1
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Scholz S, Kerestetzopoulou S, Wiebach V, Schnegotzki R, Schmid B, Reyna‐González E, Ding L, Süssmuth RD, Dittmann E, Baunach M. One-Pot Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Microviridin Analogs Containing Functional Tags. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200345. [PMID: 35995730 PMCID: PMC9826346 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microviridins are a prominent family of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) featuring characteristic lactone and lactam rings. Their unusual cage-like architecture renders them highly potent serine protease inhibitors of which individual variants specifically inhibit different types of proteases of pharmacological interest. While posttranslational modifications are key for the stability and bioactivity of RiPPs, additional attractive properties can be introduced by functional tags. To date - although highly desirable - no method has been reported to incorporate functional tags in microviridin scaffolds or the overarching class of graspetides. In this study, a chemoenzymatic in vitro platform is used to introduce functional tags in various microviridin variants yielding biotinylated, dansylated or propargylated congeners. This straightforward approach paves the way for customized protease inhibitors with built-in functionalities that can help to unravel the still elusive ecological roles and targets of this remarkable class of compounds and to foster applications based on protease inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Scholz
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Sofia Kerestetzopoulou
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Vincent Wiebach
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads, Building 221DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Romina Schnegotzki
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Bianca Schmid
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Emmanuel Reyna‐González
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads, Building 221DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Institute of ChemistryTechnical University BerlinStraße des 17. Juni 12410623BerlinGermany
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
| | - Martin Baunach
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of PotsdamKarl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/2514476Potsdam-GolmGermany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyUniversity of BonnNussallee 653115BonnGermany
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2
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Hartman MCT. Non-canonical Amino Acid Substrates of E. coli Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100299. [PMID: 34416067 PMCID: PMC9651912 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this comprehensive review, I focus on the twenty E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and their ability to charge non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) onto tRNAs. The promiscuity of these enzymes has been harnessed for diverse applications including understanding and engineering of protein function, creation of organisms with an expanded genetic code, and the synthesis of diverse peptide libraries for drug discovery. The review catalogues the structures of all known ncAA substrates for each of the 20 E. coli aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, including ncAA substrates for engineered versions of these enzymes. Drawing from the structures in the list, I highlight trends and novel opportunities for further exploitation of these ncAAs in the engineering of protein function, synthetic biology, and in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C T Hartman
- Department of Chemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1001 W Main St., Richmond, VA 23220, USA
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3
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Song H, Burton AJ, Shirran SL, Fahrig-Kamarauskaitė J, Kaspar H, Muir TW, Künzler M, Naismith JH. Engineering of a Peptide α-N-Methyltransferase to Methylate Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14319-14323. [PMID: 33856715 PMCID: PMC8251615 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of α‐N‐methylated non‐proteinogenic amino acids into peptides can improve their biological activities, membrane permeability and proteolytic stability. This is commonly achieved, in nature and in the lab, by assembling pre‐methylated amino acids. The more appealing route of methylating amide bonds is challenging. Biology has evolved an α‐N‐automethylating enzyme, OphMA, which acts on the amide bonds of peptides fused to its C‐terminus. Due to the ribosomal biosynthesis of its substrate, the activity of this enzyme towards peptides with non‐proteinogenic amino acids has not been addressed. An engineered OphMA, intein‐mediated protein ligation and solid‐phase peptide synthesis have allowed us to demonstrate the methylation of amide bonds in the context of non‐natural amides. This approach may have application in the biotechnological production of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Song
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.,The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Antony J Burton
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sally L Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North Haugh, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Jūratė Fahrig-Kamarauskaitė
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannelore Kaspar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tom W Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Frick Chemistry Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James H Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK.,The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxford, OX11 0FA, UK
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4
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Song H, Burton AJ, Shirran SL, Fahrig‐Kamarauskaitė J, Kaspar H, Muir TW, Künzler M, Naismith JH. Engineering of a Peptide α-N-Methyltransferase to Methylate Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 133:14440-14444. [PMID: 38505374 PMCID: PMC10947093 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of α-N-methylated non-proteinogenic amino acids into peptides can improve their biological activities, membrane permeability and proteolytic stability. This is commonly achieved, in nature and in the lab, by assembling pre-methylated amino acids. The more appealing route of methylating amide bonds is challenging. Biology has evolved an α-N-automethylating enzyme, OphMA, which acts on the amide bonds of peptides fused to its C-terminus. Due to the ribosomal biosynthesis of its substrate, the activity of this enzyme towards peptides with non-proteinogenic amino acids has not been addressed. An engineered OphMA, intein-mediated protein ligation and solid-phase peptide synthesis have allowed us to demonstrate the methylation of amide bonds in the context of non-natural amides. This approach may have application in the biotechnological production of therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haigang Song
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUK
- The Research Complex at HarwellHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
- The Rosalind Franklin InstituteHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
| | - Antony J. Burton
- Department of ChemistryFrick Chemistry LaboratoryPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Sally L. Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, North HaughUniversity of St. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Jūratė Fahrig‐Kamarauskaitė
- Department of BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Hannelore Kaspar
- Department of BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tom W. Muir
- Department of ChemistryFrick Chemistry LaboratoryPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyEidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - James H. Naismith
- Division of Structural BiologyWellcome Centre for Human GeneticsRoosevelt DriveOxfordOX3 7BNUK
- The Research Complex at HarwellHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
- The Rosalind Franklin InstituteHarwell CampusOxfordOX11 0FAUK
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5
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Waliczek M, Pehlivan Ö, Stefanowicz P. A photochemical transformation of cyclic peptides leading to formation of selenolanthionine bridges. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01563f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptides with diselenide bridge under UV irradiation eliminate one selenium atom forming selenoether bond with good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Özge Pehlivan
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Wrocław
- 50-383 Wrocław
- Poland
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6
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Canu N, Belin P, Thai R, Correia I, Lequin O, Seguin J, Moutiez M, Gondry M. Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids into 2,5-Diketopiperazines by Cyclodipeptide Synthases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:3118-3122. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Canu
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Pascal Belin
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Robert Thai
- SIMOPRO; CEA-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Isabelle Correia
- Sorbonne Université; Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL University; CNRS; Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM); 75005 Paris France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université; Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL University; CNRS; Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM); 75005 Paris France
| | - Jérôme Seguin
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Mireille Moutiez
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Muriel Gondry
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
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7
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Canu N, Belin P, Thai R, Correia I, Lequin O, Seguin J, Moutiez M, Gondry M. Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids into 2,5-Diketopiperazines by Cyclodipeptide Synthases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Canu
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Pascal Belin
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Robert Thai
- SIMOPRO; CEA-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Isabelle Correia
- Sorbonne Université; Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL University; CNRS; Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM); 75005 Paris France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université; Ecole Normale Supérieure; PSL University; CNRS; Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM); 75005 Paris France
| | - Jérôme Seguin
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Mireille Moutiez
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Muriel Gondry
- Institute for Integrated Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
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8
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Süssmuth RD, Mainz A. Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis-Principles and Prospects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3770-3821. [PMID: 28323366 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are large multienzyme machineries that assemble numerous peptides with large structural and functional diversity. These peptides include more than 20 marketed drugs, such as antibacterials (penicillin, vancomycin), antitumor compounds (bleomycin), and immunosuppressants (cyclosporine). Over the past few decades biochemical and structural biology studies have gained mechanistic insights into the highly complex assembly line of nonribosomal peptides. This Review provides state-of-the-art knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of NRPSs and the variety of their products along with detailed analysis of the challenges for future reprogrammed biosynthesis. Such a reprogramming of NRPSs would immediately spur chances to generate analogues of existing drugs or new compound libraries of otherwise nearly inaccessible compound structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderich D Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andi Mainz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Süssmuth RD, Mainz A. Nicht-ribosomale Peptidsynthese - Prinzipien und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Andi Mainz
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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10
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Zobel S, Boecker S, Kulke D, Heimbach D, Meyer V, Süssmuth RD. Reprogramming the Biosynthesis of Cyclodepsipeptide Synthetases to Obtain New Enniatins and Beauvericins. Chembiochem 2016; 17:283-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Zobel
- Fachgebiet Biologische Chemie; Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Simon Boecker
- Fachgebiet Biologische Chemie; Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
- Fachgebiet Angewandte und Molekulare Mikrobiologie; Institut für Biotechnologie; Technische Universität Berlin; Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25 13355 Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Kulke
- Global Drug Discovery; Bayer Animal Health GmbH; Bayer HealthCare Animal Health; Monheim Germany
| | - Dirk Heimbach
- Global Drug Discovery; Bayer Animal Health GmbH; Bayer HealthCare Animal Health; Monheim Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- Fachgebiet Angewandte und Molekulare Mikrobiologie; Institut für Biotechnologie; Technische Universität Berlin; Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25 13355 Berlin Germany
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Fachgebiet Biologische Chemie; Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Germany
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11
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Oueis E, Adamson C, Mann G, Ludewig H, Redpath P, Migaud M, Westwood NJ, Naismith JH. Derivatisable Cyanobactin Analogues: A Semisynthetic Approach. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2646-50. [PMID: 26507241 PMCID: PMC4736454 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many natural cyclic peptides have potent and potentially useful biological activities. Their use as therapeutic starting points is often limited by the quantities available, the lack of known biological targets and the practical limits on diversification to fine‐tune their properties. We report the use of enzymes from the cyanobactin family to heterocyclise and macrocyclise chemically synthesised substrates so as to allow larger‐scale syntheses and better control over derivatisation. We have made cyclic peptides containing orthogonal reactive groups, azide or dehydroalanine, that allow chemical diversification, including the use of fluorescent labels that can help in target identification. We show that the enzymes are compatible and efficient with such unnatural substrates. The combination of chemical synthesis and enzymatic transformation could help renew interest in investigating natural cyclic peptides with biological activity, as well as their unnatural analogues, as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Oueis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Catherine Adamson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Greg Mann
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Hannes Ludewig
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Philip Redpath
- John King Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Marie Migaud
- John King Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - James H Naismith
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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12
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13
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Al Toma RS, Kuthning A, Exner MP, Denisiuk A, Ziegler J, Budisa N, Süssmuth RD. Site-Directed and Global Incorporation of Orthogonal and Isostructural Noncanonical Amino Acids into the Ribosomal Lasso Peptide Capistruin. Chembiochem 2014; 16:503-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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14
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de Araujo AD, Mobli M, King GF, Alewood PF. Cyclization of Peptides by using Selenolanthionine Bridges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10298-302. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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de Araujo AD, Mobli M, King GF, Alewood PF. Cyclization of Peptides by using Selenolanthionine Bridges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Krawczyk B, Völler GH, Völler J, Ensle P, Süssmuth RD. Curvopeptin: a new lanthionine-containing class III lantibiotic and its co-substrate promiscuous synthetase. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2065-71. [PMID: 22907786 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lantibiotics are ribosomally synthesized peptides containing post-translationally installed lanthionine thioether bridges. Recently characterized class III lantibiotics have also revealed the occurrence of labionin, a novel carbacyclic variation of lanthionine, and highlighted the structural diversity within this group. Here we describe the discovery and characterization of curvopeptins produced by Thermomonospora curvata, the first class III lantibiotics of thermophilic origin. Furthermore, investigation of the modifying enzyme CurKC and in particular the characterization of its specificity toward phosphorylation co-substrates was performed. Remarkably, all investigated NTPs and dNTPs were accepted by the enzyme, although the purine nucleotides ATP/dATP and GTP/dGTP were the preferred co-substrates. This finding complements previous studies on the class III lantibiotic synthetases LabKC and EryKC and underlines the surprising promiscuity of the Ser/Thr-kinase domain. Enzymatic studies with a precursor peptide mutant allowed the assignment of all dehydration sites and further GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of lanthionine as the main type of intramolecular ring.
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