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He M, Sun Y, Han B. Green Carbon Science: Efficient Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling towards Carbon Neutrality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Research Institute of Petrochem Processing, SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Low Carbon Energy Conversion Center Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- Shanghai Low Carbon Technology Innovation Platform Shanghai 210620 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
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2
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He M, Sun Y, Han B. Green Carbon Science: Efficient Carbon Resource Processing, Utilization, and Recycling Towards Carbon Neutrality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112835. [PMID: 34919305 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Green carbon science is defined as "Study and optimization of the transformation of carbon containing compounds and the relevant processes involved in the entire carbon cycle from carbon resource processing, carbon energy utilization, and carbon recycling to use carbon resources efficiently and minimize the net CO2 emission." [1] Green carbon science is related closely to carbon neutrality, and the relevant fields have developed quickly in the last decade. In this Minireview, we proposed the concept of carbon energy index, and the recent progresses in petroleum refining, production of liquid fuels, chemicals, and materials using coal, methane, CO2, biomass, and waste plastics are highlighted in combination with green carbon science, and an outlook for these important fields is provided in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan He
- East China Normal University, Department of Chemistry, 200062, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Yuhan Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, 201203, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Buxing Han
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beiyijie number 2, Zhongguancun, 100190, Beijing, CHINA
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3
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Mayorga González R, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Plastic Waste Conversion over a Refinery Waste Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Mayorga González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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4
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Mayorga González R, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Plastic Waste Conversion over a Refinery Waste Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16101-16108. [PMID: 33974734 PMCID: PMC8362022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) makes up a large share of our plastic waste. We investigated the conversion of PP over the industrial Fluid Catalytic Cracking catalyst (FCC-cat) used to produce gasoline from crude oil fractions. We studied transport limitations arising from the larger size of polymers compared to the crude oil-based feedstock by testing the components of this catalyst separately. Infrared spectroscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed the role of the FCC matrix in aromatization, and the zeolite Y domains in coking. An equilibrium catalyst (ECAT), discarded during FCC operation as waste, produced the same aromatics content as a fresh FCC-cat, while coking decreased significantly, likely due to the reduced accessibility and activity of the zeolite domains and an enhanced cracking activity of the matrix due to metal deposits present in ECAT. This mechanistic understanding provides handles for further improving the catalyst composition towards higher aromatics selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rafael Mayorga González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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5
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Yang K, Zhang D, Zou M, Yu L, Huang S. The Known and Overlooked Sides of Zeolite‐Extrudate Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Yang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Dazhi Zhang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zou
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Lili Yu
- Division of catalysis Zhejiang New Harmony Union (NHU) Co. Ltd Xinchang, Zhejiang 312500 P. R. China
| | - Shengjun Huang
- Division of Fossil Energy Conversion Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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6
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Velthoen MEZ, Lucini Paioni A, Teune IE, Baldus M, Weckhuysen BM. Matrix Effects in a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst Particle: Influence on Structure, Acidity, and Accessibility. Chemistry 2020; 26:11995-12009. [PMID: 32125038 PMCID: PMC7539955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix effects in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst have been studied in terms of structure, accessibility, and acidity. An extensive characterization study into the structural and acidic properties of a FCC catalyst, its individual components (i.e., zeolite H‐Y, binder (boehmite/silica) and kaolin clay), and two model FCC catalyst samples containing only two components (i.e., zeolite‐binder and binder‐clay) was performed at relevant conditions. This allowed the drawing of conclusions about the role of each individual component, describing their mutual physicochemical interactions, establishing structure‐acidity relationships, and determining matrix effects in FCC catalyst materials. This has been made possible by using a wide variety of characterization techniques, including temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia, infrared spectroscopy in combination with CO as probe molecule, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Ar physisorption, and advanced nuclear magnetic resonance. By doing so it was, for example, revealed that a freshly prepared spray‐dried FCC catalyst appears as a physical mixture of its individual components, but under typical riser reactor conditions, the interaction between zeolite H‐Y and binder material is significant and mobile aluminum migrates and inserts from the binder into the defects of the zeolite framework, thereby creating additional Brønsted acid sites and restoring the framework structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein E Z Velthoen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Lucini Paioni
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E Teune
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single‐Particle X‐ray Fluorescence‐Diffraction‐Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27 76700 Harfleur France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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8
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single-Particle X-ray Fluorescence-Diffraction-Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3922-3927. [PMID: 31889397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ni contamination from crude oil in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the primary sources of catalyst deactivation, thereby promoting dehydrogenation-hydrogenation and speeding up coke growth. Herein, single-particle X-ray fluorescence, diffraction and absorption (μXRF-μXRD-μXAS) tomography is used in combination with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) after thiophene staining to spatially resolve Ni interaction with catalyst components and study zeolite degradation, including the processes of dealumination and Brønsted acid sites distribution changes. The comparison between a Ni-lean particle, exposed to hydrotreated feedstock, and a Ni-rich one, exposed to non-hydrotreated feedstock, reveals a preferential interaction of Ni, found in co-localization with Fe, with the γ-Al2 O3 matrix, leading to the formation of spinel-type hotspots. Although both particles show similar surface zeolite degradation, the Ni-rich particle displays higher dealumination and a clear Brønsted acidity drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville, Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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De Pauw E, Tack P, Lindner M, Ashauer A, Garrevoet J, Vekemans B, Falkenberg G, Brenker FE, Vincze L. Highly Sensitive Nondestructive Rare Earth Element Detection by Means of Wavelength-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Enabled by an Energy Dispersive pn-Charge-Coupled-Device Detector. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1106-1113. [PMID: 31774268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ella De Pauw
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Tack
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miles Lindner
- Institute for Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Antonia Ashauer
- Institute for Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bart Vekemans
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank E. Brenker
- Institute for Geosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laszlo Vincze
- X-ray Microspectroscopy and Imaging Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Verkleij SP, Whiting GT, Esclapez SP, Mertens MM, Bons AJ, Burgers M, Weckhuysen BM. Operando micro-spectroscopy on ZSM-5 containing extrudates during the oligomerization of 1-hexene. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02460f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the binder material in an industrial-type catalyst material is often neglected, although the addition of a binder can cause a significant change in the performance of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna P. Verkleij
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | - Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Machteld M. Mertens
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc
- European Technology Centre
- 1831 Machelen
- Belgium
| | - Anton-Jan Bons
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc
- European Technology Centre
- 1831 Machelen
- Belgium
| | - Martijn Burgers
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc
- European Technology Centre
- 1831 Machelen
- Belgium
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science
- Utrecht University
- 3584 CG Utrecht
- The Netherlands
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11
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Ihli J, Ferreira Sanchez D, Jacob RR, Cuartero V, Mathon O, Krumeich F, Borca C, Huthwelker T, Cheng WC, Shu Y, Pascarelli S, Grolimund D, Menzel A, van Bokhoven JA. Localization and Speciation of Iron Impurities within a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14031-14035. [PMID: 28981203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking is a chemical conversion process of industrial scale. This process, utilizing porous catalysts composed of clay and zeolite, converts heavy crude-oil fractions into transportation fuel and petrochemical feedstocks. Among other factors iron-rich reactor and feedstream impurities cause these catalyst particles to permanently deactivate. Herein, we report tomographic X-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements that reveal the presence of dissimilar iron impurities of specific localization within a single deactivated particle. Whereas the iron natural to clay in the composite seems to be unaffected by operation, exterior-facing and feedstream-introduced iron was found in two forms. Those being minute quantities of ferrous oxide, located near regions of increased porosity, and impurities rich in Fe3+ , preferentially located in the outer dense part of the particle and suggested to contribute to the formation of an isolating amorphous silica alumina envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Rosh R Jacob
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vera Cuartero
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Olivier Mathon
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Frank Krumeich
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Camelia Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies, Columbia, MD, 21044, USA
| | - YuYing Shu
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies, Columbia, MD, 21044, USA
| | - Sakura Pascarelli
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Ihli J, Ferreira Sanchez D, Jacob RR, Cuartero V, Mathon O, Krumeich F, Borca C, Huthwelker T, Cheng WC, Shu Y, Pascarelli S, Grolimund D, Menzel A, van Bokhoven JA. Localization and Speciation of Iron Impurities within a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | - Rosh R. Jacob
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Vera Cuartero
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility; 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Olivier Mathon
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility; 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | - Frank Krumeich
- ETH Zürich; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Camelia Borca
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | | | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies; Columbia MD 21044 USA
| | - YuYing Shu
- W. R. Grace, Refining Technologies; Columbia MD 21044 USA
| | - Sakura Pascarelli
- European Radiation Synchrotron Facility; 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9 France
| | | | | | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut; 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- ETH Zürich; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering; 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Kalirai S, Paalanen PP, Wang J, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing Dealumination of a Single Zeolite Domain in a Real-Life Catalytic Cracking Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11134-8. [PMID: 27380827 PMCID: PMC6680356 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts play a central role in the chemical conversion of crude oil fractions. Using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) we investigate the chemistry of one fresh and two industrially deactivated (ECAT) FCC catalysts at the single zeolite domain level. Spectro-microscopic data at the Fe L3 , La M5 , and Al K X-ray absorption edges reveal differing levels of deposited Fe on the ECAT catalysts corresponding with an overall loss in tetrahedral Al within the zeolite domains. Using La as a localization marker, we have developed a novel methodology to map the changing Al distribution of single zeolite domains within real-life FCC catalysts. It was found that significant changes in the zeolite domain size distributions as well as the loss of Al from the zeolite framework occur. Furthermore, inter- and intraparticle heterogeneities in the dealumination process were observed, revealing the complex interplay between metal-mediated pore accessibility loss and zeolite dealumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pasi P Paalanen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source Inc., University of Saskatchewan, 44 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Kalirai S, Paalanen PP, Wang J, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Visualizing Dealumination of a Single Zeolite Domain in a Real-Life Catalytic Cracking Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pasi P. Paalanen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Jian Wang
- Canadian Light Source Inc.; University of Saskatchewan; 44 Innovation Blvd. Saskatoon SK S7N 2V3 Canada
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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15
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Kalirai S, Boesenberg U, Falkenberg G, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. X-ray Fluorescence Tomography of Aged Fluid-Catalytic-Cracking Catalyst Particles Reveals Insight into Metal Deposition Processes. ChemCatChem 2015; 7:3674-3682. [PMID: 26613011 PMCID: PMC4648052 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microprobe X-ray fluorescence tomography was used to investigate metal poison deposition in individual, intact and industrially deactivated fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles at two differing catalytic life-stages. 3 D multi-element imaging, at submicron resolution was achieved by using a large-array Maia fluorescence detector. Our results show that Fe, Ni and Ca have significant concentration at the exterior of the FCC catalyst particle and are highly co-localized. As concentrations increase as a function of catalytic life-stage, the deposition profiles of Fe, Ni, and Ca do not change significantly. V has been shown to penetrate deeper into the particle with increasing catalytic age. Although it has been previously suggested that V is responsible for damaging the zeolite components of FCC particles, no spatial correlation was found for V and La, which was used as a marker for the embedded zeolite domains. This suggests that although V is known to be detrimental to zeolites in FCC particles, a preferential interaction does not exist between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Ulrike Boesenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands) E-mail:
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16
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Price SWT, Geraki K, Ignatyev K, Witte PT, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. In Situ Microfocus Chemical Computed Tomography of the Composition of a Single Catalyst Particle During Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene in the Liquid Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9886-9. [PMID: 26140613 PMCID: PMC4600245 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201504227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis performed in the liquid phase is an important type of catalytic process which is rarely studied in situ. Using microfocus X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction computed tomography (μ-XRF-CT, μ-XRD-CT) in combination with X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), we have determined the active state of a Mo-promoted Pt/C catalyst (NanoSelect) for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene under standard operating conditions. First, μ-XRF-CT and μ-XRD-CT reveal the active state of Pt catalyst to be reduced, noncrystalline, and evenly dispersed across the support surface. Second, imaging of the Pt and Mo distribution reveals they are highly stable on the support and not prone to leaching during the reaction. This study demonstrates the ability of chemical computed tomography to image the nature and spatial distribution of catalysts under reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W T Price
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK).
| | - Kalotina Geraki
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK)
| | - Konstantin Ignatyev
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK)
| | - Peter T Witte
- Catalysis Research GCC/PB, BASF Nederland B.V. Strijkviertel 67, 3454 ZG, De Meern (The Netherlands)
| | - Andrew M Beale
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0FA (UK).
- University College London, Department of Chemistry, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ (UK).
| | - J Fred W Mosselmans
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE (UK)
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17
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Price SWT, Geraki K, Ignatyev K, Witte PT, Beale AM, Mosselmans JFW. In Situ Microfocus Chemical Computed Tomography of the Composition of a Single Catalyst Particle During Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene in the Liquid Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201504227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Whiting GT, Meirer F, Mertens MM, Bons A, Weiss BM, Stevens PA, de Smit E, Weckhuysen BM. Binder Effects in SiO 2- and Al 2O 3-Bound Zeolite ZSM-5-Based Extrudates as Studied by Microspectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2015; 7:1312-1321. [PMID: 27158274 PMCID: PMC4834610 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Microspectroscopic methods were explored to investigate binder effects occurring in ZSM-5-containing SiO2- and Al2O3-bound millimetre-sized extrudates. Using thiophene as a selective probe for Brønsted acidity, coupled with time-resolved in situ UV/Vis and confocal fluorescence microspectroscopy, variations in reactivity and selectivity between the two distinct binder types were established. It was found that aluminium migration occurs in ZSM-5-containing Al2O3-bound extrudates, forming additional Brønsted acid sites. These sites strongly influence the oligomer selectivity, favouring the formation of thiol-like species (i.e., ring-opened species) in contrast to higher oligomers, predominantly formed on SiO2-bound ZSM-5-containing extrudates. Not only were the location and distribution of these oligomers visualised by 3 D analysis, it was also observed that more conjugated species appeared to grow off the surface of the zeolite ZSM-5 crystals (containing less conjugated species) into the surrounding binder material. Furthermore, a higher binder content resulted in an increasing overall reactivity owing to the greater number of stored thiophene monomers available per Brønsted acid site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Whiting
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Machteld M. Mertens
- ExxonMobil Process Technology, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801 (USA)
| | - Anton‐Jan Bons
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre, Hermeslaan 2, B‐1831, Machelen (Belgium)
| | - Brian M. Weiss
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East Annandale, NJ 08801 (USA)
| | - Paul A. Stevens
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East Annandale, NJ 08801 (USA)
| | - Emiel de Smit
- ExxonMobil Chemical Europe, Inc. European Technology Centre, Hermeslaan 2, B‐1831, Machelen (Belgium)
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
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19
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Prieto G, Schüth F. The Yin and Yang in the Development of Catalytic Processes: Catalysis Research and Reaction Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:3222-39. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Prieto G, Schüth F. Das Yin und Yang in der Entwicklung von katalytischen Prozessen: Katalyseforschung und Reaktionstechnik. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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da Silva JC, Mader K, Holler M, Haberthür D, Diaz A, Guizar-Sicairos M, Cheng WC, Shu Y, Raabe J, Menzel A, van Bokhoven JA. Assessment of the 3 D Pore Structure and Individual Components of Preshaped Catalyst Bodies by X-Ray Imaging. ChemCatChem 2014; 7:413-416. [PMID: 26191088 PMCID: PMC4498493 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porosity in catalyst particles is essential because it enables reactants to reach the active sites and it enables products to leave the catalyst. The engineering of composite-particle catalysts through the tuning of pore-size distribution and connectivity is hampered by the inability to visualize structure and porosity at critical-length scales. Herein, it is shown that the combination of phase-contrast X-ray microtomography and high-resolution ptychographic X-ray tomography allows the visualization and characterization of the interparticle pores at micro- and nanometer-length scales. Furthermore, individual components in preshaped catalyst bodies used in fluid catalytic cracking, one of the most used catalysts, could be visualized and identified. The distribution of pore sizes, as well as enclosed pores, which cannot be probed by traditional methods, such as nitrogen physisorption and isotherm analysis, were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Mader
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - David Haberthür
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | | | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- Grace Catalysts Technologies 7500 Grace Drive, Columbia, MD 21044 (USA)
| | - Yuying Shu
- Grace Catalysts Technologies 7500 Grace Drive, Columbia, MD 21044 (USA)
| | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Andreas Menzel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail:
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232 (Switzerland) E-mail: ; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Zurich, 8093 (Switzerland) E-mail:
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22
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Ristanović Z, Kerssens MM, Kubarev AV, Hendriks FC, Dedecker P, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. High-Resolution Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging of Zeolite Aggregates within Real-Life Fluid Catalytic Cracking Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Ristanović Z, Kerssens MM, Kubarev AV, Hendriks FC, Dedecker P, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Weckhuysen BM. High-resolution single-molecule fluorescence imaging of zeolite aggregates within real-life fluid catalytic cracking particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1836-40. [PMID: 25504139 PMCID: PMC4506548 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a major process in oil refineries to produce gasoline and base chemicals from crude oil fractions. The spatial distribution and acidity of zeolite aggregates embedded within the 50–150 μm-sized FCC spheres heavily influence their catalytic performance. Single-molecule fluorescence-based imaging methods, namely nanometer accuracy by stochastic chemical reactions (NASCA) and super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) were used to study the catalytic activity of sub-micrometer zeolite ZSM-5 domains within real-life FCC catalyst particles. The formation of fluorescent product molecules taking place at Brønsted acid sites was monitored with single turnover sensitivity and high spatiotemporal resolution, providing detailed insight in dispersion and catalytic activity of zeolite ZSM-5 aggregates. The results point towards substantial differences in turnover frequencies between the zeolite aggregates, revealing significant intraparticle heterogeneities in Brønsted reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ristanović
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Marleen M Kerssens
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Alexey V Kubarev
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee (Belgium)
| | - Frank C Hendriks
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven (Belgium)
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven (Belgium)
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringKU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee (Belgium)
- *E-mail: E-mail:
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Faculty of ScienceUtrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht (The Netherlands)
- *E-mail: E-mail:
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24
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Bare SR, Charochak ME, Kelly SD, Lai B, Wang J, Chen-Wiegart YCK. Characterization of a Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Catalyst on Ensemble and Individual Particle Level by X-ray Micro- and Nanotomography, Micro-X-ray Fluorescence, and Micro-X-ray Diffraction. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Qian Q, Ruiz-Martínez J, Mokhtar M, Asiri AM, Al-Thabaiti SA, Basahel SN, Weckhuysen BM. Single-Particle Spectroscopy of Alcohol-to-Olefins over SAPO-34 at Different Reaction Stages: Crystal Accessibility and Hydrocarbons Reactivity. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Ristanović Z, Hofmann JP, Deka U, Schülli TU, Rohnke M, Beale AM, Weckhuysen BM. Intergrowth Structure and Aluminium Zoning of a Zeolite ZSM-5 Crystal as Resolved by Synchrotron-Based Micro X-Ray Diffraction Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Ristanović Z, Hofmann JP, Deka U, Schülli TU, Rohnke M, Beale AM, Weckhuysen BM. Intergrowth Structure and Aluminium Zoning of a Zeolite ZSM-5 Crystal as Resolved by Synchrotron-Based Micro X-Ray Diffraction Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:13382-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Leibniz-Medaille: Kuratorium des Fonds der Chemischen Industrie / NWO-Spinoza-Preis: B. M. Weckhuysen / Schlenk-Vorlesung: K. Nozaki / François-Gault-Vorlesung: J. A. Lercher. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201305273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Leibniz Medal: Board of the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie / NWO Spinoza Prize: B. M. Weckhuysen / Schlenk Lectureship: K. Nozaki / François Gault Lectureship: J. A. Lercher. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201305273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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