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Elleman AV, Du Bois J. Chemical and Biological Tools for the Study of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels in Electrogenesis and Nociception. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100625. [PMID: 35315190 PMCID: PMC9359671 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The malfunction and misregulation of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV s) underlie in large part the electrical hyperexcitability characteristic of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. NaV s are responsible for the initiation and propagation of electrical impulses (action potentials) in cells. Tissue and nerve injury alter the expression and localization of multiple NaV isoforms, including NaV 1.1, 1.3, and 1.6-1.9, resulting in aberrant action potential firing patterns. To better understand the role of NaV regulation, localization, and trafficking in electrogenesis and pain pathogenesis, a number of chemical and biological reagents for interrogating NaV function have been advanced. The development and application of such tools for understanding NaV physiology are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Elleman
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Du Bois
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Lukowski AL, Narayan ARH. Natural Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Ligands: Biosynthesis and Biology. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1231-1241. [PMID: 30605564 PMCID: PMC6579537 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural product biosynthetic pathways are composed of enzymes that use powerful chemistry to assemble complex molecules. Small molecule neurotoxins are examples of natural products with intricate scaffolds which often have high affinities for their biological targets. The focus of this Minireview is small molecule neurotoxins targeting voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) and the state of knowledge on their associated biosynthetic pathways. There are three small molecule neurotoxin receptor sites on VGSCs associated with three different classes of molecules: guanidinium toxins, alkaloid toxins, and ladder polyethers. Each of these types of toxins have unique structural features which are assembled by biosynthetic enzymes and the extent of information known about these enzymes varies among each class. The biosynthetic enzymes involved in the formation of these toxins have the potential to become useful tools in the efficient synthesis of VGSC probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April L Lukowski
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, 210 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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3
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Walker JR, Merit JE, Thomas-Tran R, Tang DTY, Du Bois J. Divergent Synthesis of Natural Derivatives of (+)-Saxitoxin Including 11-Saxitoxinethanoic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1689-1693. [PMID: 30488599 PMCID: PMC6426452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The bis-guanidinium toxins are a collection of natural products that display nanomolar potency against select isoforms of eukaryotic voltage-gated Na+ ion channels. We describe a synthetic strategy that enables access to four of these poisons, namely 11-saxitoxinethanoic acid, C13-acetoxy saxitoxin, decarbamoyl saxitoxin, and saxitoxin. Highlights of this work include an unusual Mislow-Evans rearrangement and a late-stage Stille ketene acetal coupling. The IC50 value of 11-saxitoxinethanoic acid was measured against rat NaV 1.4, and found to be 17.0 nm, similar to those of the sulfated toxins gonyautoxin II and III.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Walker
- James R. Walker, SAFC, Inc., 645 Science Dr., Madison, WI 53711
| | - Jeffrey E. Merit
- Jeffrey E. Merit, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA 94404
| | - Rhiannon Thomas-Tran
- Rhiannon Thomas-Tran, Arcus Biosciences, Inc., 3928 Point Eden Way, Hayward, CA 94545
| | - Doris T. Y. Tang
- Doris T. Y. Tang and J. Du Bois, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
| | - J. Du Bois
- Doris T. Y. Tang and J. Du Bois, Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
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4
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Walker JR, Merit JE, Thomas‐Tran R, Tang DTY, Du Bois J. Divergent Synthesis of Natural Derivatives of (+)‐Saxitoxin Including 11‐Saxitoxinethanoic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Doris T. Y. Tang
- Department of ChemistryStanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - J. Du Bois
- Department of ChemistryStanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
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5
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Zhou Z, Tang X, Chen H, Wang Y. Comparative studies of saxitoxin (STX) -induced cytotoxicity in Neuro-2a and RTG-2 cell lines: An explanation with respect to changes in ROS. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:66-74. [PMID: 29100123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), a paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) produced from toxic bloom-forming dinoflagellates, was selected to comparatively investigate the induction of cytotoxicity and apoptosis and a possible mechanism based on changes in the antioxidant defence system of two cellular strains: the mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2a and the rainbow trout fish cell line RTG-2. Increasing concentrations of STX (0-256 nM) presented little cytotoxic or apoptotic effects on the two cell lines. Measurements of cellular viability, lethal ratio and LDH leakage showed slight changes in Neuro-2a and RTG-2 cells (p > 0.05), and similar results were observed for cellular morphology and apoptotic rates. The contents of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) components, superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were markedly increased in Neuro-2a cell with STX exposure at middle (15 nM) and high (150 nM) concentrations (p < 0.05), and the simultaneous increase of the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) (p < 0.05) inferred the occurrence of oxidative stress. However, little difference was observed in all treated groups of RTG-2 cells. The activities of three antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), were significantly enhanced in Neuro-2a cells in the middle and high concentration groups (p < 0.05), while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) obviously decreased (p < 0.05) in all treated groups. Little change was found in RTG-2 cells with the same exposures. These results provided evidence that STX exposure altered the redox status of Neuro-2a cells and resulted in oxidative stress, but the same exposure exerted little effect on RTG-2 cells. Therefore, Neuro-2a cells are more sensitive than reproductive cells to STX exposure, and the antioxidant systems appears to be partly responsible for this differentiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Zhou
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China.
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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6
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Kono M, Harada S, Nemoto T. Rhodium-Catalyzed Stereospecific C−H Amination for the Construction of Spiroaminal Cores: Reactivity Difference between Nitrenoid and Carbenoid Species against Amide Functionality. Chemistry 2017; 23:7428-7432. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
- Chirality Research Center; Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku; Chiba 263-8522 Japan
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7
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Tsuchiya S, Cho Y, Yoshioka R, Konoki K, Nagasawa K, Oshima Y, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Synthesis and Identification of Key Biosynthetic Intermediates for the Formation of the Tricyclic Skeleton of Saxitoxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5327-5331. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Yuko Cho
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Renpei Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Yasukatsu Oshima
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
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8
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Tsuchiya S, Cho Y, Yoshioka R, Konoki K, Nagasawa K, Oshima Y, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Synthesis and Identification of Key Biosynthetic Intermediates for the Formation of the Tricyclic Skeleton of Saxitoxin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Yuko Cho
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Renpei Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Keiichi Konoki
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Yasukatsu Oshima
- Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-8577 Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 468-1 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan
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9
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Wang C, Oki M, Nishikawa T, Harada D, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Nagasawa K. Total Synthesis of 11-Saxitoxinethanoic Acid and Evaluation of its Inhibitory Activity on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mana Oki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Daisuke Harada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiya Aoba-ku Sendai 981-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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10
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Wang C, Oki M, Nishikawa T, Harada D, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Nagasawa K. Total Synthesis of 11-Saxitoxinethanoic Acid and Evaluation of its Inhibitory Activity on Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11600-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mana Oki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Daisuke Harada
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Mari Yotsu-Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Tohoku University; 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiya Aoba-ku Sendai 981-8555 Japan
| | - Kazuo Nagasawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Faculty of Technology; Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology; 2-24-16 Nakamachi, Koganei Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
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11
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Lerch MM, Hansen MJ, van Dam GM, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Emerging Targets in Photopharmacology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:10978-99. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Lerch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Mickel J. Hansen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Gooitzen M. van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Intensive Care, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen The Netherlands
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12
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Lerch MM, Hansen MJ, van Dam GM, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Neue Ziele für die Photopharmakologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Lerch
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Mickel J. Hansen
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Gooitzen M. van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Intensive Care, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen Niederlande
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen Niederlande
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001 9700 RB Groningen Niederlande
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Tsuchiya S, Cho Y, Konoki K, Nagasawa K, Oshima Y, Yotsu-Yamashita M. Synthesis of a Tricyclic Bisguanidine Compound Structurally Related to Saxitoxin and its Identification in Paralytic Shellfish Toxin-Producing Microorganisms. Chemistry 2015; 21:7835-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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