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Schilling NA, Berscheid A, Schumacher J, Saur JS, Konnerth MC, Wirtz SN, Beltrán-Beleña JM, Zipperer A, Krismer B, Peschel A, Kalbacher H, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Steinem C, Grond S. Synthetic Lugdunin Analogues Reveal Essential Structural Motifs for Antimicrobial Action and Proton Translocation Capability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9234-9238. [PMID: 31059155 PMCID: PMC6618241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lugdunin, a novel thiazolidine cyclopeptide, exhibits micromolar activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). For structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, synthetic analogues obtained from alanine and stereo scanning as well as peptides with modified thiazolidine rings were tested for antimicrobial activity. The thiazolidine ring and the alternating d‐ and l‐amino acid backbone are essential. Notably, the non‐natural enantiomer displays equal activity, thus indicating the absence of a chiral target. The antibacterial activity strongly correlates with dissipation of the membrane potential in S. aureus. Lugdunin equalizes pH gradients in artificial membrane vesicles, thereby maintaining membrane integrity, which demonstrates that proton translocation is the mode of action (MoA). The incorporation of extra tryptophan or propargyl moieties further expands the diversity of this class of thiazolidine cyclopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine A Schilling
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biomolecular Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julian S Saur
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biomolecular Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin C Konnerth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biomolecular Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian N Wirtz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biomolecular Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - José M Beltrán-Beleña
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biomolecular Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Zipperer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Krismer
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, German Center for Infection research (DZIF), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg August Universität Göttingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biomolecular Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
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Schilling NA, Berscheid A, Schumacher J, Saur JS, Konnerth MC, Wirtz SN, Beltrán‐Beleña JM, Zipperer A, Krismer B, Peschel A, Kalbacher H, Brötz‐Oesterhelt H, Steinem C, Grond S. Synthetische Analoga zeigen die essentiellen Strukturmotive von Lugdunin und seinen Protonentransport. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine A. Schilling
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Biomolekulare ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Anne Berscheid
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und InfektionsmedizinDeutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg August Universität Göttingen 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Julian S. Saur
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Biomolekulare ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Martin C. Konnerth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Biomolekulare ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Sebastian N. Wirtz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Biomolekulare ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - José M. Beltrán‐Beleña
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Biomolekulare ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Alexander Zipperer
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und InfektionsmedizinDeutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Bernhard Krismer
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und InfektionsmedizinDeutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und InfektionsmedizinDeutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfakultäres Institut für BiochemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Heike Brötz‐Oesterhelt
- Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und InfektionsmedizinDeutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF)Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
| | - Claudia Steinem
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg August Universität Göttingen 37077 Göttingen Deutschland
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Biomolekulare ChemieEberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Deutschland
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Lakemeyer M, Zhao W, Mandl FA, Hammann P, Sieber SA. Thinking Outside the Box-Novel Antibacterials To Tackle the Resistance Crisis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:14440-14475. [PMID: 29939462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The public view on antibiotics as reliable medicines changed when reports about "resistant superbugs" appeared in the news. While reasons for this resistance development are easily spotted, solutions for re-establishing effective antibiotics are still in their infancy. This Review encompasses several aspects of the antibiotic development pipeline from very early strategies to mature drugs. An interdisciplinary overview is given of methods suitable for mining novel antibiotics and strategies discussed to unravel their modes of action. Select examples of antibiotics recently identified by using these platforms not only illustrate the efficiency of these measures, but also highlight promising clinical candidates with therapeutic potential. Furthermore, the concept of molecules that disarm pathogens by addressing gatekeepers of virulence will be covered. The Review concludes with an evaluation of antibacterials currently in clinical development. Overall, this Review aims to connect select innovative antimicrobial approaches to stimulate interdisciplinary partnerships between chemists from academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lakemeyer
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Weining Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Franziska A Mandl
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Hammann
- R&D Therapeutic Area Infectious Diseases, Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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Lakemeyer M, Zhao W, Mandl FA, Hammann P, Sieber SA. Über bisherige Denkweisen hinaus - neue Wirkstoffe zur Überwindung der Antibiotika-Krise. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lakemeyer
- Fakultät für Chemie; Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Weining Zhao
- Fakultät für Chemie; Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Franziska A. Mandl
- Fakultät für Chemie; Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Peter Hammann
- R&D Therapeutic Area Infectious Diseases; Sanofi-Aventis (Deutschland) GmbH; Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Deutschland
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Fakultät für Chemie; Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM); Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
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Itoh H, Tokumoto K, Kaji T, Paudel A, Panthee S, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Inoue M. Total Synthesis and Biological Mode of Action of WAP-8294A2: A Menaquinone-Targeting Antibiotic. J Org Chem 2017; 83:6924-6935. [PMID: 29019678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
WAP-8294A2 (lotilibcin, 1) is a potent antibiotic with superior in vivo efficacy to vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Despite the great medical importance, its molecular mode of action remains unknown. Here we report the total synthesis of complex macrocyclic peptide 1 comprised of 12 amino acids with a β-hydroxy fatty-acid chain, and its deoxy analogue 2. A full solid-phase synthesis of 1 and 2 enabled their rapid assembly and the first detailed investigation of their functions. Compounds 1 and 2 were equipotent against various strains of Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA. We present evidence that the antimicrobial activities of 1 and 2 are due to lysis of the bacterial membrane, and their membrane-disrupting effects depend on the presence of menaquinone, an essential factor for the bacterial respiratory chain. The established synthetic routes and the menaquinone-targeting mechanisms provide valuable information for designing and developing new antibiotics based on their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Kotaro Tokumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Takuya Kaji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Atmika Paudel
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology , 359 Otsuka , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0395 , Japan
| | - Suresh Panthee
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology , 359 Otsuka , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0395 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology , 359 Otsuka , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0395 , Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology , 359 Otsuka , Hachioji , Tokyo 192-0395 , Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
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Kaji T, Murai M, Itoh H, Yasukawa J, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K, Inoue M. Total Synthesis and Functional Evaluation of Fourteen Derivatives of Lysocin E: Importance of Cationic, Hydrophobic, and Aromatic Moieties for Antibacterial Activity. Chemistry 2016; 22:16912-16919. [PMID: 27739191 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysocin E (1) is a structurally complex 37-membered depsipeptide comprising 12 amino-acid residues with an N-methylated amide and an ester linkage. Compound 1 binds to menaquinone (MK) in the bacterial membrane to exert its potent bactericidal activity. To decipher the biologically important functionalities within this unique antibiotic, we performed a comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study by systematically changing the side-chain structures of l-Thr-1, d-Arg-2, N-Me-d-Phe-5, d-Arg-7, l-Glu-8, and d-Trp-10. First, we achieved total synthesis of the 14 new side-chain analogues of 1 by employing a solid-phase strategy. We then evaluated the MK-dependent liposomal disruption and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by 1 and its analogues. Correlating data between the liposome and bacteria experiments revealed that membrane lysis was mainly responsible for the antibacterial functions. Altering the cationic guanidine moiety of d-Arg-2/7 to a neutral amide, and the C7-acyl group of l-Thr-1 to the C2 or C11 counterpart decreased the antimicrobial activities four- or eight-fold. More drastically, chemical mutation of d-Trp-10 to d-Ala-10 totally abolished the bioactivities. These important findings led us to propose the biological roles of the side-chain functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kaji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Motoki Murai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jyunichiro Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kohdo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, 359 Otsuka, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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