1
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Lease N, Spielvogel KD, Davis JV, Tisdale JT, Klamborowski LM, Cawkwell MJ, Manner VW. Halogenated PETN derivatives: interplay between physical and chemical factors in explosive sensitivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7044-7056. [PMID: 37389270 PMCID: PMC10306076 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01627g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the factors that influence and can help predict energetic material sensitivity has long been a challenge in the explosives community. Decades of literature reports identify a multitude of factors both chemical and physical that influence explosive sensitivity; however no unifying theory has been observed. Recent work by our team has demonstrated that the kinetics of "trigger linkages" (i.e., the weakest bonds in the energetic material) showed strong correlations with experimental drop hammer impact sensitivity. These correlations suggest that the simple kinetics of the first bonds to break are good indicators for the reactivity observed in simple handling sensitivity tests. Herein we report the synthesis of derivatives of the explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) in which one, two or three of the nitrate ester functional groups are substituted with an inert group. Experimental and computational studies show that explosive sensitivity correlates well with Q (heat of explosion), due to the change in the number of trigger linkages removed from the starting material. In addition, this correlation appears more significant than other observed chemical or physical effects imparted on the material by different inert functional groups, such as heat of formation, heat of explosion, heat capacity, oxygen balance, and the crystal structure of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Lease
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Kyle D Spielvogel
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jack V Davis
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Jeremy T Tisdale
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Lisa M Klamborowski
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - M J Cawkwell
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Virginia W Manner
- High Explosives Science and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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2
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Rudakov GF, Kozlov IB, Boev NV, Zinchenko SS, Melnikova LY, Egorshev VY, Sinditskii VP. Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Energetic 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazinyl Derivatives of 5‐Nitro‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gennady F. Rudakov
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Ivan B. Kozlov
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolay V. Boev
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Zinchenko
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Lyudmila Ya. Melnikova
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Viacheslav Yu. Egorshev
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
| | - Valery P. Sinditskii
- Chemical Engineering Department Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology 9 Miusskaya Sq. 125047 Moscow Russia
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3
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Holubowitch NE, Crabtree C, Budimir Z. Electroanalysis and Spectroelectrochemistry of Nonaromatic Explosives in Acetonitrile Containing Dissolved Oxygen. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11617-11626. [PMID: 32786478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In search of a rapid, low-cost, and solution-phase detection technique for explosives, the (spectro-)electrochemistry of compounds from two major nonaromatic classes, namely nitramines (RDX and HMX) and nitrate esters (pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and the plastic explosive composite Semtex 1A) in acetonitrile (AN) is reported. In electrochemical screening, 5 μg of explosive material was detectable in 10 s by multicomponent cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis on unmodified glassy carbon under ubiquitous environmental influences (i.e., trace water and dissolved oxygen). The explosives were identified with high recoveries under a battery of proof-of-concept testing scenarios in various matrices. In AN containing naturally dissolved oxygen (approx. 2 mM), the superoxide radical is co-electrogenerated during analyte reduction. Free superoxide yields prominent signals that the explosives attenuate quantitatively. To gain further insight into the electrochemical transformation mechanism, spectroelectrochemistry was employed to monitor changes in ultraviolet (UV) absorbance during CV and identify transient intermediates and product species, which could be targeted by future chemical sensors. Overlapping UV spectra of multiple species are deconvoluted using a new strategy, spectral regional baselining, for time- and potential-resolved spectroelectrochemical (SEC) analysis. This study shows that dissolved oxygen, hitherto an interferent purposefully removed from the solution, can be exploited advantageously in electrochemical sensing. The work expands our understanding of high-explosive solution-phase chemistry and offers a novel route to signal transduction for the sensing of energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas E Holubowitch
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Cameo Crabtree
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Zachary Budimir
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
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4
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Shoaf AL, Bayse CA. The effect of nitro groups on N2 extrusion from aromatic azide-based energetic materials. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ortho nitroaromatic azides extrude N2 through cyclization to a benzofuroxan derivative. DFT calculations show that steric and electronic factors influence the activation barriers for extrusion in energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Shoaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Old Dominion University
- Norfolk
- USA
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Old Dominion University
- Norfolk
- USA
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5
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Jin X, Zhou J, Hu B. Exploration of High-Energy-Density Materials: Computational Insight into Energetic Derivatives Based on 1,2,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:780-788. [PMID: 30338203 PMCID: PMC6173373 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory was employed to investigate ten 1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-based energetic materials. The heats of formation and detonation properties were calculated by isodesmic reactions and Kamlet-Jacobs equations. The thermal stabilities and impact sensitivities were also estimated to give a better understanding of their decomposition mechanism. The results indicate that all of the designed compounds have high positive heats of formation ranging from 525.1 to 1639.1 kJ mol-1, moderate detonation properties (heats of detonation of 536.6 to 2187.6 cal g-1, theoretical densities of 1.48 to 2.32 g cm-3, detonation velocities of 7.02 to 12.18 km s-1, and detonation pressures of 19.8 to 75.1 GPa), and acceptable stabilities (bond dissociation energies of 0.8 to 104.9 kJ mol-1). Taking both the detonation properties and the stabilities into consideration, compounds A4 and B4 were finally selected as promising candidates of high-energy-density materials, as their detonation properties and impact sensitivities were superior to those of HMX. Additionally, the frontier molecular orbitals, electronic densities, electrostatic potentials, and thermal dynamic parameters of compounds A4 and B4 were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nan250353China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical EngineeringQilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences)Ji'nan250353China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemical EngineeringNanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing210094China
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6
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Wang B, Feng Y, Qi X, Deng M, Tian J, Zhang Q. Designing Explosive Poly(Ionic Liquid)s as Novel Energetic Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:15897-15902. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binshen Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 P. R. China
| | - Yongan Feng
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 P. R. China
| | - Mucong Deng
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 P. R. China
| | - Junjun Tian
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP); Mianyang 621900 P. R. China
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7
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Shoaf AL, Bayse CA. Trigger bond analysis of nitroaromatic energetic materials using wiberg bond indices. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1236-1248. [PMID: 29464739 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The identification of trigger bonds, bonds that break to initiate explosive decomposition, using computational methods could help direct the development of novel, "green" and efficient high energy density materials (HEDMs). Comparing bond densities in energetic materials to reference molecules using Wiberg bond indices (WBIs) provides a relative scale for bond activation (%ΔWBIs) to assign trigger bonds in a set of 63 nitroaromatic conventional energetic molecules. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions enhance contributions of resonance structures that strengthen, or deactivate, the CNO2 trigger bonds and reduce the sensitivity of nitroaniline-based HEDMs. In contrast, unidirectional hydrogen bonding in nitrophenols strengthens the bond to the hydrogen bond acceptor, but the phenol lone pairs repel and activate an adjacent nitro group. Steric effects, electron withdrawing groups and greater nitro dihedral angles also activate the CNO2 trigger bonds. %ΔWBIs indicate that nitro groups within an energetic molecule are not all necessarily equally activated to contribute to initiation. %ΔWBIs generally correlate well with impact sensitivity, especially for HEDMs with intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and are a better measure of trigger bond strength than bond dissociation energies (BDEs). However, the method is less effective for HEDMs with significant secondary effects in the solid state. Assignment of trigger bonds using %ΔWBIs could contribute to understanding the effect of intramolecular interactions on energetic properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Shoaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529
| | - Craig A Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529
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8
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Chavez DE, Parrish DA, Mitchell L, Imler GH. Azido and Tetrazolo 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine N‐Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Chavez
- Explosive Science and Shock Physics Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Lauren Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Greg H. Imler
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
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9
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Chavez DE, Parrish DA, Mitchell L, Imler GH. Azido and Tetrazolo 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine N‐Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3575-3578. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Chavez
- Explosive Science and Shock Physics Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Lauren Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Greg H. Imler
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
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10
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Piercey DG, Chavez DE, Scott BL, Imler GH, Parrish DA. An Energetic Triazolo-1,2,4-Triazine and its N-Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15315-15318. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Chavez
- M Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- C Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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11
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Piercey DG, Chavez DE, Scott BL, Imler GH, Parrish DA. An Energetic Triazolo-1,2,4-Triazine and its N-Oxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David E. Chavez
- M Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Brian L. Scott
- C Division; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
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12
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Jain S, Neumann K, Zhang Y, Geng J, Bradley M. Tetrazine-Mediated Postpolymerization Modification. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Jain
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black
Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kevin Neumann
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black
Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black
Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jin Geng
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black
Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Bradley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black
Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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13
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior of Electron‐Rich s‐Tetrazine and Triazolo‐tetrazine Nitrate Esters. Chemistry 2016; 22:10590-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Myers TW, Brown KE, Chavez DE, Scharff RJ, Veauthier JM. Correlating the Structural, Electronic, and Explosive Sensitivity Properties of CuII Tetrazine Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Myers
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - Kathryn E. Brown
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - David E. Chavez
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - R. Jason Scharff
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
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15
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Testa C, Gigot É, Genc S, Decréau R, Roger J, Hierso JC. Ortho-Functionalized Aryltetrazines by Direct Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Halogenation: Application to Fast Electrophilic Fluorination Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5555-9. [PMID: 27010438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A general catalyzed direct C-H functionalization of s-tetrazines is reported. Under mild reaction conditions, N-directed ortho-C-H activation of tetrazines allows the introduction of various functional groups, thus forming carbon-heteroatom bonds: C-X (X=I, Br, Cl) and C-O. Based on this methodology, we developed electrophilic mono- and poly-ortho-fluorination of tetrazines. Microwave irradiation was optimized to afford fluorinated s-aryltetrazines, with satisfactory selectivity, within only ten minutes. This work provides an efficient and practical entry for further accessing highly substituted tetrazine derivatives (iodo, bromo, chloro, fluoro, and acetate precursors). It gives access to ortho-functionalized aryltetrazines which are difficult to obtain by classical Pinner-like syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Testa
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Élodie Gigot
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Semra Genc
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Richard Decréau
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France
| | - Julien Roger
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France.
| | - Jean-Cyrille Hierso
- Université de Bourgogne, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), 9, avenue Alain Savary, 21078, Dijon, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 103 Boulevard Saint Michel, 75005, Paris Cedex, France.
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16
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Testa C, Gigot É, Genc S, Decréau R, Roger J, Hierso J. Ortho
‐Functionalized Aryltetrazines by Direct Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Halogenation: Application to Fast Electrophilic Fluorination Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Testa
- Université de Bourgogne Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9, avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Élodie Gigot
- Université de Bourgogne Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9, avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Semra Genc
- Université de Bourgogne Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9, avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Richard Decréau
- Université de Bourgogne Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9, avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Julien Roger
- Université de Bourgogne Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9, avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Jean‐Cyrille Hierso
- Université de Bourgogne Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR-CNRS 6302 Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9, avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) 103 Boulevard Saint Michel 75005 Paris Cedex France
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17
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McGrane SD, Bolme CA, Greenfield MT, Chavez DE, Hanson SK, Scharff RJ. Photoactive High Explosives: Substituents Effects on Tetrazine Photochemistry and Photophysics. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:895-902. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. D. McGrane
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, , ‡High Explosive Science
and Technology Group, and §Nuclear and Radiochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - C. A. Bolme
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, , ‡High Explosive Science
and Technology Group, and §Nuclear and Radiochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - M. T. Greenfield
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, , ‡High Explosive Science
and Technology Group, and §Nuclear and Radiochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - D. E. Chavez
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, , ‡High Explosive Science
and Technology Group, and §Nuclear and Radiochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - S. K. Hanson
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, , ‡High Explosive Science
and Technology Group, and §Nuclear and Radiochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - R. J. Scharff
- Shock and Detonation Physics Group, , ‡High Explosive Science
and Technology Group, and §Nuclear and Radiochemistry Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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18
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Harper LK, Shoaf AL, Bayse CA. Predicting Trigger Bonds in Explosive Materials through Wiberg Bond Index Analysis. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3886-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenora K. Harper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
| | - Ashley L. Shoaf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
| | - Craig A. Bayse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Old Dominion University; Norfolk VA 23529 USA
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19
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Yin P, Shreeve JM. From
N
‐Nitro to
N
‐Nitroamino: Preparation of High‐Performance Energetic Materials by Introducing Nitrogen‐Containing Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14513-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844‐2343 (USA)
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844‐2343 (USA)
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20
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Yin P, Shreeve JM. FromN-Nitro toN-Nitroamino: Preparation of High-Performance Energetic Materials by Introducing Nitrogen-Containing Ions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Tang Y, Gao H, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. 1,2,4‐Triazole Links and
N
‐Azo Bridges Yield Energetic Compounds. Chemistry 2015; 21:11401-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
| | - Haixiang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 (P.R. China)
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375 (USA)
| | - Jean'ne M. Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844‐2343 (USA), Fax: (+1) 208‐885‐9146
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22
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Li C, Ge H, Yin B, She M, Liu P, Li X, Li J. Novel 3,6-unsymmetrically disubstituted-1,2,4,5-tetrazines: S-induced one-pot synthesis, properties and theoretical study. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10808f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
18 unprecedented 3,6-unsymmetrically disubstituted-1,2,4,5-tetrazines were synthesized, and their spectral and electrochemical properties are studied. A systematic theoretical investigation based on DFT calculations was carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ge
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Yin
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry
| | - Mengyao She
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Jianli Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an 710069
- P. R. China
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23
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Kuklja MM, Tsyshevsky RV, Sharia O. Effect of Polar Surfaces on Decomposition of Molecular Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:13289-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ja506297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maija M. Kuklja
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Roman V. Tsyshevsky
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Onise Sharia
- Materials Science and Engineering
Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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24
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Zhao XX, Zhang JC, Li SH, Yang QP, Li YC, Pang SP. A Green and Facile Approach for Synthesis of Nitro Heteroaromatics in Water. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op5000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu X. Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ji C. Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Sheng H. Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qing P. Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yu C. Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Si P. Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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25
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Wu H, Yang J, Šečkutė J, Devaraj NK. In situ synthesis of alkenyl tetrazines for highly fluorogenic bioorthogonal live-cell imaging probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5805-9. [PMID: 24764312 PMCID: PMC4104127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the wide application potential of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines, particularly in live-cell and in vivo imaging, a major limitation has been the lack of practical synthetic methods. Here we report the in situ synthesis of (E)-3-substituted 6-alkenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine derivatives through an elimination-Heck cascade reaction. By using this strategy, we provide 24 examples of π-conjugated tetrazine derivatives that can be conveniently prepared from tetrazine building blocks and related halides. These include tetrazine analogs of biological small molecules, highly conjugated buta-1,3-diene-substituted tetrazines, and a diverse array of fluorescent probes suitable for live-cell imaging. These highly conjugated probes show very strong fluorescence turn-on (up to 400-fold) when reacted with dienophiles such as cyclopropenes and trans-cyclooctenes, and we demonstrate their application for live-cell imaging. This work provides an efficient and practical synthetic methodology for tetrazine derivatives and will facilitate the application of conjugated tetrazines, particularly as fluorogenic probes for live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolita Šečkutė
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-534-0202, Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Neal K. Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-534-0202, Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu/
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26
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Wu H, Yang J, Šečkutė J, Devaraj NK. In Situ Synthesis of Alkenyl Tetrazines for Highly Fluorogenic Bioorthogonal Live-Cell Imaging Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Yang J, Liang Y, Šečkutė J, Houk KN, Devaraj NK. Synthesis and reactivity comparisons of 1-methyl-3-substituted cyclopropene mini-tags for tetrazine bioorthogonal reactions. Chemistry 2014; 20:3365-75. [PMID: 24615990 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Substituted cyclopropenes have recently attracted attention as stable "mini-tags" that are highly reactive dienophiles with the bioorthogonal tetrazine functional group. Despite this interest, the synthesis of stable cyclopropenes is not trivial and their reactivity patterns are poorly understood. Here, the synthesis and comparison of the reactivity of a series of 1-methyl-3-substituted cyclopropenes with different functional handles is described. The rates at which the various substituted cyclopropenes undergo Diels-Alder cycloadditions with 1,2,4,5-tetrazines were measured. Depending on the substituents, the rates of cycloadditions vary by over two orders of magnitude. The substituents also have a dramatic effect on aqueous stability. An outcome of these studies is the discovery of a novel 3-amidomethyl substituted methylcyclopropene tag that reacts twice as fast as the fastest previously disclosed 1-methyl-3-substituted cyclopropene while retaining excellent aqueous stability. Furthermore, this new cyclopropene is better suited for bioconjugation applications and this is demonstrated through using DNA templated tetrazine ligations. The effect of tetrazine structure on cyclopropene reaction rate was also studied. Surprisingly, 3-amidomethyl substituted methylcyclopropene reacts faster than trans-cyclooctenol with a sterically hindered and extremely stable tert-butyl substituted tetrazine. Density functional theory calculations and the distortion/interaction analysis of activation energies provide insights into the origins of these reactivity differences and a guide to the development of future tetrazine coupling partners. The newly disclosed cyclopropenes have kinetic and stability advantages compared to previously reported dienophiles and will be highly useful for applications in organic synthesis, bioorthogonal reactions, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA); Current address: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 (P.R. China)
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28
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Wu B, Yang H, Wang Z, Lin Q, Ju X, Lu C, Cheng G. Synthesis and characterization of new energetic derivatives containing a high nitrogen content moiety and picryl group: a new strategy for incorporating the picryl functionality. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08084j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new picryl derivatives containing a high nitrogen content moiety from new starting materials are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xuehai Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chunxu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing, P. R. China
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