1
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Chen X, Wei Z, Huang KH, Uehling M, Wleklinski M, Krska S, Makarov AA, Nowak T, Cooks RG. Pd Reaction Intermediates in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Characterized by Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100545. [PMID: 35112808 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) coupling is widely utilized in the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. In this study, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) is applied to simultaneously monitor precatalysts, catalytic intermediates, reagents, and products of the SM cross-coupling reaction of 3-Br-5-Ph-pyridine and phenylboronic acid. A set of Pd cluster ions related to the monoligated Pd (0) active catalyst is detected, and its deconvoluted isotopic distribution reveals contributions from two neutral molecules. One is assigned to the generally accepted Pd(0) active catalyst, seen in MS as the protonated molecule, while the other is tentatively assigned to an oxidized catalyst which was found to increase as the reaction proceeds. Oxidative stress testing of a synthetic model catalyst 1,5-cyclooctadiene Pd XPhos (COD-Pd-XPhos) performed using FeCl3 supported this assignment. The formation and conversion of the oxidative addition intermediate during the catalytic cycle was monitored to provide information on the progress of the transmetalation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuo Chen
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kai-Hung Huang
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - R Graham Cooks
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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2
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Iazzetti A, Mazzoccanti G, Bencivenni G, Righi P, Calcaterra A, Villani C, Ciogli A. Primary Amine Catalyzed Activation of Carbonyl Compounds: A Study on Reaction Pathways and Reactive Intermediates by Mass Spectrometry. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences Intensivological and perioperative clinics Catholic University of Sacred Heart L. go F. Vito 1 00168 Rome Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzoccanti
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Bencivenni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Paolo Righi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” University of Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Claudio Villani
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Alessia Ciogli
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technology Sapienza University of Rome Piazzale A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
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3
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Li Y, Mehari TF, Wei Z, Liu Y, Cooks RG. Reaction Acceleration at Solid/Solution Interfaces: Katritzky Reaction Catalyzed by Glass Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2929-2933. [PMID: 33164315 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Katritzky reaction in bulk solution at room temperature is accelerated significantly by the surface of a glass container compared to a plastic container. Remarkably, the reaction rate is increased by more than two orders of magnitude upon the addition of glass particles with the rate increasing linearly with increasing amounts of glass. A similar phenomenon is observed when glass particles are added to levitated droplets, where large acceleration factors are seen. Evidence shows that glass acts as a "green" heterogeneous catalyst: it participates as a base in the deprotonation step and is recovered unchanged from the reaction mixture. Reaction acceleration at two separate interfaces is recognized in this study: i) air/solution phase acceleration, as is well known in microdroplets; ii) solid/solution phase, where such acceleration appears to be a new phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tsdale F Mehari
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Analytical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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4
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Reaction Acceleration at Solid/Solution Interfaces: Katritzky Reaction Catalyzed by Glass Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage‐Controlled Interfacial Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Cheng H, Tang S, Yang T, Xu S, Yan X. Accelerating Electrochemical Reactions in a Voltage-Controlled Interfacial Microreactor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19862-19867. [PMID: 32725670 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microdroplet chemistry is attracting increasing attention for accelerated reactions at the solution-air interface. We report herein a voltage-controlled interfacial microreactor that enables acceleration of electrochemical reactions which are not observed in bulk or conventional electrochemical cells. The microreactor is formed at the interface of the Taylor cone in an electrospray emitter with a large orifice, thus allowing continuous contact of the electrode and the reactants at/near the interface. As a proof-of-concept, electrooxidative C-H/N-H coupling and electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol were shown to be accelerated by more than an order of magnitude as compared to the corresponding bulk reactions. The new electrochemical microreactor has unique features that allow i) voltage-controlled acceleration of electrochemical reactions by voltage-dependent formation of the interfacial microreactor; ii) "reversible" electrochemical derivatization; and iii) in situ mechanistic study and capture of key radical intermediates when coupled with mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyong Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA.,College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Shuli Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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7
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Porwol L, Kowalski DJ, Henson A, Long D, Bell NL, Cronin L. An Autonomous Chemical Robot Discovers the Rules of Inorganic Coordination Chemistry without Prior Knowledge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luzian Porwol
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | | | - Alon Henson
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - De‐Liang Long
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Nicola L. Bell
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry The University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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8
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Porwol L, Kowalski DJ, Henson A, Long DL, Bell NL, Cronin L. An Autonomous Chemical Robot Discovers the Rules of Inorganic Coordination Chemistry without Prior Knowledge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11256-11261. [PMID: 32419277 PMCID: PMC7384156 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We present a chemical discovery robot for the efficient and reliable discovery of supramolecular architectures through the exploration of a huge reaction space exceeding ten billion combinations. The system was designed to search for areas of reactivity found through autonomous selection of the reagent types, amounts, and reaction conditions aiming for combinations that are reactive. The process consists of two parts where reagents are mixed together, choosing from one type of aldehyde, one amine and one azide (from a possible family of two amines, two aldehydes and four azides) with different volumes, ratios, reaction times, and temperatures, whereby the reagents are passed through a copper coil reactor. Next, either cobalt or iron is added, again from a large number of possible quantities. The reactivity was determined by evaluating differences in pH, UV‐Vis, and mass spectra before and after the search was started. The algorithm was focused on the exploration of interesting regions, as defined by the outputs from the sensors, and this led to the discovery of a range of 1‐benzyl‐(1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)‐N‐alkyl‐(2‐pyridinemethanimine) ligands and new complexes: [Fe(L1)2](ClO4)2 (1); [Fe(L2)2](ClO4)2 (2); [Co2(L3)2](ClO4)4 (3); [Fe2(L3)2](ClO4)4 (4), which were crystallised and their structure confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction determination, as well as a range of new supramolecular clusters discovered in solution using high‐resolution mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzian Porwol
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Daniel J Kowalski
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Alon Henson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - De-Liang Long
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Nicola L Bell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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9
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Tripodi GL, Correra TC, Angolini CFF, Ferreira BRV, Maître P, Eberlin MN, Roithová J. The Intermediates in Lewis Acid Catalysis with Lanthanide Triflates. European J Org Chem 2019; 2019:3560-3566. [PMID: 31680777 PMCID: PMC6813638 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide triflates are effective Lewis acid catalysts in reactions involving carbonyl compounds due to their high oxophilicity and water stability. Despite the growing interest, the identity of the catalytic species formed in lanthanide catalysed reactions is still unknown. We have therefore used mass spectrometry and ion spectroscopy to intercept and characterize the intermediates in a reaction catalysed by ytterbium and dysprosium triflates. We were able to identify a number of lanthanide intermediates formed in a simple condensation reaction between a C-acid and an aldehyde. Results show correlation between the reactivity of lanthanide complexes and their charge state and suggest that the triply charged complexes play a key role in lanthanide catalysed reactions. Spectroscopic data of the gaseous ions accompanied by theoretical calculations reveal that the difference between catalytic efficiencies of ytterbium and dysprosium ions can be explained by their different electrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme L. Tripodi
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Thiago C. Correra
- Departament of Organic ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryUniversity of São Paulo05508–000São Paulo‐SPBrazil
| | - Célio F. F. Angolini
- Center for Natural and Human SciencesFederal University of ABC (UFABC)09210–580Santo André ‐SPBrazil
| | - Bruno R. V. Ferreira
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas GeraisCampus Salinas39560–000Salinas‐MGBrazil
| | - Philippe Maître
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, URM8000, CNRS, Univ. Paris‐SudUniversité Paris‐Saclay91405OrsayFrance
| | - Marcos N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of ChemistryState University of Campinas13084–971Campinas‐SPBrazil
- School of EngeneeringMackenzie Presbiterian University01302907São Paulo‐SPBrazil
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356525 AJ NijmegenThe Netherlands
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10
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Gao D, Jin F, Yan X, Zare RN. Selective Synthesis in Microdroplets of 2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione from Phenyl Hydrazine with Phthalic Anhydride or Phthalic Acid. Chemistry 2018; 25:1466-1471. [PMID: 30417449 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyridazine derivatives are privileged structures because of their potential biological and optical properties. Traditional synthetic methods usually require acid or base as a catalyst under reflux conditions with reaction times ranging from hours to a few days or require microwave assistance to induce the reaction. Herein, this work presents the accelerated synthesis of a pyridazine derivative, 2-phenyl-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione (PDHP), in electrosprayed microdroplets containing an equimolar mixture of phenyl hydrazine and phthalic anhydride or phthalic acid. This reaction occurred on the submillisecond timescale with good yield (over 90 % with the choice of solvent) without using an external catalyst at room temperature. In sharp contrast to the bulk reaction of obtaining a mixture of two products, the reaction in confined microdroplets yields only the important six-membered heterocyclic product PDHP. Results indicated that surface reactions in microdroplets with low pH values cause selectivity, acceleration, and high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics the Graduate School at, Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua Campus, The University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA
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11
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Yan X, Bain RM, Cooks RG. Organic Reactions in Microdroplets: Reaction Acceleration Revealed by Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 55:12960-12972. [PMID: 27530279 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The striking finding that reaction acceleration occurs in confined-volume solutions sets up an apparent conundrum: Microdroplets formed by spray ionization can be used to monitor the course of bulk-phase reactions and also to accelerate reactions between the reagents in such a reaction. This Minireview introduces droplet and thin-film acceleration phenomena and summarizes recent methods applied to study accelerated reactions in confined-volume, high-surface-area solutions. Conditions that dictate either simple monitoring or acceleration are reconciled in the occurrence of discontinuous and complete desolvation as the endpoint of droplet evolution. The contrasting features of microdroplet and bulk-solution reactions are described together with possible mechanisms that drive reaction acceleration in microdroplets. Current applications of droplet microreactors are noted as is reaction acceleration in confined volumes and possible future scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ryan M Bain
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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12
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Iacobucci C, Reale S, Aschi M, Oomens J, Berden G, De Angelis F. An Unprecedented Retro-Mumm Rearrangement Revealed by ESI-MS/MS, IRMPD Spectroscopy, and DFT Calculations. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iacobucci
- Current address: Institute of Pharmacy; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università degli Studi dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Samantha Reale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università degli Studi dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Massimiliano Aschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università degli Studi dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University Nijmegen; Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory; Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University Nijmegen; Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory; Toernooiveld 7c 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università degli Studi dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
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13
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Banerjee S, Sathyamoorthi S, Du Bois J, Zare RN. Mechanistic analysis of a copper-catalyzed C-H oxidative cyclization of carboxylic acids. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7003-7008. [PMID: 29147527 PMCID: PMC5642147 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that carboxylic acids can be oxidized to lactone products by potassium persulfate and catalytic copper acetate. Here, we unravel the mechanism for this C-H functionalization reaction using desorption electrospray ionization, online electrospray ionization, and tandem mass spectrometry. Our findings suggest that electron transfer from a transient benzylic radical intermediate reduces Cu(ii) to Cu(i), which is then re-oxidized to Cu(ii) in the catalytic cycle. The resulting benzylic carbocation is trapped by the pendant carboxylate group to give the lactone product. Formation of the putative benzylic carbocation is supported by Hammett analysis. The proposed mechanism for this copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization process differs from earlier reports of analogous reactions, which posit a substrate carboxylate radical as the reactive oxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibdas Banerjee
- Stanford University , Department of Chemistry , 333 Campus Drive , Stanford , CA 94305-4401 , USA .
| | - Shyam Sathyamoorthi
- Stanford University , Department of Chemistry , 333 Campus Drive , Stanford , CA 94305-4401 , USA .
| | - J Du Bois
- Stanford University , Department of Chemistry , 333 Campus Drive , Stanford , CA 94305-4401 , USA .
| | - Richard N Zare
- Stanford University , Department of Chemistry , 333 Campus Drive , Stanford , CA 94305-4401 , USA .
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14
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Loren BP, Wleklinski M, Koswara A, Yammine K, Hu Y, Nagy ZK, Thompson DH, Cooks RG. Mass spectrometric directed system for the continuous-flow synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4363-4370. [PMID: 28979759 PMCID: PMC5580336 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00905d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly integrated approach to the development of a process for the continuous synthesis and purification of diphenhydramine is reported. Mass spectrometry (MS) is utilized throughout the system for on-line reaction monitoring, off-line yield quantitation, and as a reaction screening module that exploits reaction acceleration in charged microdroplets for high throughput route screening. This effort has enabled the discovery and optimization of multiple routes to diphenhydramine in glass microreactors using MS as a process analytical tool (PAT). The ability to rapidly screen conditions in charged microdroplets was used to guide optimization of the process in a microfluidic reactor. A quantitative MS method was developed and used to measure the reaction kinetics. Integration of the continuous-flow reactor/on-line MS methodology with a miniaturized crystallization platform for continuous reaction monitoring and controlled crystallization of diphenhydramine was also achieved. Our findings suggest a robust approach for the continuous manufacture of pharmaceutical drug products, exemplified in the particular case of diphenhydramine, and optimized for efficiency and crystal size, and guided by real-time analytics to produce the agent in a form that is readily adapted to continuous synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Loren
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Michael Wleklinski
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Andy Koswara
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - Kathryn Yammine
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Yanyang Hu
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - Zoltan K Nagy
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA .
| | - David H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN 47907 , USA . ;
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15
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Iacobucci C, Jouini N, Massi L, Olivero S, De Angelis F, Duñach E, Gal JF. Quantitative Ligand Affinity Scales for Metal Triflate Salts: Application to Isomer Differentiation. Chempluschem 2017; 82:498-506. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iacobucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Nédra Jouini
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272; 06108 Nice France
| | - Lionel Massi
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272; 06108 Nice France
| | - Sandra Olivero
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272; 06108 Nice France
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Elisabet Duñach
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272; 06108 Nice France
| | - Jean-François Gal
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS; Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272; 06108 Nice France
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16
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Yan X, Bain RM, Cooks RG. Organische Reaktionen in Mikrotröpfchen: Analyse von Reaktionsbeschleunigungen durch Massenspektrometrie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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17
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Bain RM, Pulliam CJ, Ayrton ST, Bain K, Cooks RG. Accelerated hydrazone formation in charged microdroplets. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1875-1878. [PMID: 27476663 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is an emerging tool for reaction monitoring. It can be accompanied by reaction acceleration in charged droplets. METHODS The time course of the bulk reaction of indoline-2,3-dione with phenylhydrazine in methanol to produce 3-(2- phenylhydrazono)indolin-2-one was monitored by ESI. Both nanoESI and electrosonic spray ionization (ESSI) were used for this study as representing two common forms of ionization for reaction monitoring. The effect on product yield of the distance the droplets travel between the source and the MS inlet was varied and product/starting material ratios were examined. RESULTS Product yield is dramatically increased by increasing the distance. At short distances reaction monitoring can be performed without acceleration and at greater distances reaction acceleration occurs. This distance effect over the course of the reaction roughly parallels the time dependence of the bulk-phase reaction. CONCLUSIONS Reaction acceleration in droplets is attributed to solvent evaporation leading to increased surface to volume ratios. An acceleration factor of 10(4) , measured relative to the bulk reaction at short times, is readily achieved by simply increasing the droplet distance of flight showing that the same ionization source can be used to monitor reactions with or without acceleration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Bain
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Ayrton
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kinsey Bain
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907
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18
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Li Y, Yan X, Cooks RG. The Role of the Interface in Thin Film and Droplet Accelerated Reactions Studied by Competitive Substituent Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
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19
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Li Y, Yan X, Cooks RG. The Role of the Interface in Thin Film and Droplet Accelerated Reactions Studied by Competitive Substituent Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3433-7. [PMID: 26847583 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
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20
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Iacobucci C, Reale S, De Angelis F. Elusive Reaction Intermediates in Solution Explored by ESI-MS: Reverse Periscope for Mechanistic Investigations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2980-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iacobucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Samantha Reale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italy
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21
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Iacobucci C, Reale S, De Angelis F. Elektrospray-Massenspektrometrie: ein umgekehrtes Periskop zur Erforschung von Reaktionsmechanismen in Lösung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Iacobucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italien
| | - Samantha Reale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italien
| | - Francesco De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche; Università dell'Aquila; Via Vetoio, Coppito 67100 L'Aquila Italien
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22
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Bain RM, Yan X, Raab SA, Ayrton ST, Flick TG, Cooks RG. On-line chiral analysis using the kinetic method. Analyst 2016; 141:2441-6. [PMID: 26979554 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00100a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chiral analysis of constituents in solution-phase reaction mixtures can be performed by tandem mass spectrometry using the kinetic method to determine the enantiomeric excess (ee).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Bain
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | | | | | | | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette
- USA
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development
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23
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24
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25
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Xie X, Zhang L, He Q, Hou J, Xu C, Zhang N, Luo S, Nie Z. Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Autoxidation ofN-Hydroxycarbamates Probed by Mass Spectrometry. Chemistry 2015; 21:14630-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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