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Holkar A, Gao S, Villaseñor K, Lake M, Srivastava S. Quantitative turbidimetric characterization of stabilized complex coacervate dispersions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5060-5070. [PMID: 38743276 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stabilizing complex coacervate microdroplets is desirable due to their various applications, such as bioreactors, drug delivery vehicles, and encapsulants. Here, we present quantitative characterization of complex coacervate dispersion stability inferred by turbidimetry measurements. The stability of the dispersions is shown to be modulated by the concentrations of comb polyelectrolyte (cPE) stabilizers and salt. We demonstrate cPEs as effective stabilizers for complex coacervate dispersions independent of the chemistry or length of the constituent polyelectrolytes, salts, or preparation routes. By monitoring the temporal evolution of dispersion turbidity, we show that cPEs suppress microdroplet coalescence with minimal change in microdroplet sizes over 48 hours, even at salt concentrations up to 300 mM. The number density and average microdroplet size are shown to be controlled by varying the cPE and salt concentrations. Lastly, turbidity maps, akin to binodal phase maps, depict an expansion of the turbid two-phase region and an increase in the salt resistance of the coacervates upon the introduction of cPEs. The coacervate salt resistance is shown to increase by >3×, and this increase is maintained for up to 15 days, demonstrating that cPEs impart higher salt resistance over extended durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Holkar
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shang Gao
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Kathleen Villaseñor
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Michael Lake
- NSF BioPACIFIC MIP, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- NSF BioPACIFIC MIP, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Xu C, Fracassi A, Baryiames CP, Bhattacharya A, Devaraj NK, Baiz CR. Sponge-phase Lipid Droplets as Synthetic Organelles: An Ultrafast Study of Hydrogen Bonding and Interfacial Environments. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300404. [PMID: 37486881 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up design of biomimetic organelles has gained recent attention as a route towards understanding the transition between non-living matter and life. Despite various artificial lipid membranes being developed, the specific relations between lipid structure, composition, interfacial properties, and morphology are not currently understood. Sponge-phase droplets contain dense, nonlamellar lipid bilayer networks that capture the complexities of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), making them ideal artificial models of such organelles. Here, we combine ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the interfacial H-bond networks in sponge-phase droplets composed of glycolipid and nonionic detergents. In the sponge phase, the interfacial environments are more hydrated and water molecules confined to the nanometer-scale aqueous channels in the sponge phase exhibit dynamics that are significantly slower compared to bulk water. Surfactant configurations and microscopic phase separation play a dominant role in determining membrane curvature and slow dynamics observed in the sponge phase. The studies suggest that H-bond networks within the nanometer-scale channels are disrupted not only by confinement but also by the interactions of surfactants, which extend 1-2 nm from the bilayer surface. The results provide a molecular-level description for controlling phase and morphology in the design of synthetic lipid organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, 78712-1224, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, 92093, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Baryiames
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, 78712-1224, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ahanjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, 92093, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Natural Sciences Building 3328, 92093, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carlos R Baiz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St. Stop A5300, 78712-1224, Austin, TX, USA
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3
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Udono H, Gong J, Sato Y, Takinoue M. DNA Droplets: Intelligent, Dynamic Fluid. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200180. [PMID: 36470673 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breathtaking advances in DNA nanotechnology have established DNA as a promising biomaterial for the fabrication of programmable higher-order nano/microstructures. In the context of developing artificial cells and tissues, DNA droplets have emerged as a powerful platform for creating intelligent, dynamic cell-like machinery. DNA droplets are a microscale membrane-free coacervate of DNA formed through phase separation. This new type of DNA system couples dynamic fluid-like property with long-established DNA programmability. This hybrid nature offers an advantageous route to facile and robust control over the structures, functions, and behaviors of DNA droplets. This review begins by describing programmable DNA condensation, commenting on the physical properties and fabrication strategies of DNA hydrogels and droplets. By presenting an overview of the development pathways leading to DNA droplets, it is shown that DNA technology has evolved from static, rigid systems to soft, dynamic systems. Next, the basic characteristics of DNA droplets are described as intelligent, dynamic fluid by showcasing the latest examples highlighting their distinctive features related to sequence-specific interactions and programmable mechanical properties. Finally, this review discusses the potential and challenges of numerical modeling able to connect a robust link between individual sequences and macroscopic mechanical properties of DNA droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Udono
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Jing Gong
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Intelligent and Control Systems, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takinoue
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
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4
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He X, Wu Q, Hou C, Hu M, Wang Q, Wang X. A Compartmentalized Nanoreactor Formed by Interfacial Hydrogelation for Cascade Enzyme Catalytic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218766. [PMID: 36780198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Some cellular enzymatic pathways are located within a single organelle, while most others involve enzymes that are located within multiple compartmentalized cellular organelles to realize the efficient multi-step enzymatic process. Herein, bioinspired by enzyme-mediated biosynthesis and biochemical defense, a compartmented nanoreactor (Burr-NCs@GlSOD ) was constructed through a self-confined catalysis strategy with burr defect-engineered molybdenum disulfide/Prussian blue analogues (MoS2 /PBA) and an interfacial diffusion-controlled hydrogel network. The specific catalytic mechanism of the laccase-like superactivity induced hydrogelation and cascade enzyme catalytic therapy were explored. The confined hydrogelation strategy introduces a versatile means for nanointerface functionalization and provides insight into biological construction of simulated enzymes with comparable activity and also the specificity to natural enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue He
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Qing Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chen Hou
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) from Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Min Hu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qigang Wang
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200434, China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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5
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Shang L, Ye F, Li M, Zhao Y. Spatial confinement toward creating artificial living systems. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4075-4093. [PMID: 35502858 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01025e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lifeforms are regulated by many physicochemical factors, and these factors could be controlled to play a role in the construction of artificial living systems. Among these factors, spatial confinement is an important one, which mediates biological behaviors at multiscale levels and participates in the biomanufacturing processes accordingly. This review describes how spatial confinement, as a fundamental biological phenomenon, provides cues for the construction of artificial living systems. Current knowledge about the role of spatial confinement in mediating individual cell behavior, collective cellular behavior, and tissue-level behavior are categorized. Endeavors on the synthesis of biomacromolecules, artificial cells, engineered tissues, and organoids in spatially confined bioreactors are then emphasized. After that, we discuss the cutting-edge applications of spatially confined artificial living systems in biomedical fields. Finally, we conclude by assessing the remaining challenges and future trends in the context of fundamental science, technical improvement, and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoran Shang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health); Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health); Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China.
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6
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Qian X, Westensee IN, Fernandes CC, Städler B. Enzyme Mimic Facilitated Artificial Cell to Mammalian Cell Signal Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Qian
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | - Isabella Nymann Westensee
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus Denmark
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7
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Qian X, Westensee IN, Fernandes CC, Städler B. Enzyme Mimic Facilitated Artificial Cell to Mammalian Cell Signal Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18704-18711. [PMID: 34096152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Catalyzing biochemical reactions with enzymes and communicating with neighboring cells via chemical signaling are two fundamental cellular features that play a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis of organisms. Herein, we present an artificial enzyme (AE) facilitated signal transfer between artificial cells (ACs) and mammalian HepG2 cells. We synthesize metalloporphyrins (MPs) based AEs that mimic cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) to catalyze a dealkylation and a hydroxylation reaction, exemplified by the conversion of resorufin ethyl ether (REE) to resorufin and coumarin (COU) to 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC), respectively. The AEs are immobilized in hydrogels to produce ACs that generate the two diffusive fluorophores, which can diffuse into HepG2 cells and result in dual intracellular emissions. This work highlights the use of AEs to promote AC to mammalian signal transfer, which opens up new opportunities for integrating the synthetic and living world with a bottom-up strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Qian
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Isabella Nymann Westensee
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Giuliano CB, Cvjetan N, Ayache J, Walde P. Multivesicular Vesicles: Preparation and Applications. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Betterelli Giuliano
- Elvesys – Microfluidics Innovation Center 172 Rue de Charonne 75011 Paris France
- University of Strasbourg CNRS ISIS UMR 7006 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Nemanja Cvjetan
- ETH Zürich Department of Materials Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jessica Ayache
- Elvesys – Microfluidics Innovation Center 172 Rue de Charonne 75011 Paris France
| | - Peter Walde
- ETH Zürich Department of Materials Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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9
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Jia L, Ji Z, Ji Y, Zhou C, Xing G, Qiao Y. Design and Fluorescence Localization of Lipid‐Rich Domains in Multiphase Coacervate Droplets Based on AIE‐Active Molecules**. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Jia
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhen Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yan‐ming Ji
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Chengcheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Guo‐wen Xing
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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10
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Laohakunakorn N, Grasemann L, Lavickova B, Michielin G, Shahein A, Swank Z, Maerkl SJ. Bottom-Up Construction of Complex Biomolecular Systems With Cell-Free Synthetic Biology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:213. [PMID: 32266240 PMCID: PMC7105575 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free systems offer a promising approach to engineer biology since their open nature allows for well-controlled and characterized reaction conditions. In this review, we discuss the history and recent developments in engineering recombinant and crude extract systems, as well as breakthroughs in enabling technologies, that have facilitated increased throughput, compartmentalization, and spatial control of cell-free protein synthesis reactions. Combined with a deeper understanding of the cell-free systems themselves, these advances improve our ability to address a range of scientific questions. By mastering control of the cell-free platform, we will be in a position to construct increasingly complex biomolecular systems, and approach natural biological complexity in a bottom-up manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadanai Laohakunakorn
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Grasemann
- School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Barbora Lavickova
- School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Michielin
- School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amir Shahein
- School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Swank
- School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian J. Maerkl
- School of Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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PITTCON Awards 2020. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3773-3774. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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PITTCON‐Preise 2020. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Seo KD, Shin S, Yoo HY, Cao J, Lee S, Yoo JW, Kim DS, Hwang DS. Stabilizing Coacervate by Microfluidic Engulfment Induced by Controlled Interfacial Energy. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:930-938. [PMID: 31769971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Low interfacial energy, an intrinsic property of complex coacervate, enables the complex coacervate to easily encapsulate desired cargo substances, making it widely used in encapsulation applications. Despite this advantage, the low interfacial energy of the complex coacervate makes it unstable against mechanical mixing, and changes in pH and salt concentration. Hence, a chemical cross-linker is usually added to enhance the stability of the complex coacervate at the expense of sacrificing all intrinsic properties of the coacervate, including phase transition of the coacervate from liquid to solid. In this study, we observed an abrupt increase in the interfacial energy of the coacervate phase in mineral oil. By controlling the interfacial energy of the coacervate phase using a microfluidic device, we successfully created double engulfed PEG-diacrylate (PEGDA) coacervate microparticles, named DEPOT, in which the coacervate is engulfed in a cross-linked PEGDA shell. The engulfed coacervate remained as a liquid phase, retained its original low interfacial energy property to encapsulate the desired cargo substances, and infiltrated into the target site by a simple solvent exchange from oil to water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jiafu Cao
- College of Pharmacy , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin-Wook Yoo
- College of Pharmacy , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Republic of Korea
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Martin N. Dynamic Synthetic Cells Based on Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2553-2568. [PMID: 31039282 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Living cells have long been a source of inspiration for chemists. Their capacity of performing complex tasks relies on the spatiotemporal coordination of matter and energy fluxes. Recent years have witnessed growing interest in the bottom-up construction of cell-like models capable of reproducing aspects of such dynamic organisation. Liquid-liquid phase-separation (LLPS) processes in water are increasingly recognised as representing a viable compartmentalisation strategy through which to produce dynamic synthetic cells. Herein, we highlight examples of the dynamic properties of LLPS used to assemble synthetic cells, including their biocatalytic activity, reversible condensation and dissolution, growth and division, and recent directions towards the design of higher-order structures and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, 115 Avenue du Dr. Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
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15
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Abstract
Cells are the basic units of life, and can be mimicked to create artificial analogs enabling the investigation of cellular mechanisms under controlled conditions. Building biomimetic systems ranging from proto-cells to cell-like objects such as compartment membranes can be achieved by collecting biobricks that self-assemble to build simplified models performing specific functions. Hence, scientists can develop and optimize new synthetic cells with biological functions by taking inspiration from nature and exploiting the advantages of synthetic biology. However, the bottom-down approach is not restricted to the basic principles of biological cells, and new mimicry systems can be designed starting with a combination of living and non-living simple molecules to focus on a cellular machinery function. In recent years, microfluidic devices have been well established to engineer bioarchitecture models resembling cell-like structures involving vesicles, compartmentalization, synthetic membranes, and the chip itself as a synthetic cell. This review aims to highlight the role of biological cells and their impact on inspiring the development of biomimetic models. The combination of the principles of synthetic biology with microfluidic technology represents the newly-introduced field of synthetic cells and synthetic membranes that can be further exploited in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Hürtgen D, Vogel SK, Schwille P. Cytoskeletal and Actin-Based Polymerization Motors and Their Role in Minimal Cell Design. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800311. [PMID: 32648711 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Life implies motion. In cells, protein-based active molecular machines drive cell locomotion and intracellular transport, control cell shape, segregate genetic material, and split a cell in two parts. Key players among molecular machines driving these various cell functions are the cytoskeleton and motor proteins that convert chemical bound energy into mechanical work. Findings over the last decades in the field of in vitro reconstitutions of cytoskeletal and motor proteins have elucidated mechanistic details of these active protein systems. For example, a complex spatial and temporal interplay between the cytoskeleton and motor proteins is responsible for the translation of chemically bound energy into (directed) movement and force generation, which eventually governs the emergence of complex cellular functions. Understanding these mechanisms and the design principles of the cytoskeleton and motor proteins builds the basis for mimicking fundamental life processes. Here, a brief overview of actin, prokaryotic actin analogs, and motor proteins and their potential role in the design of a minimal cell from the bottom-up is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hürtgen
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology & LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (Synmikro), D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Kenjiro Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
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17
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Göpfrich K, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Mastering Complexity: Towards Bottom-up Construction of Multifunctional Eukaryotic Synthetic Cells. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:938-951. [PMID: 29685820 PMCID: PMC6100601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the ultimate aim to construct a living cell, bottom-up synthetic biology strives to reconstitute cellular phenomena in vitro - disentangled from the complex environment of a cell. Recent work towards this ambitious goal has provided new insights into the mechanisms governing life. With the fast-growing library of functional modules for synthetic cells, their classification and integration become increasingly important. We discuss strategies to reverse-engineer and recombine functional parts for synthetic eukaryotes, mimicking the characteristics of nature's own prototype. Particularly, we focus on large outer compartments, complex endomembrane systems with organelles, and versatile cytoskeletons as hallmarks of eukaryotic life. Moreover, we identify microfluidics and DNA nanotechnology as two technologies that can integrate these functional modules into sophisticated multifunctional synthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Göpfrich
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, D 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, D 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Department of Cellular Biophysics, Jahnstraße 29, D 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Construction of membrane-bound artificial cells using microfluidics: a new frontier in bottom-up synthetic biology. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:723-30. [PMID: 27284034 PMCID: PMC4900754 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The quest to construct artificial cells from the bottom-up using simple building blocks has received much attention over recent decades and is one of the grand challenges in synthetic biology. Cell mimics that are encapsulated by lipid membranes are a particularly powerful class of artificial cells due to their biocompatibility and the ability to reconstitute biological machinery within them. One of the key obstacles in the field centres on the following: how can membrane-based artificial cells be generated in a controlled way and in high-throughput? In particular, how can they be constructed to have precisely defined parameters including size, biomolecular composition and spatial organization? Microfluidic generation strategies have proved instrumental in addressing these questions. This article will outline some of the major principles underpinning membrane-based artificial cells and their construction using microfluidics, and will detail some recent landmarks that have been achieved.
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Deng N, Huck WTS. Microfluidic Formation of Monodisperse Coacervate Organelles in Liposomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan‐Nan Deng
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Radboud UniversityInstitute for Molecules and Materials Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Deng NN, Huck WTS. Microfluidic Formation of Monodisperse Coacervate Organelles in Liposomes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9736-9740. [PMID: 28658517 PMCID: PMC5601218 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coacervates have been widely studied as model compartments in protocell research. Complex coacervates composed of disordered proteins and RNA have also been shown to play an important role in cellular processes. Herein, we report on a microfluidic strategy for constructing monodisperse coacervate droplets encapsulated within uniform unilamellar liposomes. These structures represent a bottom‐up approach to hierarchically structured protocells, as demonstrated by storage and release of DNA from the encapsulated coacervates as well as localized transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Deng
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T S Huck
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Garenne D, Beven L, Navailles L, Nallet F, Dufourc EJ, Douliez JP. Sequestration of Proteins by Fatty Acid Coacervates for Their Encapsulation within Vesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Garenne
- UMR 1332; biologie et pathologie du fruit, INRA; centre de Bordeaux 33883 Villenave O'Ornon France
| | - Laure Beven
- UMR 1332; biologie et pathologie du fruit, INRA; centre de Bordeaux 33883 Villenave O'Ornon France
| | - Laurence Navailles
- Université de Bordeaux; Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, CNRS; av. A. Schweitzer 33600 Pessac France
| | - Frédéric Nallet
- Université de Bordeaux; Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, CNRS; av. A. Schweitzer 33600 Pessac France
| | - Erick J. Dufourc
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects, UMR 5248, CNRS; université de Bordeaux; Institut polytechnique Bordeaux; 33600 Pessac France
| | - Jean-Paul Douliez
- UMR 1332; biologie et pathologie du fruit, INRA; centre de Bordeaux 33883 Villenave O'Ornon France
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Garenne D, Beven L, Navailles L, Nallet F, Dufourc EJ, Douliez JP. Sequestration of Proteins by Fatty Acid Coacervates for Their Encapsulation within Vesicles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13475-13479. [PMID: 27659782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulating biological materials in lipid vesicles is of interest for mimicking cells; however, except in some particular cases, such processes do not occur spontaneously. Herein, we developed a simple and robust method for encapsulating proteins in fatty acid vesicles in high yields. Fatty acid based, membrane-free coacervates spontaneously sequester proteins and can reversibly form membranous vesicles upon varying the pH value, the precrowding feature in coacervates allowing for protein encapsulation within vesicles. We then produced enzyme-enriched vesicles and show that enzymatic reactions can occur in these micrometric capsules. This work could be of interest in the field of synthetic biology for building microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garenne
- UMR 1332, biologie et pathologie du fruit, INRA, centre de Bordeaux, 33883, Villenave O'Ornon, France
| | - Laure Beven
- UMR 1332, biologie et pathologie du fruit, INRA, centre de Bordeaux, 33883, Villenave O'Ornon, France
| | - Laurence Navailles
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, CNRS, av. A. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Nallet
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, CNRS, av. A. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Erick J Dufourc
- Institute of Chemistry and Biology of Membranes and Nano-objects, UMR 5248, CNRS, université de Bordeaux, Institut polytechnique Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Paul Douliez
- UMR 1332, biologie et pathologie du fruit, INRA, centre de Bordeaux, 33883, Villenave O'Ornon, France.
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