1
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Dong J, Chen J, Wang W, Wei Z, Tian ZQ, Fan FR. Charged Microdroplets as Microelectrochemical Cells for CO 2 Reduction and C-C Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2227-2236. [PMID: 38224553 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Charged microdroplets offer novel electrochemical environments, distinct from traditional solid-liquid or solid-liquid-gas interfaces, due to the intense electric fields at liquid-gas interfaces. In this study, we propose that charged microdroplets serve as microelectrochemical cells (MECs), enabling unique electrochemical reactions at the gas-liquid interface. Using electrospray-generated microdroplets, we achieved multielectron CO2 reduction and C-C coupling to synthesize ethanol using molecular catalysts. These catalysts effectively harness and relay electrons, enhancing the longevity of solvated electrons and enabling multielectron reactions. Importantly, we revealed the intrinsic relationship between the size and charge density of a MEC and its reaction selectivity. Employing in situ mass spectrometry, we identified reaction intermediates (molecular catalyst adducts with HCOO) and oxidation products, elucidating the CO2 reduction mechanism and the comprehensive reaction procedure. Our research underscores the promising role of charged microdroplets in pioneering new electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianxiong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Feng Ru Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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2
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Jin X, Wu Y, Dai C, Sun J, Ye M, Liu J, Cheng H. Catalyst-Free Accelerated Three-Component Synthesis of Betti Bases in Microdroplets. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202200206. [PMID: 36026555 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their important roles in medicine and asymmetric metal catalysis, the formation of Betti bases has attracted wide interest in organic chemical community. Traditional multicomponent reaction methods for synthesizing Betti bases normally require long reaction times under harsh conditions (high temperature, microwave or ultrasonic irradiation, etc.) in the presence of various catalysts. In this study, we developed a mild, highly efficient and environmentally friendly method to synthesize Betti bases without the use of any catalysts in microdroplets. The Betti reaction was accelerated by 6.53×103 in microdroplets by comparing the measured rate constant in bulk. Fifteen Betti bases were synthesized by the microdroplet method using a variety of aldehydes, naphthols and amines with 68-98 % yields at a scaled-up amount of 1.9 g h-1 . Overall it is an attractive alternative to classic organic synthesis for the construction of Betti bases and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Jin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yikang Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Chengbiao Dai
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jiannan Sun
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Meiying Ye
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Heyong Cheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121, P. R. China
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3
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Ghosh J, Mendoza J, Cooks RG. Accelerated and Concerted Aza-Michael Addition and SuFEx Reaction in Microdroplets in Unitary and High-Throughput Formats. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214090. [PMID: 36253886 PMCID: PMC10099520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) reaction is significant in drug discovery, materials science, and chemical biology. Conventionally, it involves installation of SO2 F followed by fluoride exchange by a catalyst. We report catalyst-free Aza-Michael addition to install SO2 F and then SuFEx reaction with amines, both occurring in concert, in microdroplets under ambient conditions. The microdroplet reaction is accelerated by a factor of ∼104 relative to the corresponding bulk reaction. We suggest that the superacidic microdroplet surface assists SuFEx reaction by protonating fluorine to create a good leaving group. The reaction scope was established by performing individual reactions in microdroplets of 18 amines in four solvents and confirmed using high-throughput desorption electrospray ionization experiments. The study demonstrates the value of microdroplet-assisted accelerated reactions in combination with high-throughput experimentation for characterization of reaction scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joshua Mendoza
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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4
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Qiu L, Cooks RG. Simultaneous and Spontaneous Oxidation and Reduction in Microdroplets by the Water Radical Cation/Anion Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210765. [PMID: 35994573 PMCID: PMC9825976 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microdroplets show unique chemistry, especially in their intrinsic redox properties, and to this we here add a case of simultaneous and spontaneous oxidation and reduction. We report the concurrent conversions of several phosphonates to phosphonic acids by reduction (R-P → H-P) and to pentavalent phosphoric acids by oxidation. The experimental results suggest that the active reagent is the water radical cation/anion pair. The water radical cation is observed directly as the ionized water dimer while the water radical anion is only seen indirectly though the spontaneous reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. The coexistence of oxidative and reductive species in turn supports the proposal of a double-layer structure at the microdroplet surface, where the water radical cation and radical anion are separated and accumulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University560 Oval. Dr.West LafayetteIN 47907USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University560 Oval. Dr.West LafayetteIN 47907USA
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5
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Qiu L, Cooks RG. Simultaneous and Spontaneous Oxidation and Reduction in Microdroplets by the Water Radical Cation/Anion Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Purdue University Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Purdue University Chemistry 560 Oval Drive 47907 West Lafayette UNITED STATES
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6
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Huang KH, Ghosh J, Xu S, Cooks RG. Late-Stage Functionalization and Characterization of Drugs by High-Throughput Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100449. [PMID: 34985208 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) of drug molecules is an approach to generate modified molecules that retain functional groups present in the active drugs. Here, we report a study that seeks to characterize the potential value of high-throughput desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HT DESI-MS) for small-scale rapid LSF. In conventional route screening, HT-based DESI-MS provides contactless, rapid analysis, reliable and reproducible data, minimal sample requirement, and exceptional tolerance to high salt concentrations. Ezetimibe (E), an established hypertension drug, is targeted for modification by LSF. C-H alkenylation and azo-click reactions are utilized to explore this approach to synthesis and analytical characterization. The effect of choice of reactant, stoichiometry, catalyst, and solvent are studied for both reactions using high throughput DESI-MS experiments. Optimum conditions for the formation of LSF products are established with identification by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jyotirmoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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7
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Qiu L, Wei Z, Nie H, Cooks RG. Reaction Acceleration Promoted by Partial Solvation at the Gas/Solution Interface. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1362-1365. [PMID: 34508323 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of organic reactions of different types in microvolumes (droplets, thin films, and sealed tubes) show effects of gas/solution interfacial area, reaction molecularity and solvent polarity. Partial solvation at the gas/solution interface is a major contributor to the 104 -fold reaction acceleration seen in bimolecular but not unimolecular reactions in microdroplets. Reaction acceleration can be used to manipulate selectivity by solvent choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Honggang Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, United States
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8
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Chang YP, Devi Y, Chen CH. Micro-droplet Trapping and Manipulation: Understanding Aerosol Better for a Healthier Environment. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1644-1660. [PMID: 33999498 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physicochemical properties and heterogeneous processes of aerosols is key not only to elucidate the impacts of aerosols on the atmosphere and humans but also to exploit their further applications, especially for a healthier environment. Experiments that allow for spatially control of single aerosol particles and investigations on the fundamental properties and heterogeneous chemistry at the single-particle level have flourished during the last few decades, and significant breakthroughs in recent years promise better control and novel applications aimed at resolving key issues in aerosol science. Here we propose graphene oxide (GO) aerosols as prototype aerosols containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and GO can behave as two-dimensional surfactants which could modify the interfacial properties of aerosols. We describe the techniques of trapping single particles and furthermore the current status of the optical spectroscopy and chemistry of GO. The current applications of these single-particle trapping techniques are summarized and interesting future applications of GO aerosols are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.,Aerosol Science Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yanita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, No. 70 Lien-hai Rd., Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
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9
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Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage‐Controlled Interfacial Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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10
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Cheng H, Tang S, Yang T, Xu S, Yan X. Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage-Controlled Interfacial Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19862-19867. [PMID: 32725670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microdroplet chemistry is attracting increasing attention for accelerated reactions at the solution-air interface. We report herein a voltage-controlled interfacial microreactor that enables acceleration of electrochemical reactions which are not observed in bulk or conventional electrochemical cells. The microreactor is formed at the interface of the Taylor cone in an electrospray emitter with a large orifice, thus allowing continuous contact of the electrode and the reactants at/near the interface. As a proof-of-concept, electrooxidative C-H/N-H coupling and electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol were shown to be accelerated by more than an order of magnitude as compared to the corresponding bulk reactions. The new electrochemical microreactor has unique features that allow i) voltage-controlled acceleration of electrochemical reactions by voltage-dependent formation of the interfacial microreactor; ii) "reversible" electrochemical derivatization; and iii) in situ mechanistic study and capture of key radical intermediates when coupled with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.,College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Shuli Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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11
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Gnanamani E, Yan X, Zare RN. Chemoselective N‐Alkylation of Indoles in Aqueous Microdroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3069-3072. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University 580 Ross Street College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of ChemistryStanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
- Department of ChemistryFudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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12
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Gnanamani E, Yan X, Zare RN. Chemoselective N‐Alkylation of Indoles in Aqueous Microdroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Gnanamani
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 580 Ross Street College Station TX 77843-3255 USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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13
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Gao D, Jin F, Yan X, Zare RN. Selective Synthesis in Microdroplets of 2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione from Phenyl Hydrazine with Phthalic Anhydride or Phthalic Acid. Chemistry 2018; 25:1466-1471. [PMID: 30417449 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyridazine derivatives are privileged structures because of their potential biological and optical properties. Traditional synthetic methods usually require acid or base as a catalyst under reflux conditions with reaction times ranging from hours to a few days or require microwave assistance to induce the reaction. Herein, this work presents the accelerated synthesis of a pyridazine derivative, 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (PDHP), in electrosprayed microdroplets containing an equimolar mixture of phenyl hydrazine and phthalic anhydride or phthalic acid. This reaction occurred on the submillisecond timescale with good yield (over 90 % with the choice of solvent) without using an external catalyst at room temperature. In sharp contrast to the bulk reaction of obtaining a mixture of two products, the reaction in confined microdroplets yields only the important six-membered heterocyclic product PDHP. Results indicated that surface reactions in microdroplets with low pH values cause selectivity, acceleration, and high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics the Graduate School at, Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, The University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA
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14
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Yan X, Bain RM, Cooks RG. Organic Reactions in Microdroplets: Reaction Acceleration Revealed by Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 55:12960-12972. [PMID: 27530279 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The striking finding that reaction acceleration occurs in confined-volume solutions sets up an apparent conundrum: Microdroplets formed by spray ionization can be used to monitor the course of bulk-phase reactions and also to accelerate reactions between the reagents in such a reaction. This Minireview introduces droplet and thin-film acceleration phenomena and summarizes recent methods applied to study accelerated reactions in confined-volume, high-surface-area solutions. Conditions that dictate either simple monitoring or acceleration are reconciled in the occurrence of discontinuous and complete desolvation as the endpoint of droplet evolution. The contrasting features of microdroplet and bulk-solution reactions are described together with possible mechanisms that drive reaction acceleration in microdroplets. Current applications of droplet microreactors are noted as is reaction acceleration in confined volumes and possible future scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ryan M Bain
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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15
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Bain RM, Sathyamoorthi S, Zare RN. “On‐Droplet” Chemistry: The Cycloaddition of Diethyl Azodicarboxylate and Quadricyclane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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16
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Bain RM, Sathyamoorthi S, Zare RN. “On‐Droplet” Chemistry: The Cycloaddition of Diethyl Azodicarboxylate and Quadricyclane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15083-15087. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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17
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Wei Z, Wleklinski M, Ferreira C, Cooks RG. Reaction Acceleration in Thin Films with Continuous Product Deposition for Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | | | | | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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18
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Wei Z, Wleklinski M, Ferreira C, Cooks RG. Reaction Acceleration in Thin Films with Continuous Product Deposition for Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9386-9390. [PMID: 28557142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thin film formats are used to study the Claisen-Schmidt base-catalyzed condensation of 6-hydroxy-1-indanone with substituted benzaldehydes and to compare the reaction acceleration relative to the bulk. Relative acceleration factors initially exceeded 103 and were on the order of 102 at steady state, although the confined volume reaction was not electrostatically driven. Substituent effects were muted compared to those in the corresponding bulk and microdroplet reactions and it is concluded that the rate-limiting step at steady state is reagent transport to the interface. Conditions were found that allowed product deposition from the thin film to occur continuously as the reaction mixture was added and as the solvent evaporated. Yields of 74 % and production rates of 98 mg h-1 were reached in a very simple experimental system that could be multiplexed to greater scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christina Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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19
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Yan X, Cheng H, Zare RN. Two‐Phase Reactions in Microdroplets without the Use of Phase‐Transfer Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3562-3565. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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20
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Yan X, Cheng H, Zare RN. Two‐Phase Reactions in Microdroplets without the Use of Phase‐Transfer Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry Stanford University 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
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21
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Yan X, Bain RM, Cooks RG. Organische Reaktionen in Mikrotröpfchen: Analyse von Reaktionsbeschleunigungen durch Massenspektrometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Bain RM, Pulliam CJ, Thery F, Cooks RG. Accelerated Chemical Reactions and Organic Synthesis in Leidenfrost Droplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN USA
| | | | - Fabien Thery
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN USA
- Laboratory of Neuroscience University of Lille 1 France
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN USA
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Bain RM, Pulliam CJ, Thery F, Cooks RG. Accelerated Chemical Reactions and Organic Synthesis in Leidenfrost Droplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10478-82. [PMID: 27465311 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Leidenfrost levitated droplets can be used to accelerate chemical reactions in processes that appear similar to reaction acceleration in charged microdroplets produced by electrospray ionization. Reaction acceleration in Leidenfrost droplets is demonstrated for a base-catalyzed Claisen-Schmidt condensation, hydrazone formation from precharged and neutral ketones, and for the Katritzky pyrylium into pyridinium conversion under various reaction conditions. Comparisons with bulk reactions gave intermediate acceleration factors (2-50). By keeping the volume of the Leidenfrost droplets constant, it was shown that interfacial effects contribute to acceleration; this was confirmed by decreased reaction rates in the presence of a surfactant. The ability to multiplex Leidenfrost microreactors, to extract product into an immiscible solvent during reaction, and to use Leidenfrost droplets as reaction vessels to synthesize milligram quantities of product is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bain
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Fabien Thery
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, University of Lille 1, France
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Li Y, Yan X, Cooks RG. The Role of the Interface in Thin Film and Droplet Accelerated Reactions Studied by Competitive Substituent Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
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Li Y, Yan X, Cooks RG. The Role of the Interface in Thin Film and Droplet Accelerated Reactions Studied by Competitive Substituent Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3433-7. [PMID: 26847583 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
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Banerjee S, Zare RN. Syntheses of Isoquinoline and Substituted Quinolines in Charged Microdroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shibdas Banerjee
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, 333 Campus Drive ‐ Room 133, Stanford, CA 94305‐5080 (USA)
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, 333 Campus Drive ‐ Room 133, Stanford, CA 94305‐5080 (USA)
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Banerjee S, Zare RN. Syntheses of Isoquinoline and Substituted Quinolines in Charged Microdroplets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14795-9. [PMID: 26450661 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A Pomeranz-Fritsch synthesis of isoquinoline and Friedländer and Combes syntheses of substituted quinolines were conducted in charged microdroplets produced by an electrospray process at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. In the bulk phase, all of these reactions are known to take a long time ranging from several minutes to a few days and to require very high acid concentrations. In sharp contrast, the present report provides clear evidence that all of these reactions occur on the millisecond timescale in the charged microdroplets without the addition of any external acid. Decreasing the droplet size and increasing the charge of the droplet both strongly contribute to reaction rate acceleration, suggesting that the reaction occurs in a confined environment on the charged surface of the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibdas Banerjee
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, 333 Campus Drive - Room 133, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA)
| | - Richard N Zare
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry, 333 Campus Drive - Room 133, Stanford, CA 94305-5080 (USA).
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Yan X, Sokol E, Li X, Li G, Xu S, Cooks RG. On-Line Reaction Monitoring and Mechanistic Studies by Mass Spectrometry: Negishi Cross-Coupling, Hydrogenolysis, and Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5931-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yan X, Sokol E, Li X, Li G, Xu S, Cooks RG. On-Line Reaction Monitoring and Mechanistic Studies by Mass Spectrometry: Negishi Cross-Coupling, Hydrogenolysis, and Reductive Amination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201310493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Merck-Banyu Lectureship Award: M. Tobisu / Dreyfus-Preis: R. G. Cooks / Spiers-Gedächtnispreis: J. Wang / BASF-Katalysepreis: N. Cramer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Merck-Banyu Lectureship Award: M. Tobisu / Dreyfus Prize: R. G. Cooks / Spiers Memorial Award: J. Wang / BASF Catalysis Award: N. Cramer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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