective Polycyclic Ether Formation: Epoxides as Trapping Agents in the Transposition of Allylic Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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17
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Schmidt J, Stark CBW. Biomimetic Synthesis and Proposal of Relative and Absolute Stereochemistry of Heronapyrrole C. Org Lett 2012; 14:4042-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol300954s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schmidt
- Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian B. W. Stark
- Fachbereich Chemie, Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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