1
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Das A, Justin Thomas KR. Generation and Application of Aryl Radicals Under Photoinduced Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400193. [PMID: 38546345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced aryl radical generation is a powerful strategy in organic synthesis that facilitates the formation of diverse carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The synthetic applications of photoinduced aryl radical formation in the synthesis of complex organic compounds, including natural products, physiologically significant molecules, and functional materials, have received immense attention. An overview of current developments in photoinduced aryl radical production methods and their uses in organic synthesis is given in this article. A generalized idea of how to choose the reagents and approach for the generation of aryl radicals is described, along with photoinduced techniques and associated mechanistic insights. Overall, this article offers a critical assessment of the mechanistic results as well as the selection of reaction parameters for specific reagents in the context of radical cascades, cross-coupling reactions, aryl radical functionalization, and selective C-H functionalization of aryl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - K R Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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2
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Barata‐Vallejo S, Yerien DE, Postigo A. Bioinspired Photocatalyzed Organic Synthetic Transformations. The Use of Natural Pigments and Vitamins in Photocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Barata‐Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
- Istituto per la Sintesis Organica e la Fotorreattivita, ISOF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Damian E. Yerien
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Al Postigo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
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3
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Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Granados A, Molander GA. Sustainable Thioetherification via Electron Donor-Acceptor Photoactivation Using Thianthrenium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202706. [PMID: 35294095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of sulfides has been widely studied because this functional subunit is prevalent in biomolecules and pharmaceuticals, as well as being a useful synthetic platform for further elaboration. Thus, various methods to build C-S bonds have been developed, but typically they require the use of precious metals or harsh conditions. Electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex photoactivation strategies have emerged as versatile and sustainable ways to achieve C-S bond formation, avoiding challenges associated with previous methods. This work describes an open-to-air, photoinduced, site-selective C-H thioetherification from readily available reagents via EDA complex formation that tolerates a wide range of different functional groups. Moreover, C(sp2 )-halogen bonds remain intact using this protocol, allowing late-stage installation of the sulfide motif in various bioactive scaffolds, while allowing yet further modification through more traditional C-X bond cleavage protocols. Additionally, various mechanistic investigations support the envisioned EDA complex scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Cabrera-Afonso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Albert Granados
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Gary A Molander
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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4
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Herrera CL, Santiago JV, Pastre JC, Correia CRD. In Tandem Auto‐Sustainable Enantioselective Heck‐Matsuda Reactions Directly from Anilines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Victor Santiago
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas 13083-970 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Julio Cezar Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas – UNICAMP Campinas 13083-970 São Paulo Brazil
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5
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Cabrera-Afonso MJ, Granados A, Molander G. Sustainable Thioetherification via Electron Donor‐Acceptor Photoactivation using Thianthrenium Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Granados
- University of Pennsylvania Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Gary Molander
- University of Pennsylvania Department of Chemistry 231 South 34th Street 19104-6323 Philadelphia UNITED STATES
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6
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Liang G, Wang JH, Lei T, Cheng YY, Zhou C, Chen YJ, Ye C, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Direct C-H Thiolation for Selective Cross-Coupling of Arenes with Thiophenols via Aerobic Visible-Light Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:8082-8087. [PMID: 34609892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An aerobic metal-free, visible-light-induced regioselective thiolation of phenols with thiophenols is reported. The cross-coupling protocol exhibits great functional group tolerance and high regioselectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal that the disulfide radical cation plays a crucial role in the visible-light catalysis of aerobic thiolation. Simply controlling the equivalent ratio of substrates enables the selective formation of sulfide or sulfoxide products with high activity in a one-pot reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Li Q, Guo L, Shi J, Xiang T, Li Q, He K, Wang B, Feng C, Pan F. Nickel‐Catalyzed Deaminative Cross‐Coupling of Disulfides with Katritzky Pryidium Salts to Construct Sulfides. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu‐Li Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Yun Guo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Jie Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Tong‐Xu Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Ke‐Han He
- School of Science Xichang University 1 Xuefu Road Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture Xichang 615000 P. R. China
| | - Bi‐Qin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Chun Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
| | - Fei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Sichuan Normal University 5 Jingan Road Chengdu 610068 P. R. China
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8
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Annamalai P, Liu KC, Singh Badsara S, Lee CF. Carbon-Sulfur Bond Constructions: From Transition-Metal Catalysis to Sustainable Catalysis. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3674-3688. [PMID: 34101980 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent decade evidenced a significant development in the construction of the C-S bond. The journey began with transitional-metal catalysis and reached sustainable catalysis via oxidant, photo, and electro catalyzed methods. A variety of catalytic systems have been explored for the C-S bond formation using a variety of sulfur precursors. This personal account provides an inclusive discussion of these developed methods in terms of reactivity, sustainability and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke-Chien Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 402 R.O.C., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Satpal Singh Badsara
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, 302004, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Chin-Fa Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 402 R.O.C., Taichung, Taiwan.,i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (iCAST) National Chung Hsing University, 402 R.O.C., Taichung, Taiwan.,Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA) National Chung Hsing University, 402 R.O.C., Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Chen H, Liu W, Laemont A, Krishnaraj C, Feng X, Rohman F, Meledina M, Zhang Q, Van Deun R, Leus K, Van Der Voort P. A Visible-Light-Harvesting Covalent Organic Framework Bearing Single Nickel Sites as a Highly Efficient Sulfur-Carbon Cross-Coupling Dual Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:10820-10827. [PMID: 33538391 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) have recently emerged as light-harvesting devices, as well as elegant heterogeneous catalysts. The combination of these two properties into a dual catalyst has not yet been explored. We report a new photosensitive triazine-based COF, decorated with single Ni sites to form a dual catalyst. This crystalline and highly porous catalyst shows excellent catalytic performance in the visible-light-driven catalytic sulfur-carbon cross-coupling reaction. Incorporation of single transition metal sites in a photosensitive COF scaffold with two-component synergistic catalyst in organic transformation is demonstrated for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wanlu Liu
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,L3-Luminescent Lanthanide Lab., Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Laemont
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chidharth Krishnaraj
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xiao Feng
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fadli Rohman
- RWTH Aachen University, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Meledina
- RWTH Aachen University, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Ernst Ruska-Centre (ER-C 2), 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rik Van Deun
- L3-Luminescent Lanthanide Lab., Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Leus
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Chen H, Liu W, Laemont A, Krishnaraj C, Feng X, Rohman F, Meledina M, Zhang Q, Van Deun R, Leus K, Van Der Voort P. A Visible‐Light‐Harvesting Covalent Organic Framework Bearing Single Nickel Sites as a Highly Efficient Sulfur–Carbon Cross‐Coupling Dual Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Wanlu Liu
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
- L3-Luminescent Lanthanide Lab. Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Andreas Laemont
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Chidharth Krishnaraj
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Xiao Feng
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Fadli Rohman
- RWTH Aachen University Central Facility for Electron Microscopy 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Maria Meledina
- RWTH Aachen University Central Facility for Electron Microscopy 52074 Aachen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Ernst Ruska-Centre (ER-C 2) 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- TJU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin University No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300072 P. R. China
| | - Rik Van Deun
- L3-Luminescent Lanthanide Lab. Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Karen Leus
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis Department of Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281-S3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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11
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Abstract
Photochemical transformations of molecular building blocks have become an important and widely recognized research field in the past decade. Detailed and deep understanding of novel photochemical catalysts and reaction concepts with visible light as the energy source has enabled a broad application portfolio for synthetic organic chemistry. In parallel, continuous-flow chemistry and microreaction technology have become the basis for thinking and doing chemistry in a novel fashion with clear focus on improved process control for higher conversion and selectivity. As can be seen by the large number of scientific publications on flow photochemistry in the recent past, both research topics have found each other as exceptionally well-suited counterparts with high synergy by combining chemistry and technology. This review will give an overview on selected reaction classes, which represent important photochemical transformations in synthetic organic chemistry, and which benefit from mild and defined process conditions by the transfer from batch to continuous-flow mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H. Rehm
- Division Energy & Chemical Technology/Flow Chemistry GroupFraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMMCarl-Zeiss-Straße 18–2055129MainzGermany
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12
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Zhu D, Wu Q, Li H, Li H, Lang J. Hantzsch Ester as a Visible‐Light Photoredox Catalyst for Transition‐Metal‐Free Coupling of Arylhalides and Arylsulfinates. Chemistry 2020; 26:3484-3488. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da‐Liang Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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13
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Li J, Bao W, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Metal-Free Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed C-S Coupling for the Selective Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides under Mild Conditions. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 214122 Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Bao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 214122 Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science; Jiangnan University; 214122 Wuxi P. R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education; Jiangnan University; 214122 Wuxi P. R. China
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14
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Tang X, Zhao J, Wu Y, Feng S, Yang F, Yu Z, Meng Q. Visible‐Light‐Driven Enantioselective Aerobic Oxidation of β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by Cinchona‐Derived Phase Transfer Catalysts in Batch and Semi‐Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing‐Nan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu‐Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Shi‐Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Zong‐Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 People's Republic of China
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15
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Cavedon C, Seeberger PH, Pieber B. Photochemical Strategies for Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cavedon
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam Germany
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16
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Timothy Noël. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Timothy Noël. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Lee DS, Hwang HS, Cho EJ. Visible-Light-Promoted Synthesis of Fluoroalkylated Oximes. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:2405-2409. [PMID: 29696805 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the synthesis of fluoroalkylated oximes, potential fluoroalkyl building-blocks for the synthesis of various organofluorine compounds, from easily available amino substrates and fluoroalkylated alkenes. tBuONO was utilized both as a diazotizing agent and as a NO radical source for the oxime synthesis in the process, and the use of a photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation increased the efficiency of the reaction. Various fluoroalkylated oximes were prepared by a tandem process of aryl radical addition to fluoroalkylated alkene and consecutive oxime generation process, albeit in moderate yields. This differentiated approach, transferring an aromatic system into an electron-deficient fluoroalkylated alkene, expands the scope of substrates where electron-poor aromatic systems could be utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
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19
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Janssens P, Debrouwer W, Van Aken K, Huvaere K. Thiol−Ene Coupling in a Continuous Photo‐Flow Regime. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Marzo L, Pagire SK, Reiser O, König B. Photokatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht: Welche Bedeutung hat sie für die organische Synthese? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Marzo
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Santosh K. Pagire
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Regensburg; Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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Marzo L, Pagire SK, Reiser O, König B. Visible-Light Photocatalysis: Does It Make a Difference in Organic Synthesis? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10034-10072. [PMID: 29457971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1127] [Impact Index Per Article: 187.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has evolved over the last decade into a widely used method in organic synthesis. Photocatalytic variants have been reported for many important transformations, such as cross-coupling reactions, α-amino functionalizations, cycloadditions, ATRA reactions, or fluorinations. To help chemists select photocatalytic methods for their synthesis, we compare in this Review classical and photocatalytic procedures for selected classes of reactions and highlight their advantages and limitations. In many cases, the photocatalytic reactions proceed under milder reaction conditions, typically at room temperature, and stoichiometric reagents are replaced by simple oxidants or reductants, such as air, oxygen, or amines. Does visible-light photocatalysis make a difference in organic synthesis? The prospect of shuttling electrons back and forth to substrates and intermediates or to selectively transfer energy through a visible-light-absorbing photocatalyst holds the promise to improve current procedures in radical chemistry and to open up new avenues by accessing reactive species hitherto unknown, especially by merging photocatalysis with organo- or metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Marzo
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Santosh K Pagire
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Britton J, Jamison TF. A Unified Continuous Flow Assembly-Line Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrazoles and Pyrazolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8823-8827. [PMID: 28544160 PMCID: PMC6990874 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and modular continuous flow synthesis of highly functionalized fluorinated pyrazoles and pyrazolines has been developed. Flowing fluorinated amines through sequential reactor coils mediates diazoalkane formation and [3+2] cycloaddition to generate more than 30 azoles in a telescoped fashion. Pyrazole cores are then sequentially modified through additional reactor modules performing N-alkylation and arylation, deprotection, and amidation to install broad molecular diversity in short order. Continuous flow synthesis enables the safe handling of diazoalkanes at elevated temperatures, and the use of aryl alkyne dipolarphiles under catalyst free conditions. This assembly line synthesis provides a flexible approach for the synthesis of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, as demonstrated by a four-step, telescoped synthesis of measles therapeutic, AS-136A, in a total residence time of 31.7 min (1.76 g h-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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23
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Britton J, Jamison TF. A Unified Continuous Flow Assembly-Line Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrazoles and Pyrazolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Britton
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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24
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Pereira AA, Pereira AS, de Mello AC, Carpanez AG, Horta BAC, Amarante GW. Methylsulfenylation of Electrophilic Carbon Atoms: Reaction Development, Scope, and Mechanism. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriane A. Pereira
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária; 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Amanda S. Pereira
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária; 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Amanda C. de Mello
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária; 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Arthur G. Carpanez
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária; 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Bruno A. C. Horta
- Chemistry Institute; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Cidade Universitária, CT Centro de Tecnologia; 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária; 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Brazil
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25
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Jiang M, Li H, Yang H, Fu H. Room‐Temperature Arylation of Thiols: Breakthrough with Aryl Chlorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:874-879. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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26
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Jiang M, Li H, Yang H, Fu H. Room‐Temperature Arylation of Thiols: Breakthrough with Aryl Chlorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Hua Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
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27
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Bergami M, Protti S, Ravelli D, Fagnoni M. Flow Metal-Free ArC Bond FormationviaPhotogenerated Phenyl Cations. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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28
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Jung J, Kim J, Park G, You Y, Cho EJ. Selective Debromination and α-Hydroxylation of α-Bromo Ketones Using Hantzsch Esters as Photoreductants. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Tiwari DK, Maurya RA, Nanubolu JB. Visible-Light/Photoredox-Mediated sp3
CH Functionalization and Coupling of Secondary Amines with Vinyl Azides in Flow Microreactors. Chemistry 2015; 22:526-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Li Y, Xie W, Jiang X. Mechanistic Study of a Photocatalyzed CS Bond Formation Involving Alkyl/Aryl Thiosulfate. Chemistry 2015; 21:16059-65. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062 (P. R. China)
| | - Weisi Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062 (P. R. China)
| | - Xuefeng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Process, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai 200062 (P. R. China)
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐organic Chemistry, Nankai University (P. R. China)
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31
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Iqbal N, Cho EJ. Formation of Carbonyl Compounds from Amines through Oxidative CN Bond Cleavage using Visible Light Photocatalysis and Applications toN-PMB-Amide Deprotection. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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33
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Moschetta EG, Negretti S, Chepiga KM, Brunelli NA, Labreche Y, Feng Y, Rezaei F, Lively RP, Koros WJ, Davies HML, Jones CW. Composite Polymer/Oxide Hollow Fiber Contactors: Versatile and Scalable Flow Reactors for Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Moschetta EG, Negretti S, Chepiga KM, Brunelli NA, Labreche Y, Feng Y, Rezaei F, Lively RP, Koros WJ, Davies HML, Jones CW. Composite polymer/oxide hollow fiber contactors: versatile and scalable flow reactors for heterogeneous catalytic reactions in organic synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6470-4. [PMID: 25865826 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Flexible composite polymer/oxide hollow fibers are used as flow reactors for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions in organic synthesis. The fiber synthesis allows for a variety of supported catalysts to be embedded in the walls of the fibers, thus leading to a diverse set of reactions that can be catalyzed in flow. Additionally, the fiber synthesis is scalable (e.g. several reactor beds containing many fibers in a module may be used) and thus they could potentially be used for the large-scale production of organic compounds. Incorporating heterogeneous catalysts in the walls of the fibers presents an alternative to a traditional packed-bed reactor and avoids large pressure drops, which is a crucial challenge when employing microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Moschetta
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | | | | | - Nicholas A Brunelli
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA).,Department of Chemistry, Emory University (USA)
| | - Ying Labreche
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - Fateme Rezaei
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - Ryan P Lively
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - William J Koros
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | | | - Christopher W Jones
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA).
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36
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Majek M, Filace F, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Visible Light Driven Hydro-/Deuterodefunctionalization of Anilines. Chemistry 2015; 21:4518-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Guo W, Lu LQ, Wang Y, Wang YN, Chen JR, Xiao WJ. Metal-Free, Room-Temperature, Radical Alkoxycarbonylation of Aryldiazonium Salts through Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Talla A, Driessen B, Straathof NJW, Milroy LG, Brunsveld L, Hessel V, Noël T. Metal-Free Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation of Thiols to Disulfides in Batch and Continuous-Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201401010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Guo W, Lu LQ, Wang Y, Wang YN, Chen JR, Xiao WJ. Metal-Free, Room-Temperature, Radical Alkoxycarbonylation of Aryldiazonium Salts through Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2265-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Majek M, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Metallfreie Carbonylierung durch Photoredoxkatalyse. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Majek M, Jacobi von Wangelin A. Metal-Free Carbonylations by Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:2270-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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He Z, Bae M, Wu J, Jamison TF. Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Polycyclic Quinoxaline Derivatives Using Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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43
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He Z, Bae M, Wu J, Jamison TF. Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Polycyclic Quinoxaline Derivatives Using Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14451-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Su Y, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Photochemical transformations accelerated in continuous-flow reactors: basic concepts and applications. Chemistry 2014; 20:10562-89. [PMID: 25056280 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry is used increasingly by researchers in academia and industry to facilitate photochemical processes and their subsequent scale-up. However, without detailed knowledge concerning the engineering aspects of photochemistry, it can be quite challenging to develop a suitable photochemical microreactor for a given reaction. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of both technological and chemical aspects associated with photochemical processes in microreactors. Important design considerations, such as light sources, material selection, and solvent constraints are discussed. In addition, a detailed description of photon and mass-transfer phenomena in microreactors is made and fundamental principles are deduced for making a judicious choice for a suitable photomicroreactor. The advantages of microreactor technology for photochemistry are described for UV and visible-light driven photochemical processes and are compared with their batch counterparts. In addition, different scale-up strategies and limitations of continuous-flow microreactors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2 (STW 1.48), 5600 MB Eindhoven (The Netherlands) http://www.tue.nl/staff/T.Noel
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Hartmann M, Studer A. Cyclizing Radical Carboiodination, Carbotelluration, and Carboaminoxylation of Aryl Amines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8180-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201403968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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46
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Hartmann M, Studer A. Cyclisierende radikalische Carboiodierung, Carbotellurierung und Carboaminoxylierung von Arylaminen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201403968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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47
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Straathof NJW, Gemoets HPL, Wang X, Schouten JC, Hessel V, Noël T. Rapid trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation of five-membered heterocycles by photoredox catalysis in continuous flow. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1612-1617. [PMID: 24706388 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Trifluoromethylated and perfluoroalkylated heterocycles are important building blocks for the synthesis of numerous pharmaceutical products, agrochemicals and are widely applied in material sciences. To date, trifluoromethylated and perfluoroalkylated hetero-aromatic systems can be prepared utilizing visible light photoredox catalysis methodologies in batch. While several limitations are associated with these batch protocols, the application of microflow technology could greatly enhance and intensify these reactions. A simple and straightforward photocatalytic trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation method has been developed in continuous microflow, using commercially available photocatalysts and microflow components. A selection of five-membered hetero-aromatics were successfully trifluoromethylated (12 examples) and perfluoroalkylated (5 examples) within several minutes (8-20 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612 AZ Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
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Xuan J, Feng ZJ, Chen JR, Lu LQ, Xiao WJ. Visible-Light-Induced CS Bond Activation: Facile Access to 1,4-Diketones from β-Ketosulfones. Chemistry 2014; 20:3045-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Bonin H, Sauthier M, Felpin FX. Transition Metal-Mediated Direct CH Arylation of Heteroarenes Involving Aryl Radicals. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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50
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Investigation of a Lithium-Halogen Exchange Flow Process for the Preparation of Boronates by Using a Cryo-Flow Reactor. Chemistry 2013; 20:263-71. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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