1
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Lu J, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Maurya DS, Shalihin MI, Zhang D, Chenna SS, Adamson J, Liu M, Shah HUR, Shah H, Xiao Q, Queeley B, Ona NA, Reagan EK, Ni H, Sahoo D, Peterca M, Weissman D, Percec V. Screening Libraries to Discover Molecular Design Principles for the Targeted Delivery of mRNA with One-Component Ionizable Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers Derived from Plant Phenolic Acids. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1572. [PMID: 37376020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral and synthetic vectors to deliver nucleic acids were key to the rapid development of extraordinarily efficient COVID-19 vaccines. The four-component lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), containing phospholipids, PEG-conjugated lipids, cholesterol, and ionizable lipids, co-assembled with mRNA via a microfluidic technology, are the leading nonviral delivery vector used by BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna to access COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. LNPs exhibit a statistical distribution of their four components when delivering mRNA. Here, we report a methodology that involves screening libraries to discover the molecular design principles required to realize organ-targeted mRNA delivery and mediate activity with a one-component ionizable multifunctional amphiphilic Janus dendrimer (IAJD) derived from plant phenolic acids. IAJDs co-assemble with mRNA into monodisperse dendrimersome nanoparticles (DNPs) with predictable dimensions, via the simple injection of their ethanol solution in a buffer. The precise location of the functional groups in one-component IAJDs demonstrated that the targeted organs, including the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and lung, are selected based on the hydrophilic region, while activity is associated with the hydrophobic domain of IAJDs. These principles, and a mechanistic hypothesis to explain activity, simplify the synthesis of IAJDs, the assembly of DNPs, handling, and storage of vaccines, and reduce price, despite employing renewable plant starting materials. Using simple molecular design principles will lead to increased accessibility to a large diversity of mRNA-based vaccines and nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Lu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Devendra S Maurya
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Muhammad Irhash Shalihin
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Srijay S Chenna
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Matthew Liu
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Habib Ur Rehman Shah
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Honey Shah
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bryn Queeley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Nathan A Ona
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Erin K Reagan
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Houping Ni
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Drew Weissman
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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2
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Percec V, Sahoo D, Adamson J. Stimuli-Responsive Principles of Supramolecular Organizations Emerging from Self-Assembling and Self-Organizable Dendrons, Dendrimers, and Dendronized Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081832. [PMID: 37111979 PMCID: PMC10142069 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
All activities of our daily life, of the nature surrounding us and of the entire society and its complex economic and political systems are affected by stimuli. Therefore, understanding stimuli-responsive principles in nature, biology, society, and in complex synthetic systems is fundamental to natural and life sciences. This invited Perspective attempts to organize, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time the stimuli-responsive principles of supramolecular organizations emerging from self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers. Definitions of stimulus and stimuli from different fields of science are first discussed. Subsequently, we decided that supramolecular organizations of self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers may fit best in the definition of stimuli from biology. After a brief historical introduction to the discovery and development of conventional and self-assembling and self-organizable dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers, a classification of stimuli-responsible principles as internal- and external-stimuli was made. Due to the enormous amount of literature on conventional dendrons, dendrimers, and dendronized polymers as well as on their self-assembling and self-organizable systems we decided to discuss stimuli-responsive principles only with examples from our laboratory. We apologize to all contributors to dendrimers and to the readers of this Perspective for this space-limited decision. Even after this decision, restrictions to a limited number of examples were required. In spite of this, we expect that this Perspective will provide a new way of thinking about stimuli in all fields of self-organized complex soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
- Chemical Physics Laboratory, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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3
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Cowart A, Brük ML, Žoglo N, Roithmeyer H, Uudsemaa M, Trummal A, Selke K, Aav R, Kalenius E, Adamson J. Solution- and gas-phase study of binding of ammonium and bisammonium hydrocarbons to oxacalix[4]arene carboxylate. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1041-1048. [PMID: 36686943 PMCID: PMC9812018 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07614d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxacalixarenes represent a distinctive class of macrocyclic compounds, which are closely related to the parent calixarene family, offering binding motifs characteristic of calixarenes and crown ethers. Nevertheless, they still lack extensive characterization in terms of molecular recognition properties and the subsequent practical applicability. We present here the results of binding studies of an oxacalix[4]arene carboxylate macrocycle toward a variety of organic ammonium cationic species. Our results show that the substituents attached to the guest ammonium compound largely influence the binding strengths of the host. Furthermore, we show that the characteristic binding pattern changes upon transition from the gas phase to solution in terms of the governing intermolecular interactions. We identify the key factors affecting host-guest binding efficacy and suggest rules for the important molecular structural motifs of the interacting parts of ammonium guest species and the macrocycle to facilitate sensing of ammonium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cowart
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia Tee 1512618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Mari-Liis Brük
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia Tee 1512618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Nikita Žoglo
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Helena Roithmeyer
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Merle Uudsemaa
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Aleksander Trummal
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Kaspar Selke
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia Tee 1512618 TallinnEstonia
| | - Elina Kalenius
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Center, University of JyväskyläSurvontie 9BFI-40014 JYFinland
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and BiophysicsAkadeemia Tee 2312618 TallinnEstonia
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4
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Zhang W, Dhumal D, Zhu X, Ralahy B, Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Wu J, Laurini E, Yao YW, Kao CL, Iovanna JL, Pricl S, Kaminska B, Xia Y, Peng L. Bola-Amphiphilic Glycodendrimers: New Carbohydrate-Mimicking Scaffolds to Target Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201400. [PMID: 35820051 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendrimers are appealing scaffolds for creating carbohydrate mimics with unique multivalent cooperativity. We report here novel bola-amphiphilic glycodendrimers bearing mannose and glucose terminals, and a hydrophobic thioacetal core responsive to reactive oxygen species. The peculiar bola-amphiphilic feature enabled stronger binding to lectin compared to conventional amphiphiles. In addition, these dendrimers are able to target mannose receptors and glucose transporters expressed at the surface of cells, thus allowing effective and specific cellular uptake. This highlights their great promise for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China.,Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Dinesh Dhumal
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Brigino Ralahy
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Jing Wu
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology (MolBNL@UniTS) Laboratory DEA, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yi-Wen Yao
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, 13288, France.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chai-Lin Kao
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Juan L Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM) INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology (MolBNL@UniTS) Laboratory DEA, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Department of General Biophysics Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Łódź, 90-236, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Yi Xia
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ling Peng
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM) UMR 7325, Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, 13288, France
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5
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Krishnan N, Perumal D, Atchimnaidu S, Harikrishnan KS, Golla M, Kumar NM, Kalathil J, Krishna J, Vijayan DK, Varghese R. Galactose-Grafted 2D Nanosheets from the Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Janus Dendrimers for the Capture and Agglutination of Escherichia coli. Chemistry 2020; 26:1037-1041. [PMID: 31749263 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High aspect ratio, sugar-decorated 2D nanosheets are ideal candidates for the capture and agglutination of bacteria. Herein, the design and synthesis of two carbohydrate-based Janus amphiphiles that spontaneously self-assemble into high aspect ratio 2D sheets are reported. The unique structural features of the sheets include the extremely high aspect ratio and dense display of galactose on the surface. These structural characteristics allow the sheet to act as a supramolecular 2D platform for the capture and agglutination of E. coli through specific multivalent noncovalent interactions, which significantly reduces the mobility of the bacteria and leads to the inhibition of their proliferation. Our results suggest that the design strategy demonstrated here can be applied as a general approach for the crafting of biomolecule-decorated 2D nanosheets, which can perform as 2D platforms for their interaction with specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithiyanandan Krishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Devanathan Perumal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Siriki Atchimnaidu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Kaloor S Harikrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Murali Golla
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Nilima Manoj Kumar
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Jemshiya Kalathil
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Jithu Krishna
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Dileep K Vijayan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
| | - Reji Varghese
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education, and Research (IISER) Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, 695551, India
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6
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Ishido Y, Kanbayashi N, Fujii N, Okamura TA, Haino T, Onitsuka K. Folding control of a non-natural glycopeptide using saccharide-coded structural information for polypeptides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2767-2770. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc10030j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized “glyco-arylopeptides”, whose folding structure significantly changes depending on the kind of saccharide in their side chain. The saccharide moiety interacts with the main chain via hydrogen bonding, and the non-natural polypeptides form two well-defined architectures—(P)-31- and (M)-41-helices—depending on the length of the saccharide chains and even the configuration of a single stereo-genic center in the epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishido
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Naoya Kanbayashi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Naoka Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University
- 1-3-1, Kagamiyama
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Japan
| | - Taka-aki Okamura
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University
- 1-3-1, Kagamiyama
- Higashi-Hiroshima
- Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Onitsuka
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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7
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Yang G, Zheng W, Tao G, Wu L, Zhou QF, Kochovski Z, Ji T, Chen H, Li X, Lu Y, Ding HM, Yang HB, Chen G, Jiang M. Diversiform and Transformable Glyco-Nanostructures Constructed from Amphiphilic Supramolecular Metallocarbohydrates through Hierarchical Self-Assembly: The Balance between Metallacycles and Saccharides. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13474-13485. [PMID: 31651143 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, self-assembly of saccharide-containing amphiphilic molecules toward bioinspired functional glycomaterials has attracted continuous attention due to their various applications in fundamental and practical areas. However, it still remains a great challenge to prepare hierarchical glycoassemblies with controllable and diversiform structures because of the complexity of saccharide structures and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. Herein, through hierarchical self-assembly of modulated amphiphilic supramolecular metallocarbohydrates, we successfully prepared various well-defined glyco-nanostructures in aqueous solution, including vesicles, solid spheres, and opened vesicles depending on the molecular structures of metallocarbohydrates. More attractively, these glyco-nanostructures can further transform into other morphological structures in aqueous solutions such as worm-like micelles, tubules, and even tupanvirus-like vesicles (TVVs). It is worth mentioning that distinctive anisotropic structures including the opened vesicles (OVs) and TVVs were rarely reported in glycobased nano-objects. This intriguing diversity was mainly controlled by the subtle structural trade-off of the two major components of the amphiphiles, i.e., the saccharides and metallacycles. To further understand this precise structural control, molecular simulations provided deep physical insights on the morphology evolution and balancing of the contributions from saccharides and metallacycles. Moreover, the multivalency of glyco-nanostructures with different shapes and sizes was demonstrated by agglutination with a diversity of sugar-binding protein receptors such as the plant lectins Concanavalin A (ConA). This modular synthesis strategy provides access to systematic tuning of molecular structure and self-assembled architecture, which undoubtedly will broaden our horizons on the controllable fabrication of biomimetic glycomaterials such as biological membranes and supramolecular lectin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , PR China
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center , Anhui Agricultural University , Hefei , Anhui 230036 , PR China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , PR China
| | - Guoqing Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , PR China
| | - Libin Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , PR China
| | - Qi-Feng Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , PR China
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Tan Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , PR China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Yan Lu
- Soft Matter and Functional Materials , Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , 14109 Berlin , Germany
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Potsdam , 14467 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Hong-Ming Ding
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, School of Physical Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , PR China
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , PR China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , PR China
| | - Ming Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , PR China
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8
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Reise F, Warias JE, Chatterjee K, Krekiehn NR, Magnussen O, Murphy BM, Lindhorst TK. Photoswitchable Glycolipid Mimetics: Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Glycoazobenzene Amphiphiles. Chemistry 2018; 24:17497-17505. [PMID: 30257037 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids as constituents of cell membranes play an important role in cell membrane functioning. To enable the structural modification of membranes on demand, embedding of photosensitive glycolipid mimetics was envisioned and novel amphiphilic glycolipid mimetics comprising a photoswitchable azobenzene unit were synthesized. In this study, the photochromic properties of these glycolipid mimetics were analyzed by means of UV/Vis spectroscopy and reversible photoswitching. The glycolipids were based on a racemic glycerolipid derivative to be comparable in DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) phospholipid membrane monolayers. Carbohydrate head groups were altered between a β-glucoside and a β-lactosyl unit, as well as acyl chain lengths between C12 and C16, resulting in altered photoswitching. Langmuir isotherms showed that photoswitching of Langmuir films comprising the synthetic photosensitive glycoamphiphiles was successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Reise
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas E Warias
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 11-19, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kuntal Chatterjee
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 11-19, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolai R Krekiehn
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 11-19, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 11-19, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bridget M Murphy
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Leibnizstrasse 11-19, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thisbe K Lindhorst
- Otto Diels Institute of Organic Chemistry, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, Otto-Hahn-Platz 3-4, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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9
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Gade M, Alex C, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Monteiro JT, Yehuda S, Lepenies B, Padler-Karavani V, Kikkeri R. Microarray Analysis of Oligosaccharide-Mediated Multivalent Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions and Their Heterogeneity. Chembiochem 2018; 19:10.1002/cbic.201800037. [PMID: 29575424 PMCID: PMC6949124 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions (CPIs) are involved in a wide range of biological phenomena. Hence, the characterization and presentation of carbohydrate epitopes that closely mimic the natural environment is one of the long-term goals of glycosciences. Inspired by the multivalency, heterogeneity and nature of carbohydrate ligand-mediated interactions, we constructed a combinatorial library of mannose and galactose homo- and hetero-glycodendrons to study CPIs. Microarray analysis of these glycodendrons with a wide range of biologically important plant and animal lectins revealed that oligosaccharide structures and heterogeneity interact with each other to alter binding preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Gade
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008 (India)
| | - Catherine Alex
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008 (India)
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Tel-Aviv University, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv 69978 (Israel)
| | - João T. Monteiro
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover (Germany)
| | - Sharon Yehuda
- Tel-Aviv University, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv 69978 (Israel)
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover (Germany)
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Tel-Aviv University, Department of Cell Research and Immunology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv 69978 (Israel)
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008 (India)
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10
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Kopitz J, Xiao Q, Ludwig A, Romero A, Michalak M, Sherman SE, Zhou X, Dazen C, Vértesy S, Kaltner H, Klein ML, Gabius H, Percec V. Reaction of a Programmable Glycan Presentation of Glycodendrimersomes and Cells with Engineered Human Lectins To Show the Sugar Functionality of the Cell Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Anna‐Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu, 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Samuel E. Sherman
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Cody Dazen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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11
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Kopitz J, Xiao Q, Ludwig A, Romero A, Michalak M, Sherman SE, Zhou X, Dazen C, Vértesy S, Kaltner H, Klein ML, Gabius H, Percec V. Reaction of a Programmable Glycan Presentation of Glycodendrimersomes and Cells with Engineered Human Lectins To Show the Sugar Functionality of the Cell Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14677-14681. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Qi Xiao
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Anna‐Kristin Ludwig
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Ramiro de Maeztu, 9 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Malwina Michalak
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology Faculty of Medicine Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 224 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Samuel E. Sherman
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Xuhao Zhou
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Cody Dazen
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
| | - Sabine Vértesy
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science Temple University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19122 USA
| | - Hans‐Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Veterinaerstr. 13 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104-6323 USA
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12
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Toraskar S, Gade M, Sangabathuni S, Thulasiram HV, Kikkeri R. Exploring the Influence of Shapes and Heterogeneity of Glyco-Gold Nanoparticles on Bacterial Binding for Preventing Infections. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1116-1124. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Toraskar
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
| | - Madhuri Gade
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
| | - Sivakoti Sangabathuni
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
| | - Hirekodathakallu V. Thulasiram
- Chemical Biology Unit, Division of Organic Chemistry; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune 411008 India
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road; Pune 411008 India
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13
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Sun K, Xu M, Zhou K, Nie H, Quan J, Zhu L. Thermoresponsive diblock glycopolymer by RAFT polymerization for lectin recognition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 68:172-176. [PMID: 27524009 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A thermoresponsive double-hydrophilic diblock glycopolymer, poly(diethyl- eneglycol methacrylate)-block-poly(6-O-vinyladipoyl-d-glucose) (PDEGMA-b-POVAG), was successfully prepared by a combination of enzymatic synthesis and reversible addition-fragment chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization protocols using poly(diethyl- eneglycol methacrylate) (PDEGMA) as macro-RAFT agent. The block glycopolymer was characterized by (1)H NMR and GPC. UV-vis, DLS and TEM studies revealed that the glycopolymer PDEGMA-b-POVAG was thermoresponsive with LCST at 31.0°C, and was able to self-assemble into spherical micelles of various sizes in aqueous solution. The glucose pendants in the glycopolymer could interact with the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A), the average hydrodynamic diameters of glycopolymer micelles increased to 170nm from 110nm after recognizing Con A. The diblock glycopolymer micelles have excellent biocompatibility with pig iliac endothelial cells, as measured using the MTT assay, but micelles loaded with Con A could be used to induce apoptosis in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Muru Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Kaichun Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Huali Nie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Jing Quan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China; Key Lab of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, PR China.
| | - Limin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Seto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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15
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Wang J, Ni Y, Jiang W, Li H, Liu Y, Lin S, Zhou Y, Yan D. Self-Crosslinking and Surface-Engineered Polymer Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4485-4490. [PMID: 26061654 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchunan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yunzhou Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchunan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchunan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huimei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchunan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yannan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchunan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shaoliang Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchunan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Deyue Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchunan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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16
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Brea RJ, Hardy MD, Devaraj NK. Towards self-assembled hybrid artificial cells: novel bottom-up approaches to functional synthetic membranes. Chemistry 2015; 21:12564-70. [PMID: 26149747 PMCID: PMC4617832 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in utilizing bottom-up approaches to develop synthetic cells. A popular methodology is the integration of functionalized synthetic membranes with biological systems, producing "hybrid" artificial cells. This Concept article covers recent advances and the current state-of-the-art of such hybrid systems. Specifically, we describe minimal supramolecular constructs that faithfully mimic the structure and/or function of living cells, often by controlling the assembly of highly ordered membrane architectures with defined functionality. These studies give us a deeper understanding of the nature of living systems, bring new insights into the origin of cellular life, and provide novel synthetic chassis for advancing synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Brea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503 Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Michael D Hardy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503 Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Building: Urey Hall 4120, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Fax: (+1) 858-534-9503 Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu.
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17
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Kim Y, Lee M. Supramolecular Capsules from Bilayer Membrane Scission Driven by Corannulene. Chemistry 2015; 21:5736-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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18
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Zhang S, Moussodia RO, Murzeau C, Sun HJ, Klein ML, Vértesy S, André S, Roy R, Gabius HJ, Percec V. Dissecting Molecular Aspects of Cell Interactions Using Glycodendrimersomes with Programmable Glycan Presentation and Engineered Human Lectins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Zhang S, Moussodia RO, Murzeau C, Sun HJ, Klein ML, Vértesy S, André S, Roy R, Gabius HJ, Percec V. Dissecting molecular aspects of cell interactions using glycodendrimersomes with programmable glycan presentation and engineered human lectins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4036-40. [PMID: 25656452 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycodendrimersomes with programmable surface display of glycan, together with artificially engineered galectins, were used to understand the physiological significance of human lectins with homodimeric and tandem-repeat-type displays. The mode of topological surface presentation and the density of glycan affected vesicle aggregation mediated by multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions. The cross-linking capacity of homodimeric lectins was enhanced by covalent connection of the two carbohydrate-binding sites. These findings highlight the value of glycodendrimersomes as versatile cell membrane mimetics, and assays provide diagnostic tools for protein functionality. This work also provides guidelines for the design of cell separators, bioactive matrices, bioeffectors, and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhang
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323 (USA) http://percec02.chem.upenn.edu/
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