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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Xu X, Luo J. Transition Metal-Catalyzed Directing-Group-Assisted C-H Activation of Phenols. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4601-4616. [PMID: 31418536 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Strategies that exploit directing groups to control the site selectivity in the C-H activation of arenes have received much attention during the past two decades. In light of the importance of phenol derivatives in the areas of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science, transition-metal-catalyzed C-H activation of phenols has proven to be an extremely useful tool in organic synthesis. This Minireview summarizes the current state-of-the-art direct C-H activation of phenol derivatives under transition-metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Junfei Luo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
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Sau SC, Mei R, Struwe J, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation with Carbon Monoxide or Isocyanides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3023-3027. [PMID: 30897295 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidative C-H/N-H activations with isocyanides have been realized with a versatile cobalt catalyst. The widely applicable cobalt catalysis manifold further enabled electrooxidative C-H/N-H carbonylations with carbon monoxide under ambient conditions. The C-H functionalizations were efficiently realized with ample scope and outstanding functional group tolerance in a user-friendly undivided cell setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh Chandra Sau
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ruhuai Mei
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Struwe
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Lin Y, Ma W, Xu Z, Zheng Z, Cao J, Yang K, Cui Y, Xu L. Desymmetrization‐Oriented Enantioselective Synthesis of Silicon‐Stereogenic Silanes by Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Olefinations. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2082-2085. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Yang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Zhan‐Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Ke‐Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of EducationHangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
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Zhang W, Zhao MN, Chen M, Ren ZH, Guan Z. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Cyclocarbonylation of N
-(3-Phenylprop-2-ynyl)anilines with Carbon Monoxide and Alcohols for the Synthesis of Quinoline-3-carboxylic Esters. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Mi-Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Baoji University of Arts and Sciences; Baoji 721013 P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Hui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Zhenghui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
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Lin Y, Jiang KZ, Cao J, Zheng ZJ, Xu Z, Cui YM, Xu LW. Iridium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C-H Silylation of Siloxane-Tethered Arene and Hydrosilane: Facile and Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclic Siloxanes. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Zhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 311121 People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Gevorgyan V. Synthesis of Active Hexafluoroisopropyl Benzoates through a Hydrogen-Bond-Enabled Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Alkoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3191-3195. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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Wang Y, Gevorgyan V. Synthesis of Active Hexafluoroisopropyl Benzoates through a Hydrogen-Bond-Enabled Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Alkoxycarbonylation Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Illinois at Chicago; 845 W Taylor St., Room 4500 Chicago IL 60607 USA
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Wu XF, Zheng F. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids and Esters from CO 2. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 375:4. [PMID: 27957706 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0091-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The achievements in the synthesis of carboxylic acids and esters from CO2 have been summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha Campus, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Feng Zheng
- Hangzhou Branch of Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 600 No. 21 Street, Hangzhou, China.
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Pesci L, Kara S, Liese A. Evaluation of the Substrate Scope of Benzoic Acid (De)carboxylases According to Chemical and Biochemical Parameters. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1845-1850. [PMID: 27505856 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic carboxylation of phenolic compounds has been attracting increasing interest in recent years, owing to its regioselectivity and technical potential as a biocatalytic equivalent for the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction. Mechanistically the reaction was demonstrated to occur through electrophilic aromatic substitution/water elimination with bicarbonate as a cosubstrate. The effects of the substituents on the phenolic ring have not yet been elucidated in detail, but this would give detailed insight into the substrate-activity relationship and would provide predictability for the acceptance of future substrates. In this report we show how the kinetic and (apparent) thermodynamic behavior can be explained through the evaluation of linear free energy relationships based on electronic, steric, and geometric parameters and through the consideration of enzyme-ligand interactions. Moreover, the similarity between the benzoic acid decarboxylases and the amidohydrolases superfamily is investigated, and promiscuous hydrolytic activity of the decarboxylase in the context of the hydrolysis of an activated ester bond has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pesci
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestrasse 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany.
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Luo J, Preciado S, Xie P, Larrosa I. Carboxylation of Phenols with CO2at Atmospheric Pressure. Chemistry 2016; 22:6798-802. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Luo
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London, Joseph Priestley Building; Mile End Road E1 4NS London UK
| | - Sara Preciado
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences; Queen Mary University of London, Joseph Priestley Building; Mile End Road E1 4NS London UK
| | - Pan Xie
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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