Solution-Phase and Magnetic Approach towards Understanding Iron Gall Ink-like Nanoassemblies

Solution-Phase Magnetic Mechanistic Study of Ni-Seamed Pyrogallol[4]arene Nanocapsules Reveal Presence of Novel Cylindrical and Spherical Species

The magnetic properties of nickel-seamed C-pyrogallol[4]arene (PgC3 Ni) hexamers and dimers are studied for the first time in solution. The combination of small-angle neutron scattering and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer measurements of the solution species reveal their paramagnetic and weakly antiferromagnetic behaviour. Surprisingly, the magnetic results indicated the presence of an unprecedented 13 Å-radius species, larger than both the dimeric and hexameric nanocapsules with both octahedral and square-planar metal centers. To confirm the presence of this novel species, we performed a mechanistic study of PgC3 Ni as a function of temperature and solvent and deduced the presence of two additional new species: a) an 11 Å cylinder with Ni atoms seaming the tubular framework and b) an 8 Å-radius sphere with non-interacting Ni centers located within the internal cavity. Select parameters that shift the equilibrium towards desired species are also identified.

Environment tolerant, adaptable and stretchable organohydrogels: preparation, optimization, and applications

Multiple stretchable materials have been successively developed and applied to wearable devices, soft robotics, and tissue engineering. Organohydrogels are currently being widely studied and formed by dispersing immiscible hydrophilic/hydrophobic polymer networks or only hydrophilic polymer networks in an organic/water solvent system. In particular, they can not only inherit and carry forward the merits of hydrogels, but also have some unique advantageous features, such as anti-freezing and water retention abilities, solvent resistance, adjustable surface wettability, and shape memory effect, which are conducive to the wide environmental adaptability and intelligent applications. This review first summarizes the structure, preparation strategy, and unique advantages of the reported organohydrogels. Furthermore, organohydrogels can be optimized for electro-mechanical properties or endowed with various functionalities by adding or modifying various functional components owing to their modifiability. Correspondingly, different optimization strategies, mechanisms, and advanced developments are described in detail, mainly involving the mechanical properties, conductivity, adhesion, self-healing properties, and antibacterial properties of organohydrogels. Moreover, the applications of organohydrogels in flexible sensors, energy storage devices, nanogenerators, and biomedicine have been summarized, confirming their unlimited potential in future development. Finally, the existing challenges and future prospects of organohydrogels are provided.