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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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Gauthier M, Koehler V, Clavel C, Kauffmann B, Huc I, Ferrand Y, Coutrot F. Interplay between a Foldamer Helix and a Macrocycle in a Foldarotaxane Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8380-8384. [PMID: 33475210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel rotaxane/foldaxane hybrid architecture is reported. The winding of an aromatic oligoamide helix host around a dumbbell-shaped thread-like guest, or axle, already surrounded by a macrocycle was evidenced by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The process proved to depend on the position of the macrocycle along the axle and the associated steric hindrance. The macrocycle thus behaves as a switchable shield that modulates the affinity of the helix for the axle. Reciprocally, the foldamer helix acts as a supramolecular auxiliary that compartmentalizes the axle. In some cases, the macrocycle is forced to move along the axle to allow the foldamer to reach its best recognition site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Victor Koehler
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Caroline Clavel
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, UMS3033, IECB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Gauthier M, Koehler V, Clavel C, Kauffmann B, Huc I, Ferrand Y, Coutrot F. Interplay between a Foldamer Helix and a Macrocycle in a Foldarotaxane Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage Faculté des Sciences Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Victor Koehler
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248) Université de Bordeaux CNRS, IPB 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
| | - Caroline Clavel
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage Faculté des Sciences Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Université de Bordeaux CNRS INSERM, UMS3033 IECB 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein Science Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248) Université de Bordeaux CNRS, IPB 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage Faculté des Sciences Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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Zhou HY, Han Y, Shi Q, Chen CF. A Triply Operable Molecular Switch: Anion-, Acid/Base- and Solvent-Responsive [2]Rotaxane. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He-Ye Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
| | - Qiang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing China
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100190 Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; 100049 Beijing China
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Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Tetlow DJ, Zhang L. Securing a Supramolecular Architecture by Tying a Stopper Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10484-10488. [PMID: 29708636 PMCID: PMC6099318 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on a rotaxane-like architecture secured by the in situ tying of an overhand knot in the tris(2,6-pyridyldicarboxamide) region of the axle through complexation with a lanthanide ion (Lu3+ ). The increase in steric bulk caused by the knotting locks a crown ether onto the thread. Removal of the lutetium ion unties the knot, and when the axle binding site for the ring is deactivated, the macrocycle spontaneously dethreads. When the binding interaction is switched on again, the crown ether rethreads over the 10 nm length of the untangled strand. The overhand knot can be retied, relocking the threaded structure, by once again adding lutetium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | | | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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Leigh DA, Pirvu L, Schaufelberger F, Tetlow DJ, Zhang L. Securing a Supramolecular Architecture by Tying a Stopper Knot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Leigh
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Lucian Pirvu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | | | - Daniel J. Tetlow
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Masai H, Terao J, Fujihara T, Tsuji Y. Rational Design for Rotaxane Synthesis through Intramolecular Slippage: Control of Activation Energy by Rigid Axle Length. Chemistry 2016; 22:6624-30. [PMID: 27027800 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new concept for rotaxane synthesis through intramolecular slippage using π-conjugated molecules as rigid axles linked with organic soluble and flexible permethylated α-cyclodextrins (PM α-CDs) as macrocycles. Through hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions and flipping of PM α-CDs, successful quantitative conversion into rotaxanes was achieved without covalent bond formation. The rotaxanes had high activation barrier for their de-threading, so that they were kinetically isolated and derivatized even under conditions unfavorable for maintaining the rotaxane structures. (1) H NMR spectroscopy experiments clearly revealed that the restricted motion of the linked macrocycle with the rigid axle made it possible to control the kinetic stability by adjusting the length of the rigid axle in the precursor structure rather than the steric bulkiness of the stopper unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Tetsuaki Fujihara
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tsuji
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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Chen L, Wang H, Zhang DW, Zhou Y, Li ZT. Quadruple Switching of Pleated Foldamers of Tetrathiafulvalene-Bipyridinium Alternating Dynamic Covalent Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4028-31. [PMID: 25651411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433 (China)
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Chen L, Wang H, Zhang DW, Zhou Y, Li ZT. Quadruple Switching of Pleated Foldamers of Tetrathiafulvalene-Bipyridinium Alternating Dynamic Covalent Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hydrogen-Bonding-Driven Aromatic Foldamers: Their Structural and Functional Evolution. CHEM REC 2014; 15:233-51. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wu CF, Li ZM, Xu XN, Zhao ZX, Zhao X, Wang RX, Li ZT. Folding-Induced Folding: The Assembly of Aromatic Amide and 1,2,3-Triazole Hybrid Helices. Chemistry 2014; 20:1418-26. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Han C, Gao L, Yu G, Zhang Z, Dong S, Huang F. Synthesis of a Difunctionalized Pillar[6]arene and Its Complexation with an Ammonium Salt Coupled to a Weakly Coordinating Counteranion. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Baroncini M, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A. Photoactivated Directionally Controlled Transit of a Non-Symmetric Molecular Axle Through a Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4223-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Baroncini M, Silvi S, Venturi M, Credi A. Photoactivated Directionally Controlled Transit of a Non-Symmetric Molecular Axle Through a Macrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Prabhakaran P, Priya G, Sanjayan GJ. Foldamere: Anwendungen jenseits der Biomedizin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Prabhakaran P, Priya G, Sanjayan GJ. Foldamers: they're not just for biomedical applications anymore. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4006-8. [PMID: 22374711 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Avellini T, Li H, Coskun A, Barin G, Trabolsi A, Basuray AN, Dey SK, Credi A, Silvi S, Stoddart JF, Venturi M. Photoinduced Memory Effect in a Redox Controllable Bistable Mechanical Molecular Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Avellini T, Li H, Coskun A, Barin G, Trabolsi A, Basuray AN, Dey SK, Credi A, Silvi S, Stoddart JF, Venturi M. Photoinduced Memory Effect in a Redox Controllable Bistable Mechanical Molecular Switch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1611-5. [PMID: 22213358 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Avellini
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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