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Akter M, Anbarasan P. (Cyclopentadienone)iron Complexes: Synthesis, Mechanism and Applications in Organic Synthesis. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1703-1724. [PMID: 33999506 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(Cyclopentadienone)iron tricarbonyl complexes are catalytically active, inexpensive, easily accessible and air-stable that are extensively studied as an active pre-catalyst in homogeneous catalysis. Its versatile catalytic activity arises exclusively due to the presence of a non-innocent ligand, which can trigger its unique redox properties effectively. These complexes have been employed widely in (transfer)hydrogenation (e. g., reduction of polar multiple bonds, Oppenauer-type oxidation of alcohols), C-C and C-N bond formation (e. g., reductive aminations, α-alkylation of ketones) and other synthetic transformations. In this review, we discuss the remarkable advancement of its various synthetic applications along with synthesis and mechanistic studies, until February 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Akter
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Pazhamalai Anbarasan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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2
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Chen Z, Kacmaz A, Xiao J. Recent Development in the Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Iridacycles. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1506-1534. [PMID: 33939250 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometallated complexes are well-known and have found many applications. This article provides a short review on the progress made in the synthesis and application to catalysis of cyclometallated half-sandwich Cp*Ir(III) complexes (Cp*: pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) since 2017. Covered in the review are iridacycles featuring conventional C,N chelates and less common metallocene and carbene-derived C,N and C,C ligands. This is followed by an overview of the studies of their applications in catalysis ranging from asymmetric hydrogenation, transfer hydrogenation, hydrosilylation to dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Aysecik Kacmaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Avcilar, Istanbul, 34320, Turkey
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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3
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Yang W, Ling B, Hu B, Yin H, Mao J, Walsh PJ. Synergistic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Palladium‐Catalyzed Umpolung 1,4‐Addition of Aryl Iodides to Enals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Bo Ling
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Haolin Yin
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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4
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Yang W, Ling B, Hu B, Yin H, Mao J, Walsh PJ. Synergistic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Palladium‐Catalyzed Umpolung 1,4‐Addition of Aryl Iodides to Enals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:161-166. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Bo Ling
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Haolin Yin
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Jianyou Mao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Nanjing Tech University 30 South Puzhu Road Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 South 34th Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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5
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Li T, Wang Z, Liu K, Xing S, Zhu B. Reactivity of Alkyne Insertion and Catalytic Activity of Five‐ and Six‐Membered Cyclometalated Phosphine Complexes of Iridium. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules Key Laboratory of InorganicOrganic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules Key Laboratory of InorganicOrganic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules Key Laboratory of InorganicOrganic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Siyang Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules Key Laboratory of InorganicOrganic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin People's Republic of China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules Key Laboratory of InorganicOrganic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University 300387 Tianjin People's Republic of China
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Lim CS, Quach TT, Zhao Y. Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines by Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology: Cooperative Catalysis by an Achiral Iridacycle and a Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Si Lim
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Thanh Truong Quach
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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7
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Lim CS, Quach TT, Zhao Y. Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroquinolines by Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology: Cooperative Catalysis by an Achiral Iridacycle and a Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7176-7180. [PMID: 28509334 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the highly enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted tetrahydroquinolines through borrowing hydrogen, a process recognized for its environmentally benign and atom-economical nature. The use of an achiral iridacycle complex in combination with a chiral phosphoric acid as catalysts was the key to the development of this highly efficient and enantioselective transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Si Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Thanh Truong Quach
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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8
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Yang P, Lim LH, Chuanprasit P, Hirao H, Zhou JS. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Amination of Ketones with Both Arylamines and Benzhydrazide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12083-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Li Hui Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Pratanphorn Chuanprasit
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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Yang P, Lim LH, Chuanprasit P, Hirao H, Zhou JS. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reductive Amination of Ketones with Both Arylamines and Benzhydrazide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Li Hui Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Pratanphorn Chuanprasit
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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10
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Pan HJ, Zhang Y, Shan C, Yu Z, Lan Y, Zhao Y. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines using Alcohol: Efficiency and Selectivity are Influenced by the Hydrogen Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Pan
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Chunhui Shan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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11
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Pan HJ, Zhang Y, Shan C, Yu Z, Lan Y, Zhao Y. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines using Alcohol: Efficiency and Selectivity are Influenced by the Hydrogen Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9615-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Pan
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Chunhui Shan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyuan Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400030 P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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12
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Hopmann KH. Iron/Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Mechanism and Selectivity-Determining Interactions. Chemistry 2015; 21:10020-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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13
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Xu H, Yang P, Chuanprasit P, Hirao H, Zhou JS. Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Hydrazones and Other Ketimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Xu H, Yang P, Chuanprasit P, Hirao H, Zhou JS. Nickel-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Hydrazones and Other Ketimines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:5112-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Koley D, Krishna Y, Srinivas K, Khan AA, Kant R. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Cyclization of Hydroxylactams with Acetals: Total Syntheses of (−)-Epilupinine, (−)-Tashiromine, and (−)-Trachelanthamidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13196-200. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Koley D, Krishna Y, Srinivas K, Khan AA, Kant R. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Mannich Cyclization of Hydroxylactams with Acetals: Total Syntheses of (−)-Epilupinine, (−)-Tashiromine, and (−)-Trachelanthamidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Hollmann D. Advances in asymmetric borrowing hydrogen catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2411-2413. [PMID: 24889988 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hollmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29 A, 18059 Rostock (Germany), Fax: (+49) 381-1281-352.
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Zhao Q, Wen J, Tan R, Huang K, Metola P, Wang R, Anslyn EV, Zhang X. Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected NH imines assisted by a thiourea. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8467-70. [PMID: 24939397 PMCID: PMC5989712 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric hydrogenation of unprotected NH imines catalyzed by rhodium/bis(phosphine)-thiourea provided chiral amines with up to 97% yield and 95% ee. (1)H NMR studies, coupled with control experiments, implied that catalytic chloride-bound intermediates were involved in the mechanism through a dual hydrogen-bonding interaction. Deuteration experiments proved that the hydrogenation proceeded through a pathway consistent with an imine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000 (China); Department of Chemistry &Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
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19
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Zhao Q, Wen J, Tan R, Huang K, Metola P, Wang R, Anslyn EV, Zhang X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unprotected NH Imines Assisted by a Thiourea. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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Zhang Y, Lim CS, Sim DSB, Pan HJ, Zhao Y. Catalytic Enantioselective Amination of Alcohols by the Use of Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology: Cooperative Catalysis by Iridium and a Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 53:1399-403. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Catalytic Enantioselective Amination of Alcohols by the Use of Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology: Cooperative Catalysis by Iridium and a Chiral Phosphoric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lombardo VM, Thomas CD, Scheidt KA. A Tandem Isomerization/Prins Strategy: Iridium(III)/Brønsted Acid Cooperative Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Lombardo VM, Thomas CD, Scheidt KA. A tandem isomerization/prins strategy: iridium(III)/Brønsted acid cooperative catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12910-4. [PMID: 24218144 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Working together: A mild and efficient isomerization/protonation sequence generates pyran-fused indoles by cooperative catalysis between cationic iridium(III) and Bi(OTf)3 . Three distinct cyclization manifolds lead to the corresponding bioactive scaffolds in good yields. In addition, N-substituted indoles can be synthesized enantioselectively in the presence of a chiral phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince M Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chicago Tri-Institutional Center for Chemical Methods and Library Development (CT-CMLD), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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Tang W, Johnston S, Li C, Iggo JA, Bacsa J, Xiao J. Cooperative Catalysis: Combining an Achiral Metal Catalyst with a Chiral Brønsted Acid Enables Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Imines. Chemistry 2013; 19:14187-93. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Sladojevich F, Fuentes de Arriba ÁL, Ortín I, Yang T, Ferrali A, Paton RS, Dixon DJ. Mechanistic investigations into the enantioselective Conia-ene reaction catalyzed by cinchona-derived amino urea pre-catalysts and Cu(I). Chemistry 2013; 19:14286-95. [PMID: 24009075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective Conia-ene cyclization of alkyne-tethered β-ketoesters is efficiently catalyzed by the combination of cinchona-derived amino-urea pre-catalysts and copper(I) salts. The reaction scope is broad and a series of substrates can be efficiently cyclized with high yields and enantioselectivities. Herein, we present a detailed mechanistic study based on experimental considerations and quantum mechanical calculations. Several variables, such as the nature of the organic pre-catalyst and the metal-ion source, have been thoroughly investigated. Kinetic studies, as well as kinetic isotope effects and deuterium labeling experiments have been used to gain further insights into the mechanism and prove the cooperative nature of the catalytic system. Our studies suggest that the rate-limiting step for the reaction involves the β-ketoester deprotonation and that the active species responsible for the enantiodeterming step is monomeric in amino-urea pre-catalyst. Computational studies provide a quantitative understanding of the observed stereoinduction and identify hydrogen bonding from the urea group as a crucial factor in determining the observed enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Sladojevich
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (U.K.)
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